Biochemistry, Free energy concept,

1. What is Bioenergetics?
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

2. What is Bioenergetics?
 The study of energy in living systems
(environments) and the organisms
(plants and animals) that utilize them.
Energy
 Required by all organisms
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

3. Concept of free energy
ΔG = -Ve
Where Δ H < Δ S
Δ H increases while T Δ S decreases
Exergonic reaction
Energy releases
ΔG = +Ve
Where Δ H > Δ S
Δ H decreases while T Δ S increases
Endergonic reaction
Energy absorbed
NON Spontaneous reactionSpontaneous reaction kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

4. RELATION BETWEEN FREE ENERGY, ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY
If temp. is varied:
At High Temperature
Δ H < TΔ S
So ΔG= -Ve
Spontaneous reaction
At High
Temperature
Δ H > TΔ S
So ΔG= +Ve
NON Spontaneous reaction
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

5. Redox potential
It is quantitative measure of tendency of a redox pair to lose or gain electrons.
-Ve value= ability to donate electrons
+Ve Value = ability to accept electrons
Electron flow from –Ve redox potential to +ve, i.e. from donator to acceptor.
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

6.  Compounds in biological system which on hydrolysis yield free energy equal to or
greater than that ofATP, i.e. ∆ G = -7.3 kcal / mol
 Compounds that yield energy less than -7.3 kcal / mol are called Low Energy
compounds.
Energy Rich Compounds
 Most of the high energy compounds contain phosphate group [except acetyl CoA]
hence they are also called high energy phosphates.
 The bonds in the high energy compounds which yields energy upon hydrolysis
are called high energy bonds.
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

7. Phosphoenol pyruvate - 14.8
Carbamoyl phosphate - 12.3
CyclicAMP - 12.0
1,3 – Bisphosphoglycerate - 11.8
Phosphocreatine - 10.3
Acetyl phosphate - 10.3
Pyrophosphate - 8.0
Acetyl CoA - 7.7
ATP→ADP + Pi - 7.3
 Compounds ∆G
o
(kCal/mol)
Energy Rich Compounds examples
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

8.  ATP is the most important high energy compound
in the living cell.
 It contains an adenine group,a ribose sugar
and a triphosphate.
 ATP is considered as an high energy compound
because of the presence of two phospho anhydride
bond.
 Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate group yields
high negative free energy i.e. -7.3 cal / mol
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

9. P P P+
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
P P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

10. kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

11.  Metabolism
Synthesis
e.g. * Polysaccharides
* Amino acids
* DNA/RNA
 Movement
Muscle contraction
Energy to allow muscle filaments to slide
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)

12.  Active Transport
Changes the shape of carrier proteins
 Secretion
In the formation of the lysosomes necessary for
exocytosis
 Chemical Reactions
.
A phosphate molecule from ATPcan be transferredto
another molecule
Makes it more reactive
Lowers activation energy
kamal0603@gmail.com (Kamal Shah, Institute of
Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura (UP)