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M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35
www.ijera.com 30 | P a g e
Experiment on single-mode feedback control of oscillatory
thermocapillary convection in a half-zone liquid bridge
M. Kudo*
*(Mechanical Systems Engineering Program, Monozukuri Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan
College of Industrial Technology, 10-40, Higashi-oi 1-chome, Shinagawa City, Tokyo 140-0011, Japan)
ABSTRACT
Feedback control was carried out on nonlinear thermocapillary convections in a half-zone liquid bridge of a high
Prandtl number fluid under normal gravity. In the liquid bridge, the convection changed from a two-dimensional
steady flow to a three-dimensional oscillatory flow at a critical temperature difference. Feedback control was
realized by locally modifying the free surface temperature using local temperature measured at different
positions. The present study aims to confirm whether the control method can effectively suppress oscillatory
flows with every modal structure. Consequently, the control was theoretically verified to be effective for
oscillatory flows with every modal structure in a high Marangoni number range.
Keywords - Feedback control, half-zone liquid bridge, modal structure, oscillatory flow, thermocapillary
convection
I. Introduction
Thermocapillarity has become very important in
material processes under microgravity conditions.
The float-zone method (FZ) is a material process
technique for producing and purifying single crystals
of metals and oxides. It is widely known that, using
this method, a transition to three-dimensional
oscillatory thermocapillary convection takes place at
a certain temperature difference between the heated
area and cold rods. The oscillatory state of the
convection causes detrimental striations in the crystal
structure, even under microgravity conditions [1].
This technical problem has inspired a large number
of recent studies into the onset of oscillations in
thermocapillary convection.
A half-zone model (HZ) has been employed to
simplify the thermocapillary convection in FZ. In this
model, two co-axial cylindrical rods hold a liquid
bridge by its surface tension. By imposing a
temperature difference, ΔT, between the rods,
thermocapillary flow is induced in the liquid bridge
(Fig. 1). The intensity of the induced flow can be
described using a Marangoni number, defined as
(1)
In the non-dimensional number, σT is the
absolute value of the temperature coefficient of the
surface tension; H, the height of the liquid bridge; ρ,
the density; ν, the kinematic viscosity; and κ, the
thermal diffusivity. The convection changes from a
two-dimensional steady flow to a three-dimensional
oscillatory flow at a critical value, ΔTcr or Ma = Macr
in the case of high Prandtl number (Pr) fluids (Pr > 4)
[2, 3]. Overcritical parameter  is defined as
(2)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 1. A half-zone liquid bridge under normal
gravity: (a) Side view (picture), (b) side view (outline
drawing), (c) top view (picture, z = 1/2H), (d) top
view (outline drawing, z = 1/2H),  < 0.
After the onset of the oscillation, the flow
exhibits a modal structure with a certain azimuthal
wave number [3, 4]. The dominant mode depends on
aspect ratio Γ (Γ= H/R, where R is the radius of the
liquid bridge). The mechanism of the onset of the
oscillation strongly depends on Pr. Heat transfer
plays an important role in a high Pr system [5].
With a better understanding of the phenomena,
some results indicated control of oscillatory
thermocapillary convection in various geometries.
Benz et al. [6] attempted to stabilize the
thermocapillary wave instability in an experiment on
   Re Pr
TT
T HT H
Ma 
   
    
     
    
 
cr
cr
Ma Ma
Ma



RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35
www.ijera.com 31 | P a g e
a plane fluid layer. The temperature signal and phase
information detected by thermocouples near the cold
end of the layer were fed forward to control a laser
that heated the downstream fluid surface along a line.
Shiomi et al. [7] and Shiomi and Amberg [8] applied
a feedback control based on a simple cancellation
scheme for an annular configuration. They modified
the surface temperature locally with heating using
local surface temperature signals obtained at different
azimuthal locations. Using two sensor-actuator pairs,
a significant attenuation of oscillation was obtained
in a range of .
Petrov et al. [9, 10] demonstrated suppression of
oscillatory thermocapillary convection through
nonlinear feedback control in a half-zone liquid
bridge. They modified the surface temperature locally
with cooling and heating using local surface
temperature signals obtained at different azimuthal
locations, and succeeded in completely suppressing
the oscillation up to  ≈ 0.08. In our previous research
[11], complete damping of the oscillation was
achieved using the control method of Shiomi et al. [7,
8] up to  ≈ 0.4 for one of the modal structures.
The present study aims to confirm that our
control method can effectively suppress other modal
structures. In this paper, we investigate the behavior
of surface temperature and flow structure subject to
the control.
II. Experiment
2.1 Experimental apparatus
The geometry of the liquid bridge was R = 2.5
mm in radius and aspect ratio Γ = 0.62. The volume
of the liquid bridge was virtually equal to the volume
of a cylinder (π∙R2
∙H). The radius, R, of the bridge
was kept sufficiently small to minimize the buoyancy
to thermocapillary force. Silicone oil of 5 cSt (Pr =
68 at 25ºC) was employed as a test fluid (Table 1).
Table 1: Physical properties of silicone oil (KF-96-L,
Shinetsu Chemical Co., Ltd)
Silicone oil of 5cSt (25 ºC)
Density, ρ [kg/m3
] 9.12  102
Kinematic viscosity, ν [m2
/s] 5.00  10-6
Thermal diffusion coefficient, κ
[m2
/s]
7.31  10-8
Surface tension, σ [N/m] 1.97  10-2
Thermal expansion coefficient, β
[1/K]
1.09  10-3
Absolute value of temperature
coefficient of the surface tension, σT
[N/m·K]
6.37  10-5
Prandtl number, Pr (= ν/κ) [-] 68.4
The experiment was set up as illustrated in Fig.
2. An axial temperature gradient was imposed by the
top and bottom rods. The top rod was heated by a
wire heater encircling it, whereas the bottom rod was
cooled by the ambient air. The top rod was made of a
transparent sapphire glass to observe the flow
structure from the top end of the liquid bridge; the
bottom rod was made of aluminum. The temperature
difference was measured by thermocouples affixed to
the top and bottom rods. These experiments were
conducted at a temperature of approximately 20 ºC.
The flow field was visualized using suspended
spherical polystyrene particles with a diameter of 17
μm. The entire bridge was illuminated with a
continuous cold light source.
Fig. 2. Experimental setup.
Calibrated cold wires, made of platinum wire
with diameter 2.5 μm, were employed as sensors for
control. The tips of the sensors were U-shaped with
curved bottoms to minimize surface deformation on
the liquid bridge, and were approximately 100 μm
below the surface. The distance between each
supporting prong was 300 μm. In principle, when a
constant current is passed through the platinum wire
and the resistance is detected, this is proportional to
the temperature. Two heaters were employed to heat
the surface locally. The heaters were of similar
construction to the sensors, but of 10% rhodium-
platinum. They were placed approximately 250 μm
away from the surface. All sensors and heaters were
located at the mid-height of the bridge.
The azimuthal position of sensors and heaters are
shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Sensor and heater arrangements for
proportional control of mode-3 oscillation.
M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35
www.ijera.com 32 | P a g e
2.2 Flow visualization
Following the onset of the oscillation, a
polygonal particle-free zone appeared at the center of
the r-φ plane. The line of symmetry in the visualized
image showed certain polygonal modal flow
structures. In this , the particle-free zone forms a
triangle (Fig. 4). The number of lines of symmetry
was three, therefore the oscillation has an azimuthal
wavenumber of three (mode-3). Macr is
approximately 2.2 × 104
at Γ= 0.62. The standing
wave type oscillatory flow appear for 0 <  ≤ 0.9.
2.3 Control scheme
We applied the control method devised in our
previous work [11] to the present work. With Γ =
0.62, the mode-3 oscillation dominated the flow field
when control was absent. This means that, at fixed
radial and axial positions, surface temperature T (φ,
t), T (φ+2π/3, t) will be in phase. A simple
cancellation scheme is realized if we introduce point
heat sources as follows:
Q (φi + dφh, t) = -G*θ (φi, t) (θ (φi, t) < 0)
= 0 (θ (φi, t) ≥ 0) (3)
where φi is the i-th azimuthal sensor location and dφh
is the distance between sensors and paired heaters.
The dimensionless temperature θ (φ, t) is defined as
(T (φ, t) - T (φ) )/ ΔT, where T (φ) is the time
average of T (φ, t). Q and G (≥ 0) are the heater
power output and proportional control gain. No
cooling device can cool locally and rapidly to cancel
oscillation; therefore, a heater was employed.
Since applying only one sensor/heater pair could
result in a standing wave with nodes at the
sensor/heater positions [10], two sensor/heater pairs
were located as shown in Fig. 3.The sensors and
heaters were apart by at least π/4. This is because the
sensors will receive heat, Q, from the heaters directly
if they are placed too close to the heaters.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 4. Top view of flow structure of mode-3
standing wave without control: (a) 0 s (picture), (b) 0
s (outline drawing), (c) 1/2 cycle (0.24 s, picture), (d)
1/2 cycle (outline drawing), Γ= 0.62, ε = 0.5.
III. Results
3.1 Flow without control
In the present aspect ratio, Γ = 0.62, the
oscillatory flow of the azimuthal wave number m = 3
(mode-3) appeared after the onset of the oscillatory
flow.
Following the onset of the oscillation, the
amplitude of the temperature oscillation on the free
surface exhibited good agreement with the
supercritical Hopf bifurcation in small ε [11]. In this
work, the temperature oscillation of mode-3 was also
fitted exactly to the supercritical Hopf bifurcation
(Fig. 5). Pots of squared amplitudes, θ2
, are apart
from the Hopf bifurcation curve in a range of ε > 0.5
for both mode-2 and mode-3. The same relation
between θ and ε was found under different
experimental conditions [2, 12] in high Pr fluids (Pr >
4).
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006

Squaredamplitudes2
mode-2 (Shiomi et al. [11])
mode-3 (Present)
Fig. 5. Squared amplitudes of temperature oscillation,
θ2
, for various overcritical parameter ε.
Therefore, the variation of temperature
amplitude to ε is a characteristic property for half-
zone liquid bridges without relation to modal
structures in high Pr fluids. We define the region 0 <
ε < 0.5 as a weakly nonlinear region and the region ε
≥ 0.5 as a nonlinear one.
3.2 Proportional control for single mode
In the weakly nonlinear region (ε < 0.5), the
control achieved good performance with complete
suppression of the oscillation. Fig. 6 shows the time
series of the dimensionless temperature signal θ from
one of the sensors.
M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35
www.ijera.com 33 | P a g e
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
θ
Control On Off
0 50 100 150 200
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time [sec]
Q[mW]
Fig. 6. Time series of temperature amplitude, θ, and
heater output power, Q, in weakly nonlinear regime,
ε = 0.27.
Turning on the control, temperature amplitude
decreased completely within several periods. The
heater output initially overshot, then fell to less than
0.5 mW as the control became successful. Similar
results were obtained by another sensor.
The global stabilization of the entire flow field
can also be observed by flow visualization (Fig. 7).
On applying the control, the mode-3 standing wave
with the triangle particle-free zone gradually reached
a steady axisymmetric state in Figs. 7(a) and (b).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Fig. 7. Top view of flow structure under control: (a)
two-dimensional (2D) steady flow (picture), (b) 2D
steady flow (outline drawing), (c) mode-2 standing
wave (picture), (d) mode-2 standing wave (outline
drawing).
In the nonlinear region (ε ≥ 0.5), the performance
of the control gradually degraded, even though some
attenuation of the oscillation can be observed. This
performance degradation resulted from excitation on
an oscillation with an expected azimuthal wave
number (mode-2).
The new mode-2 oscillation always has a
standing structure. It is likely that mode-2 oscillation
is excited, since the current control method causes
amplification of waves with even wavenumber (Figs.
7(c) and (d)). Shiomi et al. [11] reported that mode-1
oscillation was excited by using the same control
manner when the control target was mode-2
oscillation.
Without control, the critical frequency of mode-3
increases as ε increases (Fig. 8). Under control, the
critical frequency of mode-3 is virtually the same as
that without control. This is because the flow pattern
remains unchanged with control. In the present Γ, the
flow pattern always indicates a standing wave in ε ≤
0.9. Once the mode-2 standing wave was excited by
the control, the critical frequency decreased 10% of
that for mode-3. The frequency of excited mode-2 is
approximately 1.5 times that of natural mode-2,
frequency in Γ = 0.5.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4Frequency[Hz]
mode-3(without control)
mode-3(with control)
mode-2(excited by the control)

Fig. 8. Critical frequency of temperature oscillation
with and without control with mode-3.
To search the optimal proportional gain G, for
which maximum attenuation can be obtained, for
each ε, a series of experiments with various G was
conducted (Fig. 9). To find Gopt efficiently, the
increments of G were set differently for different ε.
θrms decreased with increasing G and took a minimum
value at Gopt. For G > Gopt, θrms increased with G. The
increment of θrms suggests excitation and
amplification of mode-2 standing wave. The Gopt
increases with .
M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35
www.ijera.com 34 | P a g e
0 0.10 0.20
0
0.01
0.02
G
rms
=0.33
=0.55
=0.72
Fig. 9. Non-dimensional temperature amplitude, θrms,
for various proportional gain, G, in different
overcritical parameter ε.
The overall performance of the proportional
control is shown in Fig. 10. The performance of the
control is quantified by the suppression ratio γmin,
where γ is the ratio of θrms with control to θrms without
control. Significant damping of the oscillation was
achieved in the range of ε (≤ 0.9). The control
showed best performance when ε < 0.41, where
oscillation was suppressed down to the level of
background noise. The control performance for
mode-3 oscillation is virtually the same as that for
mode-2, as shown in Figure 10.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0

min
mode-2 (Shiomi et al. [11])
mode-3 (Present)
Fig. 10. Suppression ratio of temperature oscillation
γmin to various overcritical parameter ε for mode-2
and mode-3.
The control proved to be effective to attenuate
the oscillatory convection with the modal structures
of both odd and even numbers. In addition, the
relation between the temperature amplitude and ε in ε
< 0.5 is a characteristic property for half-zone liquid
bridges without relation to modal structures in high
Pr fluids [2, 12]. Consequently, the control is
theoretically effective for oscillatory flows with
every modal structure in high Pr fluids. Moreover,
excellent performance is achieved in the weakly
nonlinear region.
The control method can attenuate only the
targeted modal structure depending on the sensor and
heater positions. Therefore, in future work, a new
control method should be constructed to suppress
several modal structures independently of the sensor
and heater positions.
IV. Conclusion
A proportional feedback control for single mode was
performed for nonlinear thermocapillary convection
in a half-zone liquid bridge of high Pr fluid under
normal gravity. In the weak nonlinear region (ε < 0.5),
suppression of oscillatory flow with mode-3 was
completely achieved by the control. In the nonlinear
region (0.5 ≤ ε ≤ 0.9), significant attenuation of the
oscillation can be obtained. The control method
proved to be effective as it suppressed the oscillatory
convection with modal structures of both odd and
even numbers. Therefore, the control is theoretically
effective for oscillatory flows with every modal
structure in high Ma range in high Pr fluids.
Acknowledgement
We would like to sincerely thank Dr. J. Shiomi and
Dr. H. Kawamura for their fruitful and insightful
discussions. Also, we would like to thank Editage
(www.editage.jp) for English language editing.
References
[1] A. Eyer, H. Leiste, and R. Nitsche, Floating
zone growth of silicon under microgravity in
a sounding rocket, J. Crystal Growth., 71,
1985, 173–182.
[2] F. Preisser, D. Schwabe, and A. Scharmann,
Steady and oscillatory thermocapillary
convection in liquid columns with free
cylindrical surface, J. Fluid Mech., 126,
1983, 545–567.
[3] I. Ueno, S. Tanaka, and H. Kawamura,
Oscillatory and chaotic thermocapillary
convection in a half-zone liquid bridge,
Phys. Fluids, 15, 2003, 408–416.
[4] R. Velten, D. Schwabe, and A. Scharmann,
The periodic instability of thermocapillary
convection in cylindrical liquid bridges,
Phys. Fluids A3, 1991, 267–279.
[5] M. Wanschura, V. M. Shevtsova, H. C.
Kuhlmann, and H. J. Rath, Convective
instability mechanism in thermocapillary
liquid bridges, Phys. Fluids, 7, 1995, 912–
925.
[6] S. Benz, P. Hintz, R. J. Riley, and G. P.
Neitzel, Instability of thermocapillary-
buoyancy convection in shallow layers.
Part2. Suppression of hydrothermal waves,
J. Fluid Mech., 359, 1998, 165–180.
[7] J. Shiomi, G. Amberg, and H. Alfredsson,
Active control of oscillatory thermocapillary
M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35
www.ijera.com 35 | P a g e
convection, Phys. Rev E., 64, 2001, 031205-
1.
[8] J. Shiomi, and G. Amberg, Active control of
global thermocapillary convection, Phys.
Fluids, 14, 2002, 3039–3045.
[9] V. Petrov, M. F. Schatz, K. A. Muehlner, S.
J. Vanhook, W. D. McComick, J. B. Swift,
and H. L. Swinney, Non-linear control of
remote unstable states in a liquid bridge
convection experiment, Phys. Rev Lett., 77,
1996, 3779–3782.
[10] V. Petrov, K. A. Muehlner, S. J. Vanhook,
H. L. Swinney, Model-independent non-
linear control algorithm with application to a
liquid bridge experiment, Phys. Rev E., 58,
1998, 427–433.
[11] J. Shiomi, M. Kudo, I. Ueno, H. Kawamura,
and G. Amberg, Feedback control of
oscillatory thermocapillary convection in a
half-zone liquid bridge, J. Fluid Mech., 496,
2003, 193–211.
[12] V. M. Shevtsova, D. E. Melnikov, and J. C.
Legros, Three-dimensional simulations of
hydrodynamic instability in liquid bridges:
Influence of temperature-dependent
viscosity, Phys. Fluids, 13, 2001, 2851–2865.

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Experiment on single-mode feedback control of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in a half-zone liquid bridge

  • 1. M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35 www.ijera.com 30 | P a g e Experiment on single-mode feedback control of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in a half-zone liquid bridge M. Kudo* *(Mechanical Systems Engineering Program, Monozukuri Engineering Department, Tokyo Metropolitan College of Industrial Technology, 10-40, Higashi-oi 1-chome, Shinagawa City, Tokyo 140-0011, Japan) ABSTRACT Feedback control was carried out on nonlinear thermocapillary convections in a half-zone liquid bridge of a high Prandtl number fluid under normal gravity. In the liquid bridge, the convection changed from a two-dimensional steady flow to a three-dimensional oscillatory flow at a critical temperature difference. Feedback control was realized by locally modifying the free surface temperature using local temperature measured at different positions. The present study aims to confirm whether the control method can effectively suppress oscillatory flows with every modal structure. Consequently, the control was theoretically verified to be effective for oscillatory flows with every modal structure in a high Marangoni number range. Keywords - Feedback control, half-zone liquid bridge, modal structure, oscillatory flow, thermocapillary convection I. Introduction Thermocapillarity has become very important in material processes under microgravity conditions. The float-zone method (FZ) is a material process technique for producing and purifying single crystals of metals and oxides. It is widely known that, using this method, a transition to three-dimensional oscillatory thermocapillary convection takes place at a certain temperature difference between the heated area and cold rods. The oscillatory state of the convection causes detrimental striations in the crystal structure, even under microgravity conditions [1]. This technical problem has inspired a large number of recent studies into the onset of oscillations in thermocapillary convection. A half-zone model (HZ) has been employed to simplify the thermocapillary convection in FZ. In this model, two co-axial cylindrical rods hold a liquid bridge by its surface tension. By imposing a temperature difference, ΔT, between the rods, thermocapillary flow is induced in the liquid bridge (Fig. 1). The intensity of the induced flow can be described using a Marangoni number, defined as (1) In the non-dimensional number, σT is the absolute value of the temperature coefficient of the surface tension; H, the height of the liquid bridge; ρ, the density; ν, the kinematic viscosity; and κ, the thermal diffusivity. The convection changes from a two-dimensional steady flow to a three-dimensional oscillatory flow at a critical value, ΔTcr or Ma = Macr in the case of high Prandtl number (Pr) fluids (Pr > 4) [2, 3]. Overcritical parameter  is defined as (2) (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 1. A half-zone liquid bridge under normal gravity: (a) Side view (picture), (b) side view (outline drawing), (c) top view (picture, z = 1/2H), (d) top view (outline drawing, z = 1/2H),  < 0. After the onset of the oscillation, the flow exhibits a modal structure with a certain azimuthal wave number [3, 4]. The dominant mode depends on aspect ratio Γ (Γ= H/R, where R is the radius of the liquid bridge). The mechanism of the onset of the oscillation strongly depends on Pr. Heat transfer plays an important role in a high Pr system [5]. With a better understanding of the phenomena, some results indicated control of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in various geometries. Benz et al. [6] attempted to stabilize the thermocapillary wave instability in an experiment on    Re Pr TT T HT H Ma                        cr cr Ma Ma Ma    RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
  • 2. M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35 www.ijera.com 31 | P a g e a plane fluid layer. The temperature signal and phase information detected by thermocouples near the cold end of the layer were fed forward to control a laser that heated the downstream fluid surface along a line. Shiomi et al. [7] and Shiomi and Amberg [8] applied a feedback control based on a simple cancellation scheme for an annular configuration. They modified the surface temperature locally with heating using local surface temperature signals obtained at different azimuthal locations. Using two sensor-actuator pairs, a significant attenuation of oscillation was obtained in a range of . Petrov et al. [9, 10] demonstrated suppression of oscillatory thermocapillary convection through nonlinear feedback control in a half-zone liquid bridge. They modified the surface temperature locally with cooling and heating using local surface temperature signals obtained at different azimuthal locations, and succeeded in completely suppressing the oscillation up to  ≈ 0.08. In our previous research [11], complete damping of the oscillation was achieved using the control method of Shiomi et al. [7, 8] up to  ≈ 0.4 for one of the modal structures. The present study aims to confirm that our control method can effectively suppress other modal structures. In this paper, we investigate the behavior of surface temperature and flow structure subject to the control. II. Experiment 2.1 Experimental apparatus The geometry of the liquid bridge was R = 2.5 mm in radius and aspect ratio Γ = 0.62. The volume of the liquid bridge was virtually equal to the volume of a cylinder (π∙R2 ∙H). The radius, R, of the bridge was kept sufficiently small to minimize the buoyancy to thermocapillary force. Silicone oil of 5 cSt (Pr = 68 at 25ºC) was employed as a test fluid (Table 1). Table 1: Physical properties of silicone oil (KF-96-L, Shinetsu Chemical Co., Ltd) Silicone oil of 5cSt (25 ºC) Density, ρ [kg/m3 ] 9.12  102 Kinematic viscosity, ν [m2 /s] 5.00  10-6 Thermal diffusion coefficient, κ [m2 /s] 7.31  10-8 Surface tension, σ [N/m] 1.97  10-2 Thermal expansion coefficient, β [1/K] 1.09  10-3 Absolute value of temperature coefficient of the surface tension, σT [N/m·K] 6.37  10-5 Prandtl number, Pr (= ν/κ) [-] 68.4 The experiment was set up as illustrated in Fig. 2. An axial temperature gradient was imposed by the top and bottom rods. The top rod was heated by a wire heater encircling it, whereas the bottom rod was cooled by the ambient air. The top rod was made of a transparent sapphire glass to observe the flow structure from the top end of the liquid bridge; the bottom rod was made of aluminum. The temperature difference was measured by thermocouples affixed to the top and bottom rods. These experiments were conducted at a temperature of approximately 20 ºC. The flow field was visualized using suspended spherical polystyrene particles with a diameter of 17 μm. The entire bridge was illuminated with a continuous cold light source. Fig. 2. Experimental setup. Calibrated cold wires, made of platinum wire with diameter 2.5 μm, were employed as sensors for control. The tips of the sensors were U-shaped with curved bottoms to minimize surface deformation on the liquid bridge, and were approximately 100 μm below the surface. The distance between each supporting prong was 300 μm. In principle, when a constant current is passed through the platinum wire and the resistance is detected, this is proportional to the temperature. Two heaters were employed to heat the surface locally. The heaters were of similar construction to the sensors, but of 10% rhodium- platinum. They were placed approximately 250 μm away from the surface. All sensors and heaters were located at the mid-height of the bridge. The azimuthal position of sensors and heaters are shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Sensor and heater arrangements for proportional control of mode-3 oscillation.
  • 3. M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35 www.ijera.com 32 | P a g e 2.2 Flow visualization Following the onset of the oscillation, a polygonal particle-free zone appeared at the center of the r-φ plane. The line of symmetry in the visualized image showed certain polygonal modal flow structures. In this , the particle-free zone forms a triangle (Fig. 4). The number of lines of symmetry was three, therefore the oscillation has an azimuthal wavenumber of three (mode-3). Macr is approximately 2.2 × 104 at Γ= 0.62. The standing wave type oscillatory flow appear for 0 <  ≤ 0.9. 2.3 Control scheme We applied the control method devised in our previous work [11] to the present work. With Γ = 0.62, the mode-3 oscillation dominated the flow field when control was absent. This means that, at fixed radial and axial positions, surface temperature T (φ, t), T (φ+2π/3, t) will be in phase. A simple cancellation scheme is realized if we introduce point heat sources as follows: Q (φi + dφh, t) = -G*θ (φi, t) (θ (φi, t) < 0) = 0 (θ (φi, t) ≥ 0) (3) where φi is the i-th azimuthal sensor location and dφh is the distance between sensors and paired heaters. The dimensionless temperature θ (φ, t) is defined as (T (φ, t) - T (φ) )/ ΔT, where T (φ) is the time average of T (φ, t). Q and G (≥ 0) are the heater power output and proportional control gain. No cooling device can cool locally and rapidly to cancel oscillation; therefore, a heater was employed. Since applying only one sensor/heater pair could result in a standing wave with nodes at the sensor/heater positions [10], two sensor/heater pairs were located as shown in Fig. 3.The sensors and heaters were apart by at least π/4. This is because the sensors will receive heat, Q, from the heaters directly if they are placed too close to the heaters. (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 4. Top view of flow structure of mode-3 standing wave without control: (a) 0 s (picture), (b) 0 s (outline drawing), (c) 1/2 cycle (0.24 s, picture), (d) 1/2 cycle (outline drawing), Γ= 0.62, ε = 0.5. III. Results 3.1 Flow without control In the present aspect ratio, Γ = 0.62, the oscillatory flow of the azimuthal wave number m = 3 (mode-3) appeared after the onset of the oscillatory flow. Following the onset of the oscillation, the amplitude of the temperature oscillation on the free surface exhibited good agreement with the supercritical Hopf bifurcation in small ε [11]. In this work, the temperature oscillation of mode-3 was also fitted exactly to the supercritical Hopf bifurcation (Fig. 5). Pots of squared amplitudes, θ2 , are apart from the Hopf bifurcation curve in a range of ε > 0.5 for both mode-2 and mode-3. The same relation between θ and ε was found under different experimental conditions [2, 12] in high Pr fluids (Pr > 4). 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006  Squaredamplitudes2 mode-2 (Shiomi et al. [11]) mode-3 (Present) Fig. 5. Squared amplitudes of temperature oscillation, θ2 , for various overcritical parameter ε. Therefore, the variation of temperature amplitude to ε is a characteristic property for half- zone liquid bridges without relation to modal structures in high Pr fluids. We define the region 0 < ε < 0.5 as a weakly nonlinear region and the region ε ≥ 0.5 as a nonlinear one. 3.2 Proportional control for single mode In the weakly nonlinear region (ε < 0.5), the control achieved good performance with complete suppression of the oscillation. Fig. 6 shows the time series of the dimensionless temperature signal θ from one of the sensors.
  • 4. M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35 www.ijera.com 33 | P a g e -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 θ Control On Off 0 50 100 150 200 0 0.5 1 1.5 Time [sec] Q[mW] Fig. 6. Time series of temperature amplitude, θ, and heater output power, Q, in weakly nonlinear regime, ε = 0.27. Turning on the control, temperature amplitude decreased completely within several periods. The heater output initially overshot, then fell to less than 0.5 mW as the control became successful. Similar results were obtained by another sensor. The global stabilization of the entire flow field can also be observed by flow visualization (Fig. 7). On applying the control, the mode-3 standing wave with the triangle particle-free zone gradually reached a steady axisymmetric state in Figs. 7(a) and (b). (a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 7. Top view of flow structure under control: (a) two-dimensional (2D) steady flow (picture), (b) 2D steady flow (outline drawing), (c) mode-2 standing wave (picture), (d) mode-2 standing wave (outline drawing). In the nonlinear region (ε ≥ 0.5), the performance of the control gradually degraded, even though some attenuation of the oscillation can be observed. This performance degradation resulted from excitation on an oscillation with an expected azimuthal wave number (mode-2). The new mode-2 oscillation always has a standing structure. It is likely that mode-2 oscillation is excited, since the current control method causes amplification of waves with even wavenumber (Figs. 7(c) and (d)). Shiomi et al. [11] reported that mode-1 oscillation was excited by using the same control manner when the control target was mode-2 oscillation. Without control, the critical frequency of mode-3 increases as ε increases (Fig. 8). Under control, the critical frequency of mode-3 is virtually the same as that without control. This is because the flow pattern remains unchanged with control. In the present Γ, the flow pattern always indicates a standing wave in ε ≤ 0.9. Once the mode-2 standing wave was excited by the control, the critical frequency decreased 10% of that for mode-3. The frequency of excited mode-2 is approximately 1.5 times that of natural mode-2, frequency in Γ = 0.5. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4Frequency[Hz] mode-3(without control) mode-3(with control) mode-2(excited by the control)  Fig. 8. Critical frequency of temperature oscillation with and without control with mode-3. To search the optimal proportional gain G, for which maximum attenuation can be obtained, for each ε, a series of experiments with various G was conducted (Fig. 9). To find Gopt efficiently, the increments of G were set differently for different ε. θrms decreased with increasing G and took a minimum value at Gopt. For G > Gopt, θrms increased with G. The increment of θrms suggests excitation and amplification of mode-2 standing wave. The Gopt increases with .
  • 5. M. Kudo Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 3, ( Part -5) March 2015, pp.30-35 www.ijera.com 34 | P a g e 0 0.10 0.20 0 0.01 0.02 G rms =0.33 =0.55 =0.72 Fig. 9. Non-dimensional temperature amplitude, θrms, for various proportional gain, G, in different overcritical parameter ε. The overall performance of the proportional control is shown in Fig. 10. The performance of the control is quantified by the suppression ratio γmin, where γ is the ratio of θrms with control to θrms without control. Significant damping of the oscillation was achieved in the range of ε (≤ 0.9). The control showed best performance when ε < 0.41, where oscillation was suppressed down to the level of background noise. The control performance for mode-3 oscillation is virtually the same as that for mode-2, as shown in Figure 10. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0  min mode-2 (Shiomi et al. [11]) mode-3 (Present) Fig. 10. Suppression ratio of temperature oscillation γmin to various overcritical parameter ε for mode-2 and mode-3. The control proved to be effective to attenuate the oscillatory convection with the modal structures of both odd and even numbers. In addition, the relation between the temperature amplitude and ε in ε < 0.5 is a characteristic property for half-zone liquid bridges without relation to modal structures in high Pr fluids [2, 12]. Consequently, the control is theoretically effective for oscillatory flows with every modal structure in high Pr fluids. Moreover, excellent performance is achieved in the weakly nonlinear region. The control method can attenuate only the targeted modal structure depending on the sensor and heater positions. Therefore, in future work, a new control method should be constructed to suppress several modal structures independently of the sensor and heater positions. IV. Conclusion A proportional feedback control for single mode was performed for nonlinear thermocapillary convection in a half-zone liquid bridge of high Pr fluid under normal gravity. In the weak nonlinear region (ε < 0.5), suppression of oscillatory flow with mode-3 was completely achieved by the control. In the nonlinear region (0.5 ≤ ε ≤ 0.9), significant attenuation of the oscillation can be obtained. The control method proved to be effective as it suppressed the oscillatory convection with modal structures of both odd and even numbers. Therefore, the control is theoretically effective for oscillatory flows with every modal structure in high Ma range in high Pr fluids. Acknowledgement We would like to sincerely thank Dr. J. Shiomi and Dr. H. Kawamura for their fruitful and insightful discussions. Also, we would like to thank Editage (www.editage.jp) for English language editing. References [1] A. Eyer, H. Leiste, and R. Nitsche, Floating zone growth of silicon under microgravity in a sounding rocket, J. Crystal Growth., 71, 1985, 173–182. [2] F. Preisser, D. Schwabe, and A. Scharmann, Steady and oscillatory thermocapillary convection in liquid columns with free cylindrical surface, J. Fluid Mech., 126, 1983, 545–567. [3] I. Ueno, S. Tanaka, and H. Kawamura, Oscillatory and chaotic thermocapillary convection in a half-zone liquid bridge, Phys. Fluids, 15, 2003, 408–416. [4] R. Velten, D. Schwabe, and A. Scharmann, The periodic instability of thermocapillary convection in cylindrical liquid bridges, Phys. Fluids A3, 1991, 267–279. [5] M. Wanschura, V. M. Shevtsova, H. C. Kuhlmann, and H. J. Rath, Convective instability mechanism in thermocapillary liquid bridges, Phys. Fluids, 7, 1995, 912– 925. [6] S. Benz, P. Hintz, R. J. Riley, and G. P. Neitzel, Instability of thermocapillary- buoyancy convection in shallow layers. Part2. Suppression of hydrothermal waves, J. Fluid Mech., 359, 1998, 165–180. [7] J. Shiomi, G. Amberg, and H. Alfredsson, Active control of oscillatory thermocapillary
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