Daniel Stoeckl ben Ezra, EPHE, Sorbonne, France Hayim Lapin, University of Maryland, US Building the Next Generation of Resources for Cultural Heritage Digital Texts: Mishna and Tosefta 2016 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage http://2016.minervaisrael.org.il http://www.digital-heritage.org.il

1. Building the Next Generation of Resources for
Cultural Heritage Digital Texts:
<MISHNAH AND TOSEFTA/>
Four Inter-related Projects
DIGITAL MISHNAH
CT-MISHNAH
MISHNAH TOSEFTA SYNOPSIS
MODEL EDITION—BAVOT
NextGen Resources:
Desiderata and working principles
EVA/Minerva Jerualem
10 November 2016
Daniel Stoekl ben Ezra (EPHE), France
Hayim Lapin (University of Maryland), USA

2. FOUR PROJECTS
Digital Mishnah
CT-Mishnah
Mishnah Tosefta Synopsis
Model Edition—Bavot

3. Introducing Mishnah and Tosefta
Mishnah
 A legal compendium composed ca 200
CE
 Serves as the foundation of two
Talmudim
 As an object of study and
memorization till today, a central
cultural heritage text
 Clearly both drawing on sources and
editorial reworking
Tosefta (“the Supplement”)
 A legal compendium perhaps two
generations later than the Mishnah
 Parallels to it are widely cited in
Talmuds
 As a completed work, the Tosefta
expands upon and comments or
supplements the Mishnah
 Many scholars argue that Tosefta
often contains versions that predate
the Mishnah.

4. Digital Mishnah
Current DEMO site:
http://mishnah.mith.us/exist/
apps/digitalmishnah
All significant witnesses
Incorporate fragmentary
material from Cairo Genizah
TEI compliant XML
Automated Collation
Functions
• Text browse
• Variants
 Current witnesses
• Extensive coverage of Bavot
• To be implemented: all
Yerushalmi witnesses
(Schaefer)
• In process: Cambridge,
Parma Kaufmann

5. Digital Mishnah
Current DEMO site:
http://mishnah.mith.us/exist/
apps/digitalmishnah
All significant witnesses
Incorporate fragmentary
material from Cairo Genizah
TEI compliant XML
Automated Collation
Functions
• Text browse
• Variants
 Current witnesses
• Extensive coverage of Bavot
• To be implemented: all
Yerushalmi witnesses
(Schaefer)
• In process: Cambridge,
Parma Kaufmann

6. Digital Mishnah
Current DEMO site:
http://mishnah.mith.us/exist/
apps/digitalmishnah
All significant witnesses
Incorporate fragmentary
material from Cairo Genizah
TEI compliant XML
Automated Collation
Functions
• Text browse
• Variants
 Current witnesses
• Extensive coverage of Bavot
• To be implemented: all
Yerushalmi witnesses
(Schaefer)
• In process: Cambridge,
Parma Kaufmann

7. CT-Mishnah
“Editio Minor” of the Mishnah
(4 major witnesses)
http://mishna.huma-num.fr
 Texts and variants
 First modern translation into
French
 Commentary in French

8. Mishnah Tosefta Synopsis
 Two closely related
corpora; complex
relationship
 Collaborative Project, NEH
(US)/DFG (Germany)
• Hayim Lapin
• Tal Ilan (FUB)
• Shamma Friedman (Bar
Ilan/JTS)
• Daniel Stoekl ben Ezra
 Alignment of four major
Mishnah witnesses
 Alignment of Mishnah to
Tosefta:
• Hand Alignment based on
scholarly work,
independent examination
• Computational alignment
Thanks to: DICTA (Moshe
Koppel, Avi Shmidman);
Nachum Dershowitz
Independent units
of tradition?
Mishnah
Tosefta
T supplements M
T preserves
sources of M?
Witnesses:
Mishnah,
Palestinian Talmud,
Babylonian Talmud
Tosefta Witnesses
copyists know
Talmud
copyists know
Mishnah,
Talmud

9. Mishnah Tosefta Synopsis
 Two closely related
corpora; complex
relationship
 Collaborative Project, NEH
(US)/DFG (Germany)
• Hayim Lapin
• Tal Ilan (FUB)
• Shamma Friedman (Bar
Ilan/JTS)
• Daniel Stoekl
 Alignment of four major
Mishnah witnesses
 Alignment of Mishnah to
Tosefta:
• Hand Alignment based on
scholarly work,
independent examination
• Computational alignment
Thanks to: DICTA (Moshe
Koppel, Avi Shmidman);
Nachum Dershowitz

10. Model Edition
 FMSH Joint US/EU grant:
• Daniel Stoekl ben Ezra
• Hayim Lapin
 Features
• Modular, customizable screen (see Mirador, by Biblissima:
http://demos.biblissima-condorcet.fr)
• Text and witnesses
• Translation (German, French, English)
• Commentary (French …)
• Grammatical (morphological) tagging
• Lexicon, thesaurus
 Some “wishful” visualizations:

11. ➤Choose view
➤standard
➤text criticism
➤paleography
➤history
➤linguistics
➤intertextuality
--------------------
➤layout options
➤Select passage
➤Select and/or
order witnesses
Panel (expandable)
➤ variants
...
➤ lexical data
➤ concordance
➤ named
entities
Commentary
Controls for transcription viewControls for Translation view
“Study” view
‫ארבעה‬‫אבות‬‫נזיקים‬‫השור‬‫והבור‬
‫והמבעה‬‫וההבער‬‫לא‬‫השור‬‫כהרי‬/‫המ׳‬/
5‫המבעה‬‫ולא‬‫המבעה‬‫כהרי‬‫השור‬‫לא‬
‫זה‬‫וזה‬‫שיש‬‫בהן‬‫רוח‬‫חיים‬(‫ו‬)[‫כ‬]‫הרי‬‫האש‬
‫שאין‬‫בה‬‫רוח‬‫חיים‬‫לא‬‫זה‬‫וזה‬‫שהדרכן‬
‫לילך‬‫ולהזיק‬(‫ו‬)[‫כ‬]‫הרי‬‫הבור‬‫שאין‬‫דרכו‬‫לילך‬
‫ולהזיק‬‫הצד‬‫השווה‬‫שבהן‬‫שדרכן‬/‫ל׳‬/
10‫להזיק‬‫ושמירתן‬‫עליך‬‫וכשהזיק‬‫חב‬

12. ➤Choose view
➤standard
➤text criticism
➤paleography
➤history
➤linguistics
➤intertextuality
--------------------
➤layout options
➤Select passage
➤Select and/or
order witnesses
Panel (expandable)
➤ variants
Mary]
K Margaret,
G2, G17 Nancy
➤ lexical data
➤ concordance
➤ named
entities
Dictionary + Concordance
‫המבעה‬→ .e ‫מבעה‬(root ‫בעי‬3) link to maagarim, CAL, LSJ, BDB, Jastrowpdf
1. Burn
○ (Collapsible reference to passages)
2.
○ (Collapsible reference to passages)
‫בשם‬‫א׳‬‫מביט‬‫עמקים‬
‫נתחיל‬‫סדר‬‫נזיקים׳‬
‫ארבעה‬‫אבות‬‫נזיקים‬‫השור‬‫והבור‬
‫והמבעה‬‫וההבער‬‫לא‬‫השור‬‫כהרי‬/‫המ׳‬/
5‫המבעה‬‫ולא‬‫המבעה‬‫כהרי‬‫השור‬‫לא‬
‫זה‬‫וזה‬‫שיש‬‫בהן‬‫רוח‬‫חיים‬(‫ו‬)[‫כ‬]‫הרי‬‫האש‬
Lexical analyses:
☑ 1. Participle ...
❑ 2. Noun ….
Controls for transcription viewControls for Lex Data view
Language, grammar views
‫בעי‬(burn)
Hif. Part.
m. sg. def.

13. Text/Image views
➤Choose view
➤standard
➤text criticism
➤paleography
➤history
➤linguistics
➤intertextuality
--------------------
➤Layout options
[mirador]
➤Select options
➤By text
➤By witness
‫עמקים‬ ‫מביט‬ ‫א׳‬ ‫בשם‬
‫נזיקים׳‬ ‫סדר‬ ‫נתחיל‬
‫והבור‬ ‫השור‬ ‫נזיקים‬ ‫אבות‬ ‫ארבעה‬
‫כהרי‬ ‫השור‬ ‫לא‬ ‫וההבער‬ ‫והמבעה‬/‫המ׳‬/
5‫לא‬ ‫השור‬ ‫כהרי‬ ‫המבעה‬ ‫ולא‬ ‫המבעה‬
‫חיים‬ ‫רוח‬ ‫בהן‬ ‫שיש‬ ‫וזה‬ ‫זה‬(‫ו‬[)‫כ‬]‫האש‬ ‫הרי‬
‫שהדרכן‬ ‫וזה‬ ‫זה‬ ‫לא‬ ‫חיים‬ ‫רוח‬ ‫בה‬ ‫שאין‬
‫ולהזיק‬ ‫לילך‬(‫ו‬[)‫כ‬]‫לילך‬ ‫דרכו‬ ‫שאין‬ ‫הבור‬ ‫הרי‬
‫שדרכן‬ ‫שבהן‬ ‫השווה‬ ‫הצד‬ ‫ולהזיק‬/‫ל׳‬/
10‫חב‬ ‫וכשהזיק‬ ‫עליך‬ ‫ושמירתן‬ ‫להזיק‬
‫הארץ‬ ‫במיטב‬ ‫נזק‬ ‫תשלומי‬ ‫משלם‬ ‫המזיק‬
‫ב׳‬‫הכשרתי‬ ‫בשמירתו‬ ‫שחבתי‬ ‫כל‬/‫א׳‬/
‫חבתי‬ ‫נזקו‬ ‫במקצת‬ ‫היכשרתי‬ ‫נזקו‬ ‫את‬
‫נכסים‬ ‫נזקו‬ ‫כל‬ ‫כהכשר‬ ‫נזקו‬ ‫בתשלומי‬
15‫שלבני‬ ‫שהן‬ ‫ונכסים‬ ‫מעילה‬ ‫בהן‬ ‫שאין‬
‫מרשות‬ ‫חוץ‬ ‫מיוחדים‬ ‫ונכסים‬ ‫ברית‬
‫והמזיק‬ ‫הניזק‬ ‫ורשות‬ ‫למזיק‬ ‫המיוחדת‬
‫תשלומי‬ ‫משלם‬ ‫המזיק‬ ‫חב‬ ‫וכשהיזיק‬
‫הארץ‬ ‫במיטב‬ ‫נזק‬:‫ג׳‬‫בשווה‬ ‫כסף‬ ‫שום‬
Controls (Kauf, diplomatic layout) Controls (Kauf, ms image)
b83c]1:1[‫ארבעה‬‫אבות‬‫נזיקים‬‫השור‬‫והבור‬
‫והמבעה‬‫וההבער‬‫לא‬‫השור‬‫כהרי‬‫המבעה‬‫לא‬‫המבעה‬
‫כהרי‬‫השור‬‫לא‬‫זה‬‫וזה‬‫שישבהם‬‫רוח‬‫חיים‬‫כהרי‬‫האש‬
‫שאין‬‫בה‬‫רוח‬‫חיים‬‫לא‬‫זה‬‫וזה‬‫שדרכן‬‫לילך‬‫ולהזיק‬
‫כהרי‬‫הבור‬‫שאין‬‫דרכו‬‫לילך‬‫ולהזיק‬‫הצד‬‫השווה‬‫שבהן‬
‫שדרכן‬‫להזיק‬‫ושמירתן‬‫עליך‬‫וכשהיזיק‬‫חב‬‫המזיק‬
‫לשלם‬‫תשלומי‬‫נזק‬‫במיטב‬‫הארץ‬:
[1:2]‫ב׳‬‫כל‬‫שחבתי‬‫בשמירתו‬‫היכשרתיאת‬‫נזקו‬
‫היכשרתי‬‫במקצת‬‫נזקו‬‫חבתי‬‫בתשלומי‬‫נזקו‬‫בהכשר‬
‫כל‬‫ניזקו‬‫נכסים‬‫שאין‬‫בהן‬‫מעילה‬‫ונכסים‬‫שהן‬‫שלבני‬
‫ברית‬‫ונכסים‬‫המיוחדים‬‫חוץ‬‫מרשותהמיוחדת‬‫למזיק‬
‫ורשות‬‫הניזק‬‫והמזיק‬‫וכשהיזיק‬‫חב‬‫המזיק‬‫לשלם‬
‫תשלומי‬‫נזק‬‫במיטב‬‫הארץ‬:
]3:1[‫ג׳‬‫שום‬‫כסף‬a84/c84f‫שווה‬‫כסף‬‫בפני‬‫בית‬‫דין‬
‫ועל‬‫פי‬‫עדים‬‫בניחורים‬‫ובני‬‫ברית‬‫והנשים‬‫בכלל‬‫הנזק‬
‫והניזק‬‫והמזיק‬‫בתשלומים‬‫לשלם‬‫תשלומי‬‫נזק‬‫במיטב‬
‫הארץ‬:
[1:4]‫ד׳‬‫חמשה‬‫תמים‬‫וחמשה‬‫מועדים‬‫הבהמה‬‫אינה‬
‫מועדת‬‫לא‬‫ליגח‬‫ולא‬‫ליגוף‬‫ולא‬‫לישוך‬‫ולא‬‫לירבוץ‬‫ולא‬
‫לבעוט‬‫השן‬‫מועדת‬‫לוכל‬‫את‬‫הראוי‬‫לההרגל‬‫מועדת‬
‫לשבר‬‫כדרך‬‫הילוכה‬‫ושור‬‫המועד‬‫ושור‬‫המזיק‬
‫ברשותהניזק‬‫והאדם‬:‫ה׳‬‫הזאב‬‫והארי‬‫והדוב‬‫והנמר‬
...
Controls (Parma, compact view)

14. Variants View
➤Choose view
➤standard
➤text criticism
➤paleography
➤history
➤linguistics
➤intertextuality
--------------------
➤Layout options
[mirador]
➤Select options
➤By text
➤By witness
[1:2]‫ב׳‬‫כל‬‫שחבתי‬‫בשמירתו‬‫היכשרתי‬‫את‬‫נזקו‬
‫היכשרתי‬‫במקצת‬‫נזקו‬‫חבתי‬‫בתשלומי‬‫נזקו‬‫בהכשר‬
‫כל‬‫ניזקו‬‫נכסים‬‫שאין‬‫בהן‬‫מעילה‬‫ונכסים‬‫שהן‬‫שלבני‬
‫ברית‬‫ונכסים‬‫המיוחדים‬‫חוץ‬‫מרשותהמיוחדת‬‫למזיק‬
‫ורשות‬‫הניזק‬‫והמזיק‬‫וכשהיזיק‬‫חב‬‫המזיק‬‫לשלם‬
‫תשלומי‬‫נזק‬‫במיטב‬‫הארץ‬:
]3:1[‫ג׳‬‫שום‬‫כסף‬a84/c84f‫שווה‬‫כסף‬‫בפני‬‫בית‬‫דין‬
‫ועל‬‫פי‬‫עדים‬‫בניחורים‬‫ובני‬‫ברית‬‫והנשים‬‫בכלל‬‫הנזק‬
‫והניזק‬‫והמזיק‬‫בתשלומים‬‫לשלם‬‫תשלומי‬‫נזק‬‫במיטב‬
‫הארץ‬:
[1:4]‫ד׳‬‫חמשה‬‫תמים‬‫וחמשה‬‫מועדים‬‫הבהמה‬‫אינה‬
‫מועדת‬‫לא‬‫ליגח‬‫ולא‬‫ליגוף‬‫ולא‬‫לישוך‬‫ולא‬‫לירבוץ‬‫ולא‬
‫לבעוט‬‫השן‬‫מועדת‬‫לוכל‬‫את‬‫הראוי‬‫לההרגל‬‫מועדת‬
...
Controls (Kauf, diplomatic layout) Controls (Kauf, ms image)Controls (apparatus view)

15. Transcription, translation alignment
➤Choose view
➤standard
➤text criticism
➤paleography
➤history
➤linguistics
➤intertextuality
--------------------
➤Layout options
[mirador]
➤Select options
➤By text
➤By witness
‫בשם‬‫א׳‬‫מביט‬‫עמקים‬
‫נתחיל‬‫סדר‬‫נזיקים׳‬
‫ארבעה‬‫אבות‬‫נזיקים‬‫השור‬‫והבור‬
‫והמבעה‬‫וההבער‬‫לא‬‫השור‬‫כהרי‬/‫המ׳‬/
5‫המבעה‬‫ולא‬‫המבעה‬‫כהרי‬‫השור‬‫לא‬
‫זה‬‫וזה‬‫שיש‬‫בהן‬‫רוח‬‫חיים‬(‫ו‬)[‫כ‬]‫הרי‬‫האש‬
‫שאין‬‫בה‬‫רוח‬‫חיים‬‫לא‬‫זה‬‫וזה‬‫שהדרכן‬
‫לילך‬‫ולהזיק‬(‫ו‬)[‫כ‬]‫הרי‬‫הבור‬‫שאין‬‫דרכו‬‫לילך‬
‫ולהזיק‬‫הצד‬‫השווה‬‫שבהן‬‫שדרכן‬/‫ל׳‬/
10‫להזיק‬‫ושמירתן‬‫עליך‬‫וכשהזיק‬‫חב‬
‫המזיק‬‫משלם‬‫תשלומי‬‫נזק‬‫במיטב‬‫הארץ‬
‫ב׳‬‫כל‬‫שחבתי‬‫בשמירתו‬‫הכשרתי‬/‫א׳‬/
‫את‬‫נזקו‬‫היכשרתי‬‫במקצת‬‫נזקו‬‫חבתי‬
‫בתשלומי‬‫נזקו‬‫כהכשר‬‫כל‬‫נזקו‬‫נכסים‬
15‫שאין‬‫בהן‬‫מעילה‬‫ונכסים‬‫שהן‬‫שלבני‬
‫ברית‬‫ונכסים‬‫מיוחדים‬‫חוץ‬‫מרשות‬
‫המיוחדת‬‫למזיק‬‫ורשות‬‫הניזק‬‫והמזיק‬
‫וכשהיזיק‬‫חב‬‫המזיק‬‫משלם‬‫תשלומי‬
‫נזק‬‫במיטב‬‫הארץ‬:‫ג׳‬‫שום‬‫כסף‬‫בשווה‬
Controls (Kauf, diplomatic layout) Controls (Kauf, ms image)
In the name of God who looks into the
depths we begin with the order of Damages
1. There are four primary classes of
damages: (1) the ox, (2) the pit, (3) the
animal that eats crops, and (4) the fire.
The ox is not like the animal eating crops;
the animal eating crops is not like the ox;
and none of the preceding, where the agent
of damage is alive, is like the flame, where
the agent of damage is not alive;
and none of these preceding, which
typically causes damage as it moves along,
is like the pit, which does not typically cause
damage as it moves along.
The common feature to all of them: that
they typically cause damage, and watching
over them is upon you, and when they
cause damage the one who caused
damage is obligated to pay damage
payments from the best land.
….
Controls (Kaufmann, transl)

16. DESIDERATA AND WORKING PRINCIPLES
Interoperability and extensibility
Linked corpus of Rabbinic (and other) Texts
Tools for Scholars, Teaching, and Lay users

17. Interoperability and extensibility
 Common, open standards (e.g., TEI/IIIF/linked open data)
 For our projects: incorporate:
• New witnesses
• Links, interoperability with other projects (Scripta Qumranica
Electronica; Akademia le-lashon; Comprehensive Aramaic lexicon;
Pelagios project)
• Can in turn be used for codicology, linguistics, history of the book …
 More generally:
• Do not design project interface with limited use case in view
• Keep the data open to new uses

18. Linked corpus of Rabbinic
(and other) Texts
 A Perseus for classical
Hebrew
 Sefaria is an excellent
model and deserves a lot
of credit
 Linked parallels, text reuse,
citation
 Interoperability ensures
that if new generations or
users want to use in new
ways, do not need to
reinvent the wheel

19. Tools for Scholars, Teaching,
and Lay users
 Lay users
• Searching
• Reference and metadata
• Translation, commentary
 Teaching
• Dynamic creation of maps,
network analyses
• Grammar, lexicon
 Scholars
• Text-critical tools (Variant
and alignment editing;
visualization)
• Statistical Tools
• Text mining tools
• Text-Image alignment

20. Statistical Tools for
Evaluating Variation
Distinguishing types of variation
Principle component analysis
Component 1, and to a lesser degree component 3
mark out the expected groupings
Multi-dimensional scaling
Hand separating “orthographic” from “substantive”
variation
Phylo tree (Phylip)
Hand corrected substantive
variation (different sample than
above

21. Tools for Scholars, Teaching,
and Lay users
 Lay users
• Searching
• Reference and metadata
• Translation, commentary
 Teaching
• Dynamic creation of maps,
network analyses
• Grammar, lexicon
 Scholars
• Text-critical tools (Variant
and alignment editing;
visualization)
• Text mining tools
• Text-Image alignment