One of the most popular image denoising methods based on self-similarity is called nonlocal
means (NLM). Though it can achieve remarkable performance, this method has a few shortcomings,
e.g., the computationally expensive calculation of the similarity measure, and the lack of reliable
candidates for some non repetitive patches. In this paper, we propose to improve NLM by integrating
Gaussian blur, clustering, and row image weighted averaging into the NLM framework.
Experimental results show that the proposed technique can perform denoising better than the original
NLM both quantitatively and visually, especially when the noise level is high.
Transforming an Existing Distribution Network Into Autonomous MICRO-GRID usin...IJERA Editor
A distribution network with renewable and fossil-based resources can be operated as a micro-grid, in autonomous or nonautonomous modes. Autonomous operation of a distribution network requires cautious planning. In this context, a detailed methodology to develop a sustainable autonomous micro-grid is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology suggests novel sizing and siting strategies for distributed generators and structural modifications for autonomous micro-grids. This paper introduces the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the optimal network reconfiguration problem for power loss reduction. The PSO is a relatively new and powerful intelligence evolution method for solving optimization problems. It is a population-based approach. The PSO was inspired from natural behavior of the bees on how they find the location of most flowers. The proposed PSO algorithm is introduced with some modifications such as using an inertia weight that decreases linearly during the simulation. This setting allows the PSO to explore a large area at the start of the simulation.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING WELL-TEST INTERPRETATION MODEL BASED ON AG...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an approach based on applying an aggregated predictor formed by multiple versions of a multilayer neural network with a back-propagation optimization algorithm for helping the engineer to get a list of the most appropriate well-test interpretation models for a given set of pressure/ production data. The proposed method consists of three stages: (1) data decorrelation through principal component analysis to reduce the covariance between the variables and the dimension of the input layer in the artificial neural network, (2) bootstrap replicates of the learning set where the data is repeatedly sampled with a random split of the data into train sets and using these as new learning sets, and (3) automatic reservoir model identification through aggregated predictor formed by a plurality vote when predicting a new class. This method is described in detail to ensure successful replication of results. The required training and test dataset were generated by using analytical solution models. In our case, there were used 600 samples: 300 for training, 100 for cross-validation, and 200 for testing. Different network structures were tested during this study to arrive at optimum network design. We notice that the single net methodology always brings about confusion in selecting the correct model even though the training results for the constructed networks are close to 1. We notice also that the principal component analysis is an effective strategy in reducing the number of input features, simplifying the network structure, and lowering the training time of the ANN. The results obtained show that the proposed model provides better performance when predicting new data with a coefficient of correlation approximately equal to 95% Compared to a previous approach 80%, the combination of the PCA and ANN is more stable and determine the more accurate results with lesser computational complexity than was feasible previously. Clearly, the aggregated predictor is more stable and shows less bad classes compared to the previous approach.
Reliability Prediction of Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Network Usin...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
LOAD BALANCING AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WSN BY CLUSTER JOINING METHODIAEME Publication
In any WSN life of network is depending on life of sensor node. Thus, proper load balancing is very useful for improving life of network. The tree-based routing protocols like GSTEB used dynamic tree structures for routing without any formation of collections. In cases of larger networks, the scheme is not always feasible. In this proposed work cluster-based routing method is used. Cluster head is selected such that it should be close to the base station and should have maximum residential energy than other nodes selected for cluster formation. Size of cluster is controlled by using location-based cluster joining method such that nodes selects their nearest collection head based on the signal strength from cluster head and distance between node and cluster head. Nodes connect to head having the highest signal strength and closest to the base station, this minimizes size of cluster and reduces extra energy consumption. In addition to this cluster formation process starts only after availability of data due to an event. So proposed protocol performs better than existing tree based protocols like GSTEB in terms of energy efficiency
Transforming an Existing Distribution Network Into Autonomous MICRO-GRID usin...IJERA Editor
A distribution network with renewable and fossil-based resources can be operated as a micro-grid, in autonomous or nonautonomous modes. Autonomous operation of a distribution network requires cautious planning. In this context, a detailed methodology to develop a sustainable autonomous micro-grid is presented in this paper. The proposed methodology suggests novel sizing and siting strategies for distributed generators and structural modifications for autonomous micro-grids. This paper introduces the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the optimal network reconfiguration problem for power loss reduction. The PSO is a relatively new and powerful intelligence evolution method for solving optimization problems. It is a population-based approach. The PSO was inspired from natural behavior of the bees on how they find the location of most flowers. The proposed PSO algorithm is introduced with some modifications such as using an inertia weight that decreases linearly during the simulation. This setting allows the PSO to explore a large area at the start of the simulation.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING WELL-TEST INTERPRETATION MODEL BASED ON AG...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an approach based on applying an aggregated predictor formed by multiple versions of a multilayer neural network with a back-propagation optimization algorithm for helping the engineer to get a list of the most appropriate well-test interpretation models for a given set of pressure/ production data. The proposed method consists of three stages: (1) data decorrelation through principal component analysis to reduce the covariance between the variables and the dimension of the input layer in the artificial neural network, (2) bootstrap replicates of the learning set where the data is repeatedly sampled with a random split of the data into train sets and using these as new learning sets, and (3) automatic reservoir model identification through aggregated predictor formed by a plurality vote when predicting a new class. This method is described in detail to ensure successful replication of results. The required training and test dataset were generated by using analytical solution models. In our case, there were used 600 samples: 300 for training, 100 for cross-validation, and 200 for testing. Different network structures were tested during this study to arrive at optimum network design. We notice that the single net methodology always brings about confusion in selecting the correct model even though the training results for the constructed networks are close to 1. We notice also that the principal component analysis is an effective strategy in reducing the number of input features, simplifying the network structure, and lowering the training time of the ANN. The results obtained show that the proposed model provides better performance when predicting new data with a coefficient of correlation approximately equal to 95% Compared to a previous approach 80%, the combination of the PCA and ANN is more stable and determine the more accurate results with lesser computational complexity than was feasible previously. Clearly, the aggregated predictor is more stable and shows less bad classes compared to the previous approach.
Reliability Prediction of Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Network Usin...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
LOAD BALANCING AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WSN BY CLUSTER JOINING METHODIAEME Publication
In any WSN life of network is depending on life of sensor node. Thus, proper load balancing is very useful for improving life of network. The tree-based routing protocols like GSTEB used dynamic tree structures for routing without any formation of collections. In cases of larger networks, the scheme is not always feasible. In this proposed work cluster-based routing method is used. Cluster head is selected such that it should be close to the base station and should have maximum residential energy than other nodes selected for cluster formation. Size of cluster is controlled by using location-based cluster joining method such that nodes selects their nearest collection head based on the signal strength from cluster head and distance between node and cluster head. Nodes connect to head having the highest signal strength and closest to the base station, this minimizes size of cluster and reduces extra energy consumption. In addition to this cluster formation process starts only after availability of data due to an event. So proposed protocol performs better than existing tree based protocols like GSTEB in terms of energy efficiency
Ameliorate Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for He...chokrio
Ameliorating the lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is an important task because the sensor nodes are limited in the resource energy. The best way to improve a WSN lifetime is the clustering based algorithms in which each cluster is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. Each other node must communicate with this CH to send the data sensing. The nearest base station nodes must also send their data to their leaders, this causes a loss of energy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to ameliorate a threshold distributed energy efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks by excluding closest nodes to the base station in the clustering process. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases obviously the number of the received packet messages and prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to TDEEC protocol.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Matlab simulink based digital protection of transformereSAT Journals
Abstract Power transformer is one of the most important equipment in a power transmission and distribution system. This paper presents a technology to simulate differential relay in Matlab Simulink based environment for determining its behavior during various operating conditions. The results show that this simulation method can work properly and this will allow rapid modeling and testing of new algorithm in view to improve protection of transformer. Keywords: differntial protection, magnetising inrush current, internal faults, over fluxing,trip signal
Electric distribution network reconfiguration for power loss reduction based ...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for solving the distribution network reconfiguration (NR) problem based on runner root algorithm (RRA) for reducing active power loss. The RRA is a recent developed metaheuristic algorithm inspired from runners and roots of plants to search water and minerals. RRA is equipped with four tools for searching the optimal solution. In which, the random jumps and the restart of population are used for exploring and the elite selection and random jumps around the current best solution are used for exploiting. The effectiveness of the RRA is evaluated on the 16 and 69-node system. The obtained results are compared with particle swarm optimization and other methods. The numerical results show that the RRA is the potential method for the NR problem.
Capacitor Placement Using Bat Algorithm for Maximum Annual Savings in Radial ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a two stage approach that determines the optimal location and size of capacitors on radial distribution systems to improve voltage profile and to reduce the active power loss. In first stage, the capacitor locations can be found by using loss sensitivity method. Bat algorithm is used for finding the optimal capacitor sizes in radial distribution systems. The sizes of the capacitors corresponding to maximum annual savings are determined by considering the cost of the capacitors. The proposed method is tested on 15-bus, 33 bus, 34-bus, 69-bus and 85-bus test systems and the results are presented.
Results of Fitted Neural Network Models on Malaysian Aggregate DatasetjournalBEEI
This result-based paper presents the best results of both fitted BPNN-NAR and BPNN-NARMA on MCCI Aggregate dataset with respect to different error measures. This section discusses on the results in terms of the performance of the fitted forecasting models by each set of input lags and error lags used, the performance of the fitted forecasting models by the different hidden nodes used, the performance of the fitted forecasting models when combining both inputs and hidden nodes, the consistency of error measures used for the fitted forecasting models, as well as the overall best fitted forecasting models for Malaysian aggregate cost indices dataset.
This paper presents a solution to solve the network reconfiguration, DG coordination (location and size) and capacitor coordination (location and size), simultaneously. The proposed solution will be determined by using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC). Various case studies are presented to see the impact on the test system, in term of power loss reduction and also voltage profiles. The proposed approach is applied to a 33-bus test system and simulate by using MATLAB programming. The simulation results show that combination of DG, capacitor and network reconfiguration gives a positive impact on total power losses minimization as well as voltage profile improvement compared to other case studies.
Cost Aware Expansion Planning with Renewable DGs using Particle Swarm Optimiz...IJERA Editor
This Paper is an attempt to develop the expansion-planning algorithm using meta heuristics algorithms. Expansion Planning is always needed as the power demand is increasing every now and then. Thus for a better expansion planning the meta heuristic methods are needed. The cost efficient Expansion planning is desired in the proposed work. Recently distributed generation is widely researched to implement in future energy needs as it is pollution free and capability of installing it in rural places. In this paper, optimal distributed generation expansion planning with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) for identifying the location, size and type of distributed generator for future demand is predicted with lowest cost as the constraints. Here the objective function is to minimize the total cost including installation and operating cost of the renewable DGs. MATLAB based `simulation using M-file program is used for the implementation and Indian distribution system is used for testing the results.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
There is doubtlessly manufactured artificial neural system (ANN) is a standout amongst the most
acclaimed all-inclusive approximators, and has been executed in numerous fields. This is because of its
capacity to naturally take in any example with no earlier suppositions and loss of all inclusive statement.
ANNs have contributed fundamentally towards time arrangement expectation field, yet the nearness of
exceptions that normally happen in the time arrangement information may dirty the system preparing
information. Hypothetically, the most widely recognized calculation to prepare the system is the
backpropagation (BP) calculation which depends on the minimization of the common ordinary least
squares (OLS) estimator as far as mean squared error (MSE). Be that as it may, this calculation is not
absolutely strong within the sight of exceptions and may bring about the bogus forecast of future qualities.
Accordingly, in this paper, we actualize another calculation which exploits firefly calculation on the minimal
middle of squares (FA-LMedS) estimator for manufactured neural system nonlinear autoregressive
(BPNN-NAR) and counterfeit neural system nonlinear autoregressive moving normal (BPNN-NARMA)
models to cook the different degrees of remote issue in time arrangement information. In addition, the
execution of the proposed powerful estimator with correlation with the first MSE and strong iterative
slightest middle squares (ILMedS) and molecule swarm advancement on minimum middle squares (PSOLMedS)
estimators utilizing reenactment information, in light of root mean squared blunder (RMSE) are
likewise talked about in this paper. It was found that the robustified backpropagation learning calculation
utilizing FA-LMedS beat the first and other powerful estimators of ILMedS and PSO-LMedS. As a
conclusion, developmental calculations beat the first MSE mistake capacity in giving hearty preparing of
counterfeit neural systems.
Varying Load Voltage Magnitude Impacts on Fault Level Constrained Optimal Pow...IJRES Journal
This paper mainly deals with OPF with fault level constraints (FLC) by using an iterative process. The OPF is to provide solutions in conditions where fault current levels at buses are within the specifications of switchgear. The aim of this paper is to consider the impacts of varying load voltage magnitudes to the bus impedance. This is done by formulating the bus impedance as a function of varying load voltages. FLC-OPF calculation was implemented by MATPOWER with corresponding modifications on its library source codes to cater non-linear constraints. The results showed that as FLC-OPF was imposed, the formulation considering the impact of varying voltage magnitude on the bus impedance have a better performance compared when the bus impedance is not considered to be a function of load voltage magnitude.
Ameliorate Threshold Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm for He...chokrio
Ameliorating the lifetime in heterogeneous wireless sensor network is an important task because the sensor nodes are limited in the resource energy. The best way to improve a WSN lifetime is the clustering based algorithms in which each cluster is managed by a leader called Cluster Head. Each other node must communicate with this CH to send the data sensing. The nearest base station nodes must also send their data to their leaders, this causes a loss of energy. In this paper, we propose a new approach to ameliorate a threshold distributed energy efficient clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks by excluding closest nodes to the base station in the clustering process. We show by simulation in MATLAB that the proposed approach increases obviously the number of the received packet messages and prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to TDEEC protocol.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Matlab simulink based digital protection of transformereSAT Journals
Abstract Power transformer is one of the most important equipment in a power transmission and distribution system. This paper presents a technology to simulate differential relay in Matlab Simulink based environment for determining its behavior during various operating conditions. The results show that this simulation method can work properly and this will allow rapid modeling and testing of new algorithm in view to improve protection of transformer. Keywords: differntial protection, magnetising inrush current, internal faults, over fluxing,trip signal
Electric distribution network reconfiguration for power loss reduction based ...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a method for solving the distribution network reconfiguration (NR) problem based on runner root algorithm (RRA) for reducing active power loss. The RRA is a recent developed metaheuristic algorithm inspired from runners and roots of plants to search water and minerals. RRA is equipped with four tools for searching the optimal solution. In which, the random jumps and the restart of population are used for exploring and the elite selection and random jumps around the current best solution are used for exploiting. The effectiveness of the RRA is evaluated on the 16 and 69-node system. The obtained results are compared with particle swarm optimization and other methods. The numerical results show that the RRA is the potential method for the NR problem.
Capacitor Placement Using Bat Algorithm for Maximum Annual Savings in Radial ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a two stage approach that determines the optimal location and size of capacitors on radial distribution systems to improve voltage profile and to reduce the active power loss. In first stage, the capacitor locations can be found by using loss sensitivity method. Bat algorithm is used for finding the optimal capacitor sizes in radial distribution systems. The sizes of the capacitors corresponding to maximum annual savings are determined by considering the cost of the capacitors. The proposed method is tested on 15-bus, 33 bus, 34-bus, 69-bus and 85-bus test systems and the results are presented.
Results of Fitted Neural Network Models on Malaysian Aggregate DatasetjournalBEEI
This result-based paper presents the best results of both fitted BPNN-NAR and BPNN-NARMA on MCCI Aggregate dataset with respect to different error measures. This section discusses on the results in terms of the performance of the fitted forecasting models by each set of input lags and error lags used, the performance of the fitted forecasting models by the different hidden nodes used, the performance of the fitted forecasting models when combining both inputs and hidden nodes, the consistency of error measures used for the fitted forecasting models, as well as the overall best fitted forecasting models for Malaysian aggregate cost indices dataset.
This paper presents a solution to solve the network reconfiguration, DG coordination (location and size) and capacitor coordination (location and size), simultaneously. The proposed solution will be determined by using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC). Various case studies are presented to see the impact on the test system, in term of power loss reduction and also voltage profiles. The proposed approach is applied to a 33-bus test system and simulate by using MATLAB programming. The simulation results show that combination of DG, capacitor and network reconfiguration gives a positive impact on total power losses minimization as well as voltage profile improvement compared to other case studies.
Cost Aware Expansion Planning with Renewable DGs using Particle Swarm Optimiz...IJERA Editor
This Paper is an attempt to develop the expansion-planning algorithm using meta heuristics algorithms. Expansion Planning is always needed as the power demand is increasing every now and then. Thus for a better expansion planning the meta heuristic methods are needed. The cost efficient Expansion planning is desired in the proposed work. Recently distributed generation is widely researched to implement in future energy needs as it is pollution free and capability of installing it in rural places. In this paper, optimal distributed generation expansion planning with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) for identifying the location, size and type of distributed generator for future demand is predicted with lowest cost as the constraints. Here the objective function is to minimize the total cost including installation and operating cost of the renewable DGs. MATLAB based `simulation using M-file program is used for the implementation and Indian distribution system is used for testing the results.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
There is doubtlessly manufactured artificial neural system (ANN) is a standout amongst the most
acclaimed all-inclusive approximators, and has been executed in numerous fields. This is because of its
capacity to naturally take in any example with no earlier suppositions and loss of all inclusive statement.
ANNs have contributed fundamentally towards time arrangement expectation field, yet the nearness of
exceptions that normally happen in the time arrangement information may dirty the system preparing
information. Hypothetically, the most widely recognized calculation to prepare the system is the
backpropagation (BP) calculation which depends on the minimization of the common ordinary least
squares (OLS) estimator as far as mean squared error (MSE). Be that as it may, this calculation is not
absolutely strong within the sight of exceptions and may bring about the bogus forecast of future qualities.
Accordingly, in this paper, we actualize another calculation which exploits firefly calculation on the minimal
middle of squares (FA-LMedS) estimator for manufactured neural system nonlinear autoregressive
(BPNN-NAR) and counterfeit neural system nonlinear autoregressive moving normal (BPNN-NARMA)
models to cook the different degrees of remote issue in time arrangement information. In addition, the
execution of the proposed powerful estimator with correlation with the first MSE and strong iterative
slightest middle squares (ILMedS) and molecule swarm advancement on minimum middle squares (PSOLMedS)
estimators utilizing reenactment information, in light of root mean squared blunder (RMSE) are
likewise talked about in this paper. It was found that the robustified backpropagation learning calculation
utilizing FA-LMedS beat the first and other powerful estimators of ILMedS and PSO-LMedS. As a
conclusion, developmental calculations beat the first MSE mistake capacity in giving hearty preparing of
counterfeit neural systems.
Varying Load Voltage Magnitude Impacts on Fault Level Constrained Optimal Pow...IJRES Journal
This paper mainly deals with OPF with fault level constraints (FLC) by using an iterative process. The OPF is to provide solutions in conditions where fault current levels at buses are within the specifications of switchgear. The aim of this paper is to consider the impacts of varying load voltage magnitudes to the bus impedance. This is done by formulating the bus impedance as a function of varying load voltages. FLC-OPF calculation was implemented by MATPOWER with corresponding modifications on its library source codes to cater non-linear constraints. The results showed that as FLC-OPF was imposed, the formulation considering the impact of varying voltage magnitude on the bus impedance have a better performance compared when the bus impedance is not considered to be a function of load voltage magnitude.
Optimal Capacitor Placement in Distribution System using Fuzzy TechniquesIDES Editor
To improve the overall efficiency of power system,
the performance of distribution system must be improved. It
is done by installing shunt capacitors in radial distribution
system. The problem of capacitor allocation in electric
distribution systems involves maximizing “energy and peak
power (demand) loss reductions” by means of capacitor
installations. As a result power factor of distribution system
improves. There is also lots of saving in terms of money. A 10
bus radial distribution system is taken as the model. Then a
load flow programs is executed on MATLAB. Then by using
load flow data & fuzzy techniques the determination of suitable
location of capacitor placement and its size is done. Shunt
capacitors to be placed at the nodes of the system will be
represented as reactive power injections. Fuzzy techniques have
advantages of simplicity, less computations & fast results. The
same techniques can be applied to complex distribution systems
& dynamic loads.
Loss Reduction by Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on a Radial feederIDES Editor
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources
in recent times, the studies on integration of distributed
generation to the power grid have rapidly increased. In order
to minimize line losses of power systems, it is crucially
important to define the location of local generation to be placed.
Proper location of DGs in power systems is important for
obtaining their maximum potential benefits. This paper
presents analytical approaches to determine the optimal
location to place a DG on radial systems to minimize the power
loss of the system. Simulation results are given to verify the
proposed analytical approaches.
Optimal Capacitor Placement in a Radial Distribution System using Shuffled Fr...IDES Editor
This paper presents a new and efficient approach
for capacitor placement in radial distribution systems that
determine the optimal locations and size of capacitor with an
objective of improving the voltage profile and reduction of
power loss. The solution methodology has two parts: in part
one the loss sensitivity factors are used to select the candidate
locations for the capacitor placement and in part two a new
algorithm that employs Shuffle Frog Leaping Algorithm
(SFLA) and Particle Swarm Optimization are used to estimate
the optimal size of capacitors at the optimal buses determined
in part one. The main advantage of the proposed method is
that it does not require any external control parameters. The
other advantage is that it handles the objective function and
the constraints separately, avoiding the trouble to determine
the barrier factors. The proposed method is applied to 45-bus
radial distribution systems.
Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems Using Harmony Search AlgorithmIOSRJEEE
This manuscript explores feeder reconfiguration in distribution networks and presents an efficient method to optimize the radial distribution system by means of simultaneous reconfiguration. Network Reconfiguration of radial distribution system is a significant way of altering the power flow through the lines. This assessment presents a modern method to solve the network reconfiguration problem with an objective of minimizing real power loss and improving the voltage profile in radial distribution system (RDS). A precise and load flow algorithm is applied and the objective function is formulated to solve the problem which includes power loss minimization. HSA Algorithm is utilized to restructure and identify the optimal strap switches for minimization of real power loss in a distribution network.. The strategy has been tested on IEEE 33-bus and 69- bus systems to show the accomplishment and the adequacy of the proposed technique. The results demonstrate that a significant reduction in real power losses and improvement of voltage profiles.
Enhancing radial distribution system performance by optimal placement of DST...IJECEIAES
In this paper, A novel modified optimization method was used to find the optimal location and size for placing distribution Static Compensator in the radial distribution test feeder in order to improve its performance by minimizing the total power losses of the test feeder, enhancing the voltage profile and reducing the costs. The modified grey wolf optimization algorithm is used for the first time to solve this kind of optimization problem. An objective function was developed to study the radial distribution system included total power loss of the system and costs due to power loss in system. The proposed method is applied to two different test distribution feeders (33 bus and 69 bus test systems) using different Dstatcom sizes and the acquired results were analyzed and compared to other recent optimization methods applied to the same test feeders to ensure the effectiveness of the used method and its superiority over other recent optimization mehods. The major findings from obtained results that the applied technique found the most minimized total power loss in system, the best improved voltage profile and most reduction in costs due power loss compared to other methods.
Firefly Algorithm to Opmimal Distribution of Reactive Power Compensation Units IJECEIAES
The issue of electric power grid mode of optimization is one of the basic directions in power engineering research. Currently, methods other than classical optimization methods based on various bio-heuristic algorithms are applied. The problems of reactive power optimization in a power grid using bio-heuristic algorithms are considered. These algorithms allow obtaining more efficient solutions as well as taking into account several criteria. The Firefly algorithm is adapted to optimize the placement of reactive power sources as well as to select their values. A key feature of the proposed modification of the Firefly algorithm is the solution for the multi-objective optimization problem. Algorithms based on a bio-heuristic process can find a neighborhood of global extreme, so a local gradient descent in the neighborhood is applied for a more accurate solution of the problem. Comparison of gradient descent, Firefly algorithm and Firefly algorithm with gradient descent is carried out.
Optimal Capacitor Placement for IEEE 14 bus system using Genetic AlgorithmAM Publications
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a non-parametric optimization technique that is frequently used in problems of combinatory nature with discrete or continuous variables. Depending on the evaluation function used this optimization technique may be applied to solve problems containing more than one objective. In treating with multi-objective evaluation functions it is important to have an adequate methodology to solve the multiple objectives problem so that each partial objective composing the evaluation function is adequately treated in the overall optimal solution. In this paper the multi-objective optimization problem is treated in details and a typical example concerning the allocation of capacitor banks in a real distribution grid is presented. The allocation of capacitor banks corresponds to one of the most important problems related to the planning of electrical distribution networks. This problem consists of determining, with the smallest possible cost, the placement and the dimension of each capacitor bank to be installed in the electrical distribution grid with the additional objectives of minimizing the voltage deviations and power losses. As many other problems of planning electrical distribution networks, the allocation of capacitor banks are characterized by the high complexity in the search of the optimum solution. In this context, the GA comes as a viable tool to obtaining practical solutions to this problem. Simulation results obtained with a electrical distribution grid are presented and demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology used.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Due to environmental concern and certain constraint on building a new power plant, renewable energy particularly distributed generation photovoltaic (DGPV) has becomes one of the promising sources to cater the increasing energy demand of the power system. Furthermore, with appropriate location and sizing, the integration of DGPV to the grid will enhance the voltage stability and reduce the system losses. Hence, this paper proposed a new algorithm for DGPV optimal location and sizing of a transmission system based on minimization of Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) with considering the system constraints. Chaotic Mutation Immune Evolutionary Programming (CMIEP) is developed by integrating the piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM) in the mutation process in order to increase the convergence rate of the algorithm. The simulation was applied on the IEEE 30 bus system with a variation of loads on Bus 30. The simulation results are also compared with Evolutionary Programming (EP) and Chaotic Evolutionary Programming (CEP) and it is found that CMIEP performed better in most of the cases.
Performance comparison of distributed generation installation arrangement in ...journalBEEI
Placing Distributed Generation (DG) into a power network should be planned wisely. In this paper, the comparison of having different installation arrangement of real-power DGs in transmission system for loss control is presented. Immune-brainstorm-evolutionary programme (IBSEP) was chosen as the optimization technique. It is found that optimizing fixed-size DGs locations gives the highest loss reduction percentage. Apart from that, scattered small-sized DGs throughout a network minimizes transmission loss more than allocating one biger-sized DG at a location.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimum capacity allocation of distributed generation units using parallel ps...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper proposes the application of Parallel Particle Swarm Optimization (PPSO) technique to find the optimal sizing of multiple DG(Distributed Generation) units in the radial distribution network by reduction in real power losses and enhancement in voltage profile. Message passing interface (MPI) is used for the parallelization of PSO. The initial population of PSO algorithm has been divided between the processors at run time. The proposed technique is tested on standard 123-bus test system and the obtained results show that the simulation time is significantly reduced and is concluded that parallelization helps in enhancing the performance of basic PSO. The procedure has been implemented in an environment in which OpenDSS (Open Distribution System Simulator) is driven from MATLAB. An adaptive weight particle swarm optimization algorithm has been developed in MATLAB , parallelization is achieved using MATLABMPI and the unbalanced three-phase distribution load flow (DLF) has been performed using Electric Power Research Institute’s (EPRI) open source tool OpenDSS. Index Terms: Distributed Generation, Message Passing Interface, Optimal Placement, Parallel Particle Swarm Optimisation
Optimal Reactive Power Scheduling Using Cuckoo Search AlgorithmIJECEIAES
The article describes multidisciplinary design process of high-performance electric generator for advanced aircrafts by analytical methods and computer modeling techniques (electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical calculations). New technical solutions used in its development are described. The main ideas are revealed of the method of EG voltage stabilization we used. To improve the heat dissipation efficiency, we have developed a new cooling system, and provide its study and description in this paper. The advantages of this cooling system include the fact that EG is made with dry, uncooled rotor. This allowed eliminating additional pumps, and significantly reducing tThis paper solves an optimal reactive power scheduling problem in the deregulated power system using the evolutionary based Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA). Reactive power scheduling is a very important problem in the power system operation, which is a nonlinear and mixed integer programming problem. It optimizes a specific objective function while satisfying all the equality and inequality constraints. In this paper, CSA is used to determine the optimal settings of control variables such as generator voltages, transformer tap positions and the amount of reactive compensation required to optimize the certain objective functions. The CSA algorithm has been developed from the inspiration that the obligate brood parasitism of some Cuckoo species lay their eggs in nests of other host birds which are of other species. The performance of CSA for solving the proposed optimal reactive power scheduling problem is examined on standard Ward Hale 6 bus, IEEE 30 bus, 57 bus, 118 bus and 300 bus test systems. The simulation results show that the proposed approach is more suitable, effective and efficient compared to other optimization techniques presented in the literature.he size of CSD. According to the results of our study, we created an experimental full capacity layout, and its studies are also provided in this paper.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
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2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Installation of shunt capacitors on distribution networks is essential for power flow control,
improving system stability, power factor correction, voltage profile management and losses
minimization. Therefore it is important to find optimal location and sizes of capacitors required to
minimize feeder losses. The solution techniques for loss minimization can be classified into four
categories: Analytical, numerical programming, heuristics and artificial intelligence based. Capacitor
allocation problem is a well researched topic and all earlier approached differ from each other either
in their problem formulation or problem solution methods employed [1].
In large distribution networks it is very difficult to predict the optimum size and location of
capacitor which finally results not only in reducing losses but also improves the overall voltage
profile [2]. Though many conventional models and techniques are used for this purpose but it
becomes a cumbersome task as the complexity of the system increases. [3, 4, 5] Linear and nonlinear
programming methods have been proposed earlier to solve the placement problem.
Capacitors are commonly used to provide reactive power support in distribution systems. The
amount of reactive compensation provided is very much related to the placement of capacitors in
distribution feeders. The determination of the location, size, number and type of capacitors to be
placed is of great significance, as it reduces power and energy losses, increases the available capacity
of the feeders and improves the feeder voltage profile. Numerous methods for solving this problem
in view of minimizing losses have been suggested in the literature [6–11].
A fuzzy-expert system (FES) is developed in this paper for determining the location for
connecting capacitor unit/s in distribution system to reduce the real power losses and to improve the
voltage profile. The proposed fuzzy inference system is of mamdani type consisting of two fuzzy
input variables and one fuzzy output variable. For determining the suitability of capacitor placement
at a particular node, a set of multiple-antecedent fuzzy rules has been established. The inputs to the
rules are the power loss reduction and voltage deviation reduction indices and the output is the
suitability of capacitor placement. The proposed fuzzy logic approach is developed in MATLAB
R2009b and in order to validate the proposed capacitor placement technique, the methodology is
tested on IEEE-33 bus Radial Distribution system. Comparison of obtained results with those in
recent publications showed that the proposed algorithms are capable of producing high-quality
solutions with good performance of convergence, and demonstrated viability. The fuzzy based
optimal capacitor placement can provide approximate global optimum solution.
The organization of this paper is as follows; section 2 introduces fuzzy-expert system, section
3 defines the DG placement evaluation indices, Section 4 explains about the proposed FEM for
optimal DG placement, Section 5 shows the proposed algorithm for optimal DG placement using
FEM, Section 6 discusses the Results obtained by the proposed method and finally section 7
concludes the paper.
2. INTRODUCTION TO FUZZY-EXPERT SYSTEM
Fuzzy logic refers to a logic system that generalizes the classical two-valued logic for
reasoning under uncertainty. It is motivated by observing that human reasoning can utilize concepts
and knowledge that do not have well-defined or sharp boundaries [12], [13].
Unlike the classical Boolean set allowing only 0 or 1 value, the fuzzy set is a set with a
smooth boundary allowing partial membership. The degree of membership in a set is expressed by a
number between 0 and 1, with 0 indicating entirely not in the set, 1 indicating completely in the set
and a number in between meaning partially in the set. In this way, a smooth and gradual transition
from the regions outside the set to those in the set can be described. A fuzzy set can thus be defined
by a function that maps objects in the domain of concern (i.e. the universe of discourse) to their
membership values in the set. Such a function is called the membership function. The two most
widely used membership functions are the triangular and trapezoidal functions [12], [13].
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3. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
A fuzzy-expert system is an expert system that uses a collection of fuzzy sets and rules,
instead of Boolean sets for reasoning about data. The rule in the fuzzy-expert system usually takes
the form
If x is low and y is high; then z = medium
Where x and y are input variables, z is the output variable, and low, high and medium are
membership functions defined for x, y and z respectively. The antecedent (the rule’s premise)
describes the degree that the rule applies, while the conclusion (the rule’s consequent) assigns a
membership function to the output variable. The set of rules in a fuzzy-expert system is known as the
rule base or knowledge base. The computation of the output variable usually takes the following
steps [12, 13] and is presented in Fig 1.
Fuzzification: This step is also called Fuzzy Matching, which calculates the degree that the input
data match the conditions of the fuzzy rules.
Inference: Calculate the fuzzy set of the rule’s conclusion based on its matching degree. There
are two common approaches for the inference, namely the clipping method and the scaling method.
Both methods generate conclusion by suppressing the membership function of the consequent. The
extent to which they suppress the membership function depends on the degree to which the rule is
matched. The lower the matching degree, the more severe the suppression of the membership
functions. The clipping method cuts off the top of the membership function, whose value is higher
than the matching degree. The scaling method scales down the membership function in proportion to
the matching degree. The scaling method is used in this paper.
Composition: Because a fuzzy rule-based system consists of a set of fuzzy rules with partially
overlapping conditions, a particular input to the system often ‘triggers’ multiple fuzzy rules (i.e.
more than one rule will match the input to a non-zero degree). Therefore, the composition is needed
to combine the inference results of all the triggered rules to form a single fuzzy subset for the output
variable. The fuzzy disjunction operator Max is commonly used for constructing the output fuzzy set
by taking the point-wise maximum over all the fuzzy subsets generated from the inference step.
Defuzzification: This step is to convert the fuzzy set of the output variable to a crisp number.
Among the various types of defuzzification methods, the Center of Area (COA or Centroid) and
Maximum are the two most widely used techniques. The COA derives the crisp number by
calculating the weighted average of the output fuzzy set while the Maximum method chooses the
value with maximum member-ship degree as the crisp number.
Fig. 1: General Fuzzy – Expert System Approach.
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4. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
3. CAPACITOR PLACEMENT EVALUATION INDICES
In order to determine benefits from capacitor integration, two sets of indices are proposed in
this paper Viz PLRI and VDRI. They are explained below.
ij i j i j ij i j i j PL PP QQ QP PQ
b = d −d
( ) (min)
PL i PL
spec is the Voltage specified in pu. In this paper, it is taken as 1 pu; Vi is the Voltage at the
( ) (min)
VDI i VDI
89
3.1 Power Loss Reduction Index (PLRI)
The total real power loss in a distribution system with ‘N’ buses as a function of active and
reactive power injection at all buses can be calculated using the following equation [14].
N
[ ]
= =
= + + −
i
N
1 j
1
a ( ) b ( )
(1)
Where,
a = d −d
cos( ) i j
r
ij
ij V V
i j
sin( ) i j
r
ij
ij V V
i j
PL is the exact loss of the distribution system; rijis the resistance between bus i and bus j; Vi
and Vj is the voltage magnitude of buses i and j respectively; i is the voltage angle at bus i; j is the
voltage angle at bus j; Pi and Qi active and reactive power injection at bus i ; Pj and Qj is the active
and reactive power injection at bus j.
The Power Loss Reduction Index of ith bus when capacitor is connected to that bus is given
by,
( ) (min)
( )
PL base PL
PLRI i
−
−
=
(2)
Where, PL(i) is the distribution system real power loss when capacitor is connected to the ith bus;
PL(base) is the distribution system real power loss without capacitor; PL(min) is the minimum
distribution system real power loss obtained when capacitor is connected to all the buses other than
slack bus;
3.2 Voltage Deviation Reduction Index (VDRI)
The voltage deviation index (VDI) of the distribution system is given by,
b N
=
VDI = V spec
−
V
i i
i
1
2 ( )
(3)
Where, Vi
ith bus in pu.
The VDI is a measure of the voltage profile of the distribution system and it indicates how
the voltage values of the distribution nodes are nearer to the specified voltage. It is expected that this
value should be nearer to zero, so that all the nodes of the distribution system will be having voltage
nearer to the specified voltage (1 pu).
The Voltage Deviation Reduction Index (VDRI) of ith bus when capacitor is connected to that
bus is given by,
( ) (min)
( )
VDI base VDI
VDRI i
−
−
=
(4)
Where, VDI(i) is the voltage deviation index of distribution system when capacitor is connected to
ith bus; VDI(min) is the minimum voltage deviation of distribution system of a particular bus among
5. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
all the buses when capacitor is connected to each of them other than slack bus; VDI(base) is the
voltage deviation index of the distribution system without capacitor connection;
4. PROPOSED FUZZY EXPERT SYSTEM FOR OPTIMAL CAPACITOR PLACEMENT
In this FES, in order to determine optimal location for capacitor integration in distribution
system, two input and one output variables are proposed. Input variable-1 is power loss reduction
index (PLRI) and Input variable-2 is the voltage deviation reduction index (VDRI). Output variable
is Capacitor placement suitability index (CPSI). The structure of proposed FES is of mamdani type.
PLRI variable is fuzzified into three trapezoidal membership functions and scaled in the
range from 0 to 1, as shown in Fig 2. The three membership functions of PLRI are H, M and L. The
value of 0 indicates largest reduction while value of 1 indicates smallest reduction of power loss.
VDRI variable is fuzzified into five triangular membership functions and scaled in the range
from 0 to 1, as shown in Fig 3. The five membership functions of VDRI are H, HM, M, LM and L.
The value of 0 indicates better voltage profile where as value of 1 indicates poor voltage profile of
distribution system.
Fig. 2: Power Loss Reduction Index (PLRI) representation
The CPSI is the output fuzzy variable which is evaluated for each bus by considering PLRI
and VDRI as input variables to the FES using a set of rules, which are developed from qualitative
descriptions. These rules are summarized in the fuzzy decision matrix given in Table 1. CPSI is a
fuzzy variable having five triangular membership functions and scaled in the range from 0 to 1, as
shown in Fig 4. The five membership functions of CPSI are H, HM, M, LM and L. The minimum
value of CPSI indicates the best location for capacitor placement.
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6. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Fig. 3: Voltage Deviation Reduction Index (VDRI) representation
Fig. 4: Capacitor Placement Suitability Index (CPSI) representation
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7. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
The MAX–MIN METHOD involves truncating the consequent membership function of each
fired rule at the minimum membership value of all the antecedents. A final aggregated membership
function is achieved by taking the union of all the truncated consequent membership functions of the
fired rules [15]. For the capacitor location problem, resulting capacitor placement suitability
membership function μs of node i for k fired rules is given by,
max (min( (i), (i))) s k p v μ = μ μ
( )
μ
z zdz
s
( )
92
(5)
Where p μ
and v μ
are the membership functions of the PLRI and VDRI variables respectively. The
CPSI values must be defuzzified in order to determine the node suitability ranking for capacitor
placement. This is achieved by Centroid method of defuzzification [15].
The capacitor placement suitability index (CPSI) is determined by
=
z dz
CPSI
s
μ
(6)
Table 1: Fuzzy Decision Matrix for CPSI
AND
VDRI
H HM M LM L
PLRI
H H H HM M LM
M M M LM L L
L LM LM LM L L
5. PROPOSED ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMAL CAPACITOR PLACEMENT BY FES
The procedural steps that have been adopted in finding optimal location for capacitor
placement in distribution system using Fuzzy-Expert System is shown in Fig 5.
6. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed methodology using FES is tested on IEEE-33bus Radial Distribution System
(RDS) shown in Fig. 6 [16] having following characteristics:
Number of buses=33; Number of lines=32; Slack Bus no=1; Base Voltage=12.66KV; Base
MVA=100 MVA;
The test system is simulated in MATLAB R2009b the proposed FES methodology has
been tested, whose results are as shown below. The forward backward method of load flow (FBLF)
is employed in this paper, whose details are given in [17]. The objective of this paper is to determine
the optimal locations for the capacitor units to be placed in distribution system so that maximum loss
reduction and voltage deviation reduction is achieved. Initially, the base case FBLF is run for the
IEEE 33bus RDS and the base case voltage profile is shown in Fig 7. The base case real power loss
is 210.97 kw and base case VDI is 0.1338 pu.
8. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Fig. 5: Optimal Capacitor Placement using Fuzzy-Expert System
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9. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Fig. 6: Single line diagram of IEEE-33 bus RDS
Fig. 7: Base Case Voltage Profile of IEEE-33 bus RDS
In this paper, 3 scenarios of optimal capacitor placement are carried out:
Scenario-1 in which a single capacitor is to be placed;
Scenario-2 in which two capacitor units of unity pf are to be placed;
Scenario-3 in which three capacitor units of unity pf are to be placed.
The procedure of determining optimal location for capacitor units is explained in Fig 5. In
each scenario, the practically available capacitor sizes are considered. The details of available
capacitors can be found in [18]. The results of each scenario are tabulated in Table 2, Table 3 and
Table 4 respectively. Table 2 corresponds to Scenario-1, Table 3 corresponds to Scenario-2 and
Table 4 corresponds to Scenario-3. In Table 2 and Table 3, the total capacity of capacitors is
restricted to 1800KVAr. In each scenario, the power loss with capacitor is compared with the base
case power loss and Loss reduction in Kw by Capacitor injection is tabulated and similarly the VDI
with capacitor is compared with base case VDI and VDI reduction in pu by Capacitor injection is
tabulated.
To demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, the obtained results are compared with
those existing in literature. Table 5 presents the comparison of the performance parameters of the
distribution system with the capacitor allocation using the proposed fuzzy approach with the other
techniques present in the literature. In order to compare the different capacitor allocations, the loss
savings from the capacitor allocation is evaluated as loss savings per MVAr injection of capacitor.
Through this index, it is very clear from Table 5 that the proposed method yields maximum loss
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10. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
reduction of 48.70 Kw/MVAr with 3 capacitor units of 450KVAr optimally located at bus 33, 16,
and 30 of IEEE 33 bus RDS.
Fig 8 shows the distribution system loss reduction for increasing penetration of 450kvar
capacitor units through each scenario. It is observed that, there will be significant reduction in power
loss for each capacitor unit injection at the optimal locations of 450KVAr capacitor unit/s given in
sl.no 3 of Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4 respectively. Similarly, Fig 9 shows the improvement in the
voltage profile of the IEEE 33 bus RDS for increasing penetration of 450KVAr capacitor units
through each scenario. It is observed that, as the VDI is reducing for each scenario, there will be an
improvement in the voltage profile.
Table 2: Optimal Capacitor Placement Results of IEEE 33 bus RDS for Scenario-1 for various
Capacitor ratings
95
Sl.
no
Capacitor
size in
KVAr
Optimal
location
Base
case
power
loss in
kw
Base
case
VDI
in pu
Power
loss with
Capacitor
in kw
VDI with
Capacitor
in pu
Loss
reduction
in kw
VDI
reduction
in pu
1 150 33 210.97 0.1338 196.84 0.1259 14.13 0.0079
2 300 33 210.97 0.1338 185.27 0.1185 25.69 0.0153
3 450 33 210.97 0.1338 176.03 0.1115 34.93 0.0223
4 600 33 210.97 0.1338 169.28 0.1051 41.68 0.0287
5 900 32 210.97 0.1338 160.55 0.0936 50.41 0.0402
6 1000 31 210.97 0.1338 159.78 0.0901 51.18 0.0437
7 1200 32 210.97 0.1338 158.32 0.0838 52.64 0.0500
Table 3: Optimal Capacitor Placement Results of IEEE 33 bus RDS for Scenario-2 for various
Capacitor ratings
Sl.
no
Capacitor
size in
KVAr
Optimal
location
Base case
power
loss in kw
Base
case
VDI
in pu
Power
loss with
Capacitor
in kw
VDI with
Capacitor
in pu
Loss
reduction
in kw
VDI
reduction
in pu
1 150
33
18
210.97 0.1338 185.73 0.1114 25.23 0.0224
2 300
33
10
210.97 0.1338 168.64 0.0981 42.32 0.0357
3 450
33
16
210.97 0.1338 158.32 0.0767 52.64 0.0571
4 600
33
14
210.97 0.1338 152.66 0.0639 58.30 0.0699
5 900
32
9
210.97 0.1338 150.52 0.0516 60.44 0.0822
11. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Table 4: Optimal Capacitor Placement Results of IEEE 33 bus RDS for Scenario-3 for various
Capacitor ratings
96
Sl.
no
Capacitor
size in
KVAr
Optimal
location
Base
case
power
loss in
kw
Base
case
VDI in
pu
Power
loss with
Capacitor
in kw
VDI with
Capacitor
in pu
Loss
reduction
in kw
VDI
reduction
in pu
1 150
18
15
33
210.97 0.1338 174.95 0.1044 36.01 0.0294
2 300
18
31
9
210.97 0.1338 154.52 0.0862 56.44 0.0476
3 450
17
33
27
210.97 0.1338 145.23 0.0624 65.73 0.0714
4 600
16
33
5
210.97 0.1338 147.67 0.0475 63.29 0.0863
Table 5: Performance of the Proposed Fuzzy-Expert System based Capacitor Placement
Referen
ces
Before
Capacitor
Placement
Optimal Capacitor Allocation After Capacitor Placement
Losses (Kw) Location
Size in
KVAr
Total
Size
in
MVA
r
Losses
(Kw)
Loss
Savings
in Kw
Loss
Savings/
Capacitor
MVAr
injection
[19] 203.00
8, 15, 20, 21, 24,
26, 28
27
300
600
2.700 135.00 68.00 25.85
[20] 210.97
13, 14, 15, 16,
31, 32
30
150
750
1.650 146.25 64.72 39.22
[21] 210.97
6
8
1200
150
1.350 163.37 47.60 35.26
[22] 210.97
28
6
29
8
30
9
25
475
300
175
400
350
1.725 141.23 69.74 40.42
Propose
d
Method
210.97
33
16
30
450
450
450
1.350 145.23 65.74 48.70
12. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Base case 1 CAP of 450 KVAr 2 CAP of 450 KVAr 3 CAP of 450 KVAr
210.97
176.03 158.32 145.23
Power loss reduction pattern
Fig. 8: Reduction of Power loss in IEEE 33 bus RDS with penetration of 450KVAr Capacitors for
three scenarios
1
0.99
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.9
Base case
1 CAP of
450kVAr
2 CAP of
450kVAr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Voltage in Pu
Distribution Network Nodes
Fig. 9: Improvement of voltage profile of IEEE 33bus RDS with penetration of 450KVAr Capacitor
Units for three scenarios
97
7. CONCLUSION
A fuzzy-expert system is developed for optimal allocation of capacitor units in distribution
system. The optimal locations for capacitor placement are decided in order to provide maximum
power loss reduction and voltage profile improvement. The proposed fuzzy-expert system provides
Capacitor placement suitability index by PLRI and VDRI fuzzy variables. The proposed
methodology is tested on IEEE-33bus Radial distribution system using MATLAB 9.0 for placement
of single capacitor unit, two capacitor units and three capacitor units. From the results it is apparent
that the proposed fuzzy-expert system provides optimal loss reduction and voltage profile
improvement. The results were also compared with those existing in literature, through which, it is
apparent that the proposed method provides maximum loss reduction saving per capacitor MVAr
injection.
13. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
98
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors Maruthi Prasanna. H. A. and Likith Kumar. M. V. acknowledge the Technical
Education Quality Improvement Programme (TEQIP)-II of All India Council for Technical
Education (AICTE), New Delhi, India and Dr. G. L. Shekar, Principal, NIE, Mysore for providing
financial assistance for carrying out this research work.
The author Maruthi Prasanna. H. A. also acknowledge the Karntaka Power Transmission
Corporation Limited (KPTCL), Karnataka for providing leave to pursue Integrated M.Tech + PhD
programme.
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August 1994,pp. 1499-1507.
[2] Grainger, J.J and Lee, S.H., “Optimum size and location of shunt capacitors for reduction in
loss in distribution systems”, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS
100, No. 3, March 1981, pp. 1105-1118.
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