The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
REVIEW OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONSijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,the worldwide worry about a global climat e change pushes to develop new energetic strategies. And more,after the recent energetic cr isis due to the increase of oil price,or the gas crisis arisen between Russia and Ukraine This paper reviews the Thermal energy storage systems which have the potential for increasing the effecti ve use of thermal energy equipment and for facilitating large-scale switching. They are normal ly useful for correcting the mismatch between the supply and demand of energy. There are different me thods in thermal storage systems.
Design of air preheater for solar dryer for drying cerealsSumit Dharmarao
This paper explains about various factors which are to be considering while designing solar
dryer for agriculture products. It includes the major parts like air pre heater, air duct, and
cabin for keeping agricultural products. Out of these parts of air pre heater is important as
solar energy is available in attuned form & we have to concentrate it with help of solar
collectors. In collectors absorber plates are made up of good thermal conductor like copper,
aluminium so the plate is get heated due to solar radiation & hence air is heated by the
convection process by forcing the air to flow over absorber plate & this heated air is directed
towards the cabin through ducts. After that heated air is made to flow over agricultural
products specially cereals lying in the cabin which is a closed space having number of trays
placed in vertical shell with suitable distance & heated air takes away moisture present in it.
This course introduces renewable energy technologies. Emphasizes exploration of principles and concepts as well as the application of renewable energy technologies (RET). Explores topics such as energy consumption, the prose and cons of renewable energy, energy production and cons, energy conversion, environmental issues and concerns
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
REVIEW OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONSijiert bestjournal
Nowadays,the worldwide worry about a global climat e change pushes to develop new energetic strategies. And more,after the recent energetic cr isis due to the increase of oil price,or the gas crisis arisen between Russia and Ukraine This paper reviews the Thermal energy storage systems which have the potential for increasing the effecti ve use of thermal energy equipment and for facilitating large-scale switching. They are normal ly useful for correcting the mismatch between the supply and demand of energy. There are different me thods in thermal storage systems.
Design of air preheater for solar dryer for drying cerealsSumit Dharmarao
This paper explains about various factors which are to be considering while designing solar
dryer for agriculture products. It includes the major parts like air pre heater, air duct, and
cabin for keeping agricultural products. Out of these parts of air pre heater is important as
solar energy is available in attuned form & we have to concentrate it with help of solar
collectors. In collectors absorber plates are made up of good thermal conductor like copper,
aluminium so the plate is get heated due to solar radiation & hence air is heated by the
convection process by forcing the air to flow over absorber plate & this heated air is directed
towards the cabin through ducts. After that heated air is made to flow over agricultural
products specially cereals lying in the cabin which is a closed space having number of trays
placed in vertical shell with suitable distance & heated air takes away moisture present in it.
This course introduces renewable energy technologies. Emphasizes exploration of principles and concepts as well as the application of renewable energy technologies (RET). Explores topics such as energy consumption, the prose and cons of renewable energy, energy production and cons, energy conversion, environmental issues and concerns
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Primary Energy Demand of Renewable Energy Carriers - Part 1: Definitions and ...Leonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Addresses the question of the Primary Energy Factor (PEF).
* Summarizes the existing definitions for PEF, and the different options to account for primary energy in energy statistics.
* Calls for a consistent methodology for determining PEF for renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
* Concludes that the different ways to account for primary energy make it difficult to compare PEFs.
* Suggests that separation of primary energy into non-renewable and renewable components is useful when comparing PEFs of renewables and fossil fuels.
A Year 12 Environmental Science student from Hawkesdale P12 College created this presentation for VCE Environmental Science: Unit 3 school assessed coursework.
This is the PowerPoint presentation I used to teach elementary and junior high students about renewable energy. I recommend at least 90 minutes for the presentation, in order to get the most participation and discussion out of the classroom.
Comparative study of the mechanical behavior of polymer materials: between AB...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Photocatalytic Degradation of a Real Textile Wastewater using Titanium Dioxid...theijes
In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of textile wastewater from Gul Ahmad textile industry in Karachi, Pakistan, using TiO2 , ZnO, and H2O2as photocatalyst was investigated. The experiments were carried out at 38 oC in astirrerbath reactor by using Ultra-Violet photo oxidation process. The degradation of wastewater using TiO2 and ZnO under various pH and using TiO2 and H2O2 were examined. Titanium dioxideand zinc oxide proved to be very effective catalysts in photocatlytic degradation of real textile industrial water. The maximum decolorization achieved was 95.29% by using TiO2 and 64.41% by using ZnO at 37 oC and pH of 9, within 150minutes of irradiations. At pH of 7.3 the maximum decolorization was 90.48%. When TiO2 was combined with H2O2 the maximum decolorization was about 86% but surprisingly within 50 minutes of the irradiation time. A higher reaction rate was found for Titanium dioxide. The results indicate that for real textile wastewater, TiO2 is comparatively more effective than ZnO. This study proves that real textile wastewater reacts differently to catalysts than aqueous solution of azo-dyes, which is associated with surface steps and sensitization of the reaction rate by presence of other contaminants in real textile wastewater.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Primary Energy Demand of Renewable Energy Carriers - Part 1: Definitions and ...Leonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Addresses the question of the Primary Energy Factor (PEF).
* Summarizes the existing definitions for PEF, and the different options to account for primary energy in energy statistics.
* Calls for a consistent methodology for determining PEF for renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
* Concludes that the different ways to account for primary energy make it difficult to compare PEFs.
* Suggests that separation of primary energy into non-renewable and renewable components is useful when comparing PEFs of renewables and fossil fuels.
A Year 12 Environmental Science student from Hawkesdale P12 College created this presentation for VCE Environmental Science: Unit 3 school assessed coursework.
This is the PowerPoint presentation I used to teach elementary and junior high students about renewable energy. I recommend at least 90 minutes for the presentation, in order to get the most participation and discussion out of the classroom.
Comparative study of the mechanical behavior of polymer materials: between AB...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Photocatalytic Degradation of a Real Textile Wastewater using Titanium Dioxid...theijes
In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of textile wastewater from Gul Ahmad textile industry in Karachi, Pakistan, using TiO2 , ZnO, and H2O2as photocatalyst was investigated. The experiments were carried out at 38 oC in astirrerbath reactor by using Ultra-Violet photo oxidation process. The degradation of wastewater using TiO2 and ZnO under various pH and using TiO2 and H2O2 were examined. Titanium dioxideand zinc oxide proved to be very effective catalysts in photocatlytic degradation of real textile industrial water. The maximum decolorization achieved was 95.29% by using TiO2 and 64.41% by using ZnO at 37 oC and pH of 9, within 150minutes of irradiations. At pH of 7.3 the maximum decolorization was 90.48%. When TiO2 was combined with H2O2 the maximum decolorization was about 86% but surprisingly within 50 minutes of the irradiation time. A higher reaction rate was found for Titanium dioxide. The results indicate that for real textile wastewater, TiO2 is comparatively more effective than ZnO. This study proves that real textile wastewater reacts differently to catalysts than aqueous solution of azo-dyes, which is associated with surface steps and sensitization of the reaction rate by presence of other contaminants in real textile wastewater.
The Use of Raffia Palm (Raffia Hookeri) Piassava Fibres As Reinforcement Of C...theijes
Raffia Hookeri known as “doka” in Akan is abundant in Ghana and its main use is for extraction of local wine. It yields many fibres including piassava fibre which was used as broom and has been abandoned in the advent of plastic brooms. Piassava fibre was used for experimental study as fibre reinforcement in concrete, and reported on workability, density, compressive strength, tensile strength and toughness of the concrete. The study used a basic concrete mix of 1:1.5:3, and 10 separate batches with percentage weight fraction of fibres; 0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% and three different water/cement ratios of; 0.45, 0.50, and 0.55 at constant aspect ratio of 100mm for both cubes and cylinders. In all, 0.50% Piassava fibre content and 0.50 water cement ratio enhanced the tensile strength and toughness modulus of concrete while best compressive strength of 39.68MPa occurred at 0.25% fibre content with 0.45 water cement ratio
Development of Strategic Management towards a Strategy to achieve Competitive...theijes
The scope of discussion in this scientific papers, on development of strategic management is expected to give an understanding to academics and practitioners of that science in development of strategic management paradigm shift based on changes in environment of the military strategy theory towards a strategy to achieve competitive advantage.
Prototype for automatically navigated water irrigation systemtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Weka Hertz Clock Based Weka Bits Per Second P.R.B.S Data Array Encryption A.S...theijes
The Aim is to Implementation of Weka Hertz Clock P.R.B.S Data Frame Array Encryption Soft H.D.L A.S.I.C I.P Core Architecture Design using Serial to Parallel Data Array Encoder for Parallel Distributed Array Data Computing System based Ultra High Speed Wireless System Software Applications and Products – A.S.I.C Data Serializer-De-Serializer, cloud, cluster, grid, WI-FI,GI-FI Internet computing, 3G,4G,5G Wireless System Software Products and Applications. This Design Architecture contains P.R.B.S Data Frame Registers of 32/64 bit Length, 8 Serial to Parallel Data Encoder Arrays and Weka Clock Frequency Baud Rate Generator /Oscillator and Coding Done by V.H.D.L and Verilog H.D.L Software. Design Implementation Done by Xilinx ISE 9.2i Software I.D.E and Altera Quartus II MODELSIM Simulation Tool. Programming and Debugging Done by Xilinx F.P.G.A Development Kit Xilinx XC 3S 200 TQ 144 F.P.G.A Chip. Design Implementation done through SPARTAN III F.P.G.A.
Adaptive Image Contrast with Binarization Technique for Degraded Document Imagetheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Cost Optimization of Elevated Circular Water Storage Tanktheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Problem-Solving Capacity of Students: A Study of Solving Problems in Differen...theijes
Training towards the development of the capacity of learners has become an inevitable trend of world education. Vietnamese education also emphasizes the comprehensive development of the capacity and the quality of students. In mathematics teaching, there are some notable capacities such as problem-solving capacity, cooperation capacity, capacity for using mathematical language, computing capacity and so on. In particular, the problem-solving capacity is very important to students because it helps them to solve problems not only in mathematics but also in practice. In this paper, we want to investigate the problem-solving capacity of students in primary schools through a problem required to solve in different ways. The results of the study showed that students had enough the problem-solving capacity to find out various solutions to the given problem
A concept paper on "On Chip High Voltage generator using Polysilicon Diodestheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
A Model for Assessment of Power System Outages on Nigerian Transmission Networktheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Hura Crepitans Linn...theijes
Activated carbons were thermally prepared from Hura Crepitan L. seed shells. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) were separately used as the activating agents. The activated carbons obtained were characterized by determining the percentage yield, moisture content, ash content and percentage fixed carbon. The adsorption of methylene blue by the activated carbon was done using 0.1 to 0.5g of the activated carbon. The results revealed that the percentage yield and ash content of H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon was higher than ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon. On the other hand ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had higher moisture content and percentage fixed carbon. It was also revealed that ZnCl2 impregnated activated carbon had greater adsorption capacity than H3PO4 impregnated activated carbon. However it was found that the higher the adsorbent (activated carbon) dosage, the higher the adsorption capacity.
Application of Reliability Analysis for Predicting Failures in Cement Industrytheijes
This research entails the use of reliability analysis for predicting failures of machines used in the cement industries and was done by evaluating machine down times data. This research work was necessitated by the need to accurately predict failures of the machines used in the cement industries and come up with an effective planning, for preventive maintenance schedule and reducing down times through developed mathematical model for the machines. The failure frequency variation with time was determined and a regression analysis using least squares methods. Correlation was done to ascertain the suitability of linear regression of the data and also to determine that, the independent variable is a good predictor of the dependent variable. The reliability model of the machines was achieved by applying the down times and the regression analysis result of the machines studied for a period of six years to the Weibull model. Two critical components of the machines were identified; contributing a total of 55 % of the down time. It was concluded that the critical components indicate the trend of failure of the machines. Therefore, reducing the failure rate of these components will increase the useful life of the machines and the obtained failure ratemodel, could be used as an important tool for predicting future failures and hence, effectively planning against such failures.
Removal of phosphate ion from water using chemically modified biomass of suga...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
Optimal control of load frequency control power system based on particle swar...theijes
In this work, PSO is proposed to set the gains of PID controller for LFC in single power systems area. This work has very significant issue because of persistent and random change load through working of power system. The proposed algorithm offer fluent performance, stable, and fast convergence to target value. Simulation results using MATLAB R2015a demonstrate that the proposed controller has more efficient of dynamic performance, better convergence, fast response from the other methods depend on rise and settling time of frequency deviation.
Practical Implementation for Stator Faults Protection and Diagnosisin 3-Ph IM...theijes
This paper presents a real-time practical implementation for an online protection and diagnosis technique for induction motor stator faults. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the wavelet packet transform (WPT)- algorithms are developed as based approaches for protecting and diagnosing various stator faults occurring in three-phase induction motors. These approaches are based on the entropy of the WPT-coefficients of line currents using an optimized mother wavelet 'db3' at the second level of resolution with thresholds determined experimentally during the various conditions of the motor. The algorithm is implemented in real-time using the LabJack U3-HV instrument device as an interface between the WPT-algorithm which developed in Matlab program/PC and the 3-ph CT’s which are used to sense the 3-ph current lines motor. The proposed technique is tested on a laboratory induction motor which is chosen with unknown parameters. It is a rewinded motor that realizes a different requirement. It has many output terminals from its windings in order to implement the various faults. The online test results give a tripping signal at an instant time that through applied a new moving frame technique. A few cycles presents to isolate the main C.B of the motor power supply in all cases of faults. In addition, the WPT-algorithm is developed to issue online a flagging fault message window which helped to diagnose the faults type.
Effect of the ODD-EVEN Traffic Formula in Delhi on the Photosynthetic Activit...theijes
In an effort to reduce the alarming levels of pollutions in Delhi, the government implemented the odd – even traffic program as an emergency action, the first phase of which was implemented from the 1st to 15th of January 2016, where exclusively odd or even numbered vehicles were allowed to ply on the roads on odd and even dates respectively. The present study was carried out to assess the impact of this decreased vehicular pollution on the photosynthetic activity of Cassia fistula trees growing along some selected roads of the city associated with heavy vehicular pollution and high traffic congestion during normal times. Sampling was done from trees growing close to the roads (less than 5m) at four locations faced with heavy traffic volume normally, while control sampling was done from a location away from traffic exposure. Measurement of photosynthetic pigments was done spectrophotometrically. All measured parameters like Chlorophyll ‘a’, Chlorophyll ‘b’, carotenoids and total chlorophyll were found to be significantly increased when thecomparison was made between values obtained during normal traffic and the ones obtained after the reduction in vehicular pollution. The maximum increase in concentration was as high as 14.47%, for Chlorophyll a (South Extension), 12.8% for Chlorophyll b (R. K. Puram), 12.3% for total chlorophyll (South Extension) and 17.2%for Carotenoids (R K Puram). Samples from control site did not show much change in the concentration of studied pigment on these two dates. This study clearly shows that decreased vehicular pollution has a significant impact on the photosynthetic pigments inCassiafistula
Message Authentication And Source Privacy Using BAC Technique In Wireless Sen...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Aerobic Fitness of Indian Soccer Players: Field Methods Analysistheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation.
MASTERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE renewable energy systemsSamanth kumar
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS,M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE) ANNA UNIVERSITY
UNIT I SOLAR ENERGY
➔ Solar radiation its measurements and prediction
➔ solar thermal flat plate collectors concentrating collectors –
applications - heating, cooling, desalination, power generation,drying, cooking etc
➔ principle of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy,
➔ types of solar cells and fabrication.
Photovoltaic applications:
➔ battery charger, domestic lighting, street lighting, and water pumping, power generation schemes.
UNIT II WIND ENERGY
➔ Atmospheric circulations and classification
➔ factors influencing wind , wind shear and turbulence
➔ wind speed monitoring
➔ Betz limit
➔ Aerodynamics of wind turbine rotor
➔ site selection
➔ Wind resource assessment
wind energy conversion devices
➔ classification,
➔ characteristics,
➔ applications.
➔ Hybrid systems - safety and environmental aspects.
UNIT III BIO-ENERGY
➔ Biomass resources and their classification
➔ chemical constituents
➔ physicochemical characteristics of biomass
➔ Biomass conversion processes
➔ Thermochemical conversion
➔ direct combustion,
➔ gasification,
➔ pyrolysis and liquefaction
➔ biochemical conversion
➔ Anaerobic digestion
➔ alcohol production from biomass
➔ chemical conversion process
➔ hydrolysis and hydrogenation
➔ Biogas - generation - types of biogas Plants- applications
UNIT IV HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELLS
➔ Thermodynamics and electrochemical principles
➔ asic design, types, and applications
➔ production methods
➔ Biophotolysis
➔ Hydrogen generation from algae biological pathways
➔ Storage gaseous
➔ cryogenic and metal hydride and transportation.
➔ Fuel cell
➔ principle of working
➔ various types
➔ construction and applications.
UNIT V OTHER TYPES OF ENERGY
➔ Ocean energy resources
➔ principles of ocean thermal energy conversion systems
➔ Ocean thermal power plants
➔ principles of ocean wave energy conversion
➔ tidal energy conversion
hydropower
➔ site selection, construction, environmental issues
Geothermal energy
➔ types of geothermal energy sites,
➔ site selection, and geothermal power plants.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A SOLAR STILL USING LAURIC ACID AS A ENERGY S...IAEME Publication
The solar still is a simple device used for obtaining fresh water for small scale demand. Due to intermittent nature of solar energy, solar still s are not continuous in nature. To make them operative for non-sunshine hours energy storage
mediums are used. In the present work an attempt has been made to utilize the energy storage capacity of Lauric acid to enhance the performance of solar still. Experiments were carried out on single basin double slope solar still in the premises of SHIATS, Allahabad in the month of February. It is observed that the nocturnal distillate output is increased by more than 17% when Lauricacid is used as energy storage medium.
Renewable Energy comes from sources that do not deplete over years such as sun, wind, oceans and plants. There are numerous ways to convert primary energy forms into consumable forms of energy including heat and electricity; however, due to the intermittent nature of many renewable sources, the issue of storing electricity is of particular importance. Further its worth to note renewable energy technologies do NOT necessarily compete with each other purely based on price. It depends on geographic location, availability of space, capital costs, operational costs, and environmental concerns.
Thermoelectric power generator integrated cookstove a sustainable approach of...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design of Air Preheater for Solar Dryer for Drying Cerealsijiert bestjournal
This paper expla ins about various factors which are to be considering while designing solar dryer for agriculture products. It includes the major part s like air pre heater,air duct,and cabin for keeping agricultura l products. Out of these parts of air pre heater is important as solar energy is available in attuned form & we have to concentrate it with help of solar collectors. In c ollectors absorber plates are made up of good thermal conductor like copper,aluminium so the plate is get heated due to solar radiation & hence air is h eated by the convection process by forcing the air to flow over absorber plate & this heated air is directed towards the cabin through ducts . After that heated air is made to flow over agri cultural product s specially cereals lying in the cabin which is a closed space having number of trays placed in vertical shell with suitable distance & heated air takes away moisture present in it.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
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Solar Boiler for an Energy Saving In Maradi, Republic Of Niger
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 1 || January - 2015 || Pages || 36-39||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 36
Solar Boiler for an Energy Saving In Maradi, Republic Of Niger
1,
Elhadji Amadou Hamissou , 2,
Mahamadou Hamidine
1,2,
Dan Dicko Dan Koulodo University of Maradi, Republic of Niger; hamis@mail.ru
-----------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------
Alternative energy is the base of the survival of the humanity on Earth. The purpose of this study is to develop
the use of the renewable energies in the world and in Republic of Niger in particular, to be capable of having
elementary energy resources sufficient, to fight against the poverty and also continue to protect the environment
in a efficient way. The thermal solar energy is one of the most plentiful renewable form of energy in Niger. The
construction of a solar boiler to adapt for a use in Niger will allow reducing the expenses in the households. So
the improvement of this technology is expected for simplicity of use in Niger.
KEY WORDS: Solar water heater, boiler, Niger Solar hot water, Niger Solar boiler, Solar hot water
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 4 January 2015 Date of Accepted: 20 January 2015
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
The republic of Niger is a Sahelian country of West Africa enclosed, cover a surface of 1 267 000 km2
(among which desert 2/3) and count a population of 17 129 076 inhabitants with a rate of annual average global
increase of 3,9 %. This population is mainly rural. The energy situation of the country is characterized by a low
energy consumption which is 0,14 tep / living compared with the African and world averages which are
respectively 0,5 tep / living and 1,2 tep / living. This situation translates an access limited by the populations to
the various modern forms of energy. Furthermore, the country presents a strong dependence towards the outside
for the satisfaction of its energy needs while it arranges important energy resources (river Niger, oil, coal
mineral, uranium, sun…).[1]
The energy is one of determining factors for the survival of the populations. It is necessary and
essential for the satisfaction of the daily needs (health, food, water…). The firewood which remains the energy
most in homes is one of cause major of the deforestation and some rare forest are still directly threatened by the
domestic use daily taking. We consider at more than 98 % of the population of Niger which makes call up to the
wood for the cooking of food, [2] but this so much to the fat reduction in the oil refining to Zinder by a Chinese
company. But to fight effectively against this plague, the use of the solar energy, the clean renewable energy,
the sun especially as inexhaustible in the human scale, stays a most ecological solution, that to build a coal-fired
power plant, a gas, a diesel or nuclear power with fatal environmental consequences. The renewable energies
can also participate in the economic development and create jobs, thus income. The thermal solar energy is an
alternative, among others as the other renewable sources of energy which are to be proposed and to be promoted
especially better, so that all the populations can reach it. A big advantage is that the traffic stops during the
night, without needs for a device anti-return, for a pump and for a system of control. The inconvenience is that
the debit is much reduced with regard to the forced traffic, reducing clearly the efficiency of the system. The
simplicity buys itself by a loss of yield.
II. EQUIPMENTS AND METHODS
In the health centers of Africa, in particular those of the villages of sub-Saharan Africa, do not arrange
reliable domestic hot water. The firewood sets a lot of time to warm the water, and the other fuels as the gas or
the electricity are not in it carried by everybody. So the solar supplied boiler a hot water in any time and at a
lower cost.
The choice of the technology: It exists, of part the world several technologies of solar boiler, the basic
technology is always the same: the thermal collector and the balloon of storage are the main elements. Niger has
an important period of sunshine. The accessibility to the hot water is not thing easy. A solar boiler in it carried
by all the stock exchanges would be welcome. We use the available materials and the hand of work premises. A
good sizing is imperative. Because of a good period of sunshine, the necessary surface of the thermal sensors is
only in office of the size of the balloon. The latter must be isolated foam polyurethane and glass wool contribute
to very strongly to keep the temperature. Pipes at the level of the collector must be copper to decrease the risks
2. Solar Boiler For An Energy Saving…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 37
of corrosion, the stainless steel for the rest of piping is desirable. The use is autonomous without supplement the
supply is in certain case is intermittent (villages without water conveyance)..
a-
b-
Picture 1:a-Plan solar boiler typifies thermosiphon and b- her collector [ 3 ]
Thermal calculation for a solar boiler
We separate the uses in 3 slices:
- The range corresponding to the needs from 1 to 4 people, a solar balloon of 200 liters
- The range corresponding to the needs from 4 to 10 people, a solar balloon from 400 to 600 liters
- The range corresponding to a collective use, an example health center or boarding school, a solar balloon
from 600 to 1000 liters
The solar balloons are built steel carbon or simply of linen leaf of steel with a cover of an alloy to
answer the sanitary standards of storage of the domestic hot water. In the field of the storage of the domestic hot
water a number of sanitary conditions must be respected. First of all, the treatment (processing) of bacteria. This
one proliferates abundantly in circles the temperature of which is situated between 25 ° in 42 °. To eliminate
these bacteria, it is necessary to plan to maintain the hot water contained in a sanitary solar ball(balloon) in 60 °
during 2 hours a day. This measure is made compulsory for all the storage water heaters toilet.
The equation of the distribution of the heat in a homogeneous plate:
2 2
2
2 2
u k u u u
a
t c tx x
(2.1)
with
3. Solar Boiler For An Energy Saving…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 38
2 k
a
c
( a is the coefficient of diffusivity thermal expressed in m2
.s-1
).
In a small volume (V) in the space bounded by a surface S the quantity of heat passing by during the time dt
will be then:
( . )
S
Q d t k u d s
n g ra d
(2.2)
If the heat penetrates in V, V warms up, if it leaves V, this one cools.
( . )
V S
u
c d v k u d s
t
n g ra d
(2.3)
Where from the equation of state of the volume V:
Sunstroke through the passage of the sun. If a plane surface constantly directed in the sun, its irradiation
averages ( W.m-2
) :
<P> = (2.4)
Where ts and tr - respectively the time of sunrise and slept by the sun. T - The duration of the day (24 hours)
and Ps - The power density of solar irradiation, this depends on time of the day and on the metrological
condition. The sunstroke immediate on a plan with an angle of inclination with the horizontal and azimuth
.
cossinsincoscosPsP (2.5)
- Is always positive
- The angle between the local vertical line and the line connecting the point of observation with the sun.
- The azimuth: the angle between the north direction and the direction of the sun, considering the sense of the
watch hand.
- The azimuth of a motionless system [4]
When a thermal sensor is submitted to differences of temperature within it, he is born a flow of heat q which
aims at the balance of the temperatures. This flow of heat depends on the difference between the temperatures
and the characteristics of the material:
q = c . (T1 - T2). (2.6)
The constant of proportionality c depends on the thickness e of the wall between both given temperatures and
the thermal conductivity? This measures the clean capacity of the material to lead the heat:
e
c
(2.7)
Consequently, the more the thickness of the material is important, the more c decrease. On the other hand, the
more the thermal conductivity increases the more c increase.
The thermal conductivity expresses the quantity of heat which crosses one meter in thickness of this material
per second and per square meter surface when the difference of temperature between both faces of the material
is 1 K. She expresses himself in W/m. K.
The surface thermal decrease of walls k measures the capacity of a wall to allow to pass the heat.
It expresses himself in W / m²K.
When two faces of a wall are subjected(submitted) to differences of temperature, he is born a flow of heat q
which aims at the balance of the temperatures. This flow of heat depends on the difference between the
temperatures and on the power isolating from the wall:
4. Solar Boiler For An Energy Saving…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 39
q = k (Tint - Text). (2.8)
We define generally k as the opposite of a resistance, what simplifies the writing of the calculations. Let us use
all these equations let us obtain the graph which follows, for the region of Maradi, Republic of Niger. [5]
The face 1 shows us at which instant of the day the temperature is higher in the solar boiler in Niger.
Figure 1: variation of the temperature in the tank according to the hours of the day in Maradi.
Economy and advantage of one of the solar boiler : Another advantageous factor of the solar boiler with
regard to(compared with) the electric boiler, the gas range or the oil and the traditional foyer with wood it is the
one of the life expectancy. A solar boiler is designed to work approximately 25 years while we have all the
experience of the other devices the life expectancy of which is sad has to exceed 5 or 10 years. And in more
They require daily spending while the sun is free. In the households as the winter is very short in Niger, the
major part of hot water is used for the domestic spot and the cooking of food. Instead of boiling the water before
preparing, by using the hot water we can save the wood, the gas or the electricity. Considering daily increase in
energy prices globally, couple with attractive features of solar energy in terms of its cost-free nature, minimum
degradation to the environment, it stand a better alternative. Niger is blessed with abundant amount of sunshine
due to its strategic position in the tropics. [6]
III. CONCLUSION
Our solar boiler will contribute to the fight against the deforestation. In the sanitary districts the high
demand of hot water is in the morning, that is at the moment or the temperature of the sun is still low (figure 1),
but to solve this problem, we thought of strengthening the heat insulation at the level of the tank.
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Gratefully acknowledged to Chancellor, DAN DICKO DANKOULODO University of Maradi and
Deanship of scientific Research.
REFERENCE
[1] Given by the last one RGPH 2012
[2] Annual report SIE-Niger on 2005
[3] http://www.alterenergies.fr/cesi_thermosiphon.html
[4] Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes Aldo Vieara da Roza 2005 Elsevier pp.317-354. ISBN 978-0-12-088510-7
[5] Solar Energy Vissanrionov V.I. ; Deriogina G.V. ; Kuznesova V.A.; Milinin H. K. Moscow Edition Home MEI 2011 pp.140-
144. ISBN 978-5-383-00608-5
[6] Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy Vol. 15 N° 1 pp. 125 – 134 , Solar Energy as a Remedy to Environmental and Safety by
A. Uba, S. Baki, S. Buda and A. A. Tijjani, 2010 , ISSN 1115 – 0610.