The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of intervertebral discs. It describes the basic structures of discs including the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and vertebral endplates. Discs act as shock absorbers and allow bending and twisting of the spine. The document focuses on lumbar discs and their relationship with spinal nerves. It explains how degeneration of discs can cause back pain and referred pain in the lower limbs through irritation of spinal nerves and sinuvertebral nerves.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of intervertebral discs. It describes the basic structures of discs including the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and vertebral endplates. Discs act as shock absorbers and allow bending and twisting of the spine. The document focuses on lumbar discs and their relationship with spinal nerves. It explains how degeneration of discs can cause back pain and referred pain in the lower limbs through irritation of spinal nerves and sinuvertebral nerves.
Congenital anomalies and Normal skeletal variants- Cervical spineSanal Kumar
The document discusses several congenital anomalies and normal variants of the cervical spine, including:
- Platybasia, which is flattening of the skull base angle. It can occur alone or with skeletal dysplasias. Most cases are asymptomatic.
- Basilar invagination, where the upper cervical vertebrae are positioned too far superiorly in relation to the skull base. It can be primary/congenital or secondary due to bone disease. Symptoms typically begin in the third to fourth decade of life.
- Occipitalization of the atlas, the most common craniocervical junction anomaly, is failure of segmentation of the atlas from the occiput.
Presentation3, radiological imaging of vanshing bone tumour.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses vanishing bone disease (also known as Gorham disease), a rare condition characterized by the progressive destruction and disappearance of bone. It begins by describing the disease and terminology. It then discusses epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology, locations commonly affected, radiographic features on imaging like x-rays and CT/MRI scans, differential diagnosis, and includes several images showing examples of bone destruction in patients.
This document discusses imaging of the lumbar spine. It begins with an introduction and overview of spine nomenclature and the evidence for imaging. Key points include prevalence data for common disc findings in asymptomatic individuals. The document also reviews rationales for imaging, such as ruling out red flag conditions or confirming treatable abnormalities like stenosis or herniated discs. Consensus nomenclature is presented for describing lumbar disc findings.
Congenital anomalies and Normal skeletal variants- Cervical spineSanal Kumar
The document discusses several congenital anomalies and normal variants of the cervical spine, including:
- Platybasia, which is flattening of the skull base angle. It can occur alone or with skeletal dysplasias. Most cases are asymptomatic.
- Basilar invagination, where the upper cervical vertebrae are positioned too far superiorly in relation to the skull base. It can be primary/congenital or secondary due to bone disease. Symptoms typically begin in the third to fourth decade of life.
- Occipitalization of the atlas, the most common craniocervical junction anomaly, is failure of segmentation of the atlas from the occiput.
Presentation3, radiological imaging of vanshing bone tumour.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses vanishing bone disease (also known as Gorham disease), a rare condition characterized by the progressive destruction and disappearance of bone. It begins by describing the disease and terminology. It then discusses epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology, locations commonly affected, radiographic features on imaging like x-rays and CT/MRI scans, differential diagnosis, and includes several images showing examples of bone destruction in patients.
This document discusses imaging of the lumbar spine. It begins with an introduction and overview of spine nomenclature and the evidence for imaging. Key points include prevalence data for common disc findings in asymptomatic individuals. The document also reviews rationales for imaging, such as ruling out red flag conditions or confirming treatable abnormalities like stenosis or herniated discs. Consensus nomenclature is presented for describing lumbar disc findings.
Magyarország természeti erőforrásai - 8. osztály - földrajzCsimax
Mielőtt levetíted a sulidban, nézd át, és ha kell, frissítsd! Mivel mindennapjainkról is szól, ezért egy-két év múlva már lesznek benne nem aktuális részek! Ez az anyag animált, azaz előbb töltsd le, és utána vetítsd! Itt megnézni nem sok értelme van az egymásra rakott, és animált képek miatt! Csimax
Week 5. Basics and clinical uses of MR spectroscopy.Dr. Jakab András
The document provides information about an upcoming course, including:
1. Upcoming lecture topics and dates, including MR Spectroscopy on October 30th.
2. Details about an upcoming final test on basic imaging techniques and spectroscopy.
3. Where to find study materials for the test, including lecture materials in PDF format.
This document provides information about an upcoming "Multimodal Imaging in Neurosciences" course, including:
1) Dates and topics for upcoming lectures, as well as details about a final test on basic imaging techniques.
2) An overview of various neuroimaging modalities like CT, MRI, PET, and their applications.
3) A brief history of the development of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) technology from the 1880s to present.
Week 3. Neurosurgical planning with multimodal imagingDr. Jakab András
The document discusses the use of multimodal imaging in neurosurgery. It describes how multimodal imaging can provide maximum information beyond just anatomical structures, including blood supply, function, and spatial visualization to help with surgical planning and navigation. It outlines some of the key indications for neurosurgery like tumors, arteriovenous malformations, epilepsy, and discusses how clinicians can utilize different imaging modalities like MRI, DTI, fMRI, and PET to obtain information on anatomy, vessels, eloquent tracts, function and laterality, tumor characterization and metabolism, and localization for stereotactic planning.
Week 2. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging, tractography, mapping the brain...Dr. Jakab András
The document summarizes key points about multimodal neuroimaging techniques, with a focus on diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fiber tracking. It discusses how diffusion MRI can be used to measure and visualize water diffusion in the brain, which provides information about tissue microstructure and white matter pathways. Specifically, it describes diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and how it is used to quantify diffusion anisotropy and direction. The clinical and research applications of DTI and fiber tractography are also summarized, such as characterizing white matter integrity and disorders, assessing brain tumors, and mapping brain connectivity and development.
Week 1. Basics of multimodal imaging and image processing. Functional magneti...Dr. Jakab András
This document discusses multimodal neuroimaging. It provides an introduction to combining multiple imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, PET, and EEG to gain complementary information. Key benefits of multimodal imaging include anatomical alignment of images and fusion of structural and functional data. Examples of hybrid imaging devices that facilitate multimodal approaches are PET-CT and PET-MRI scanners. The document also gives an overview of functional MRI techniques for mapping brain activity and networks involved in sensory, motor, cognitive and resting state functions.
A review of recent evidences for macroscopic reorganisation from in vivo imaging studies. This presentation focuses on the neuroplastic changes of white matter and the possible mechanisms behind this.
Charting the human thalamus - basic contepts and recent developmentsDr. Jakab András
This document summarizes a study on developing a probabilistic tractography and segmentation method to chart the human thalamus. The study used diffusion tensor imaging and probabilistic tractography to visualize cortico-thalamic connections. It then developed a statistical shape model of the mean thalamus atlas incorporating these connectivity maps. The method was able to align the atlas to individual subjects' geometry with sub-millimeter accuracy, outperforming conventional alignment methods. This individualized target mapping method could help guide image-guided neurosurgery of the thalamus.
Connectivity-augmented Surgical Targeting: Individualization of a 3D Atlas of...Dr. Jakab András
This study developed a tool to generate individualized target maps of the thalamus for image-guided neurosurgery. Researchers aligned a 3D probabilistic atlas of the thalamus to patient MRI scans using statistical shape models, refined by diffusion tensor tractography data on corticothalamic connections. Comparison to conventional alignment methods showed the new technique provided superior matching accuracy of less than 1mm. Evaluation using post-mortem high-resolution MRI confirmed the spatial accuracy for identifying intrathalamic landmarks. The individualized thalamic maps incorporating structural and connectivity data have potential for direct image-guided targeting in neurosurgical procedures.
2. A központi idegrendszer anatómiája
OLKDA hallgatók részére
Andras Jakab MD PhD
University of Debrecen, Hungary
3.
4. Központi idegrendszer
A mikroszkópos szerkezettől a
makroszkóposig és a funkcióig
Ingerek felvétele a környezetből
Feldolgozása, több szinten
(cortex – „tudatosulás”, subcorticalis,
agytörzsi stb.)
Válaszreakciók kiváltása
Neuronok = idegsejtek
Gliasejtek = támasztósejtek
11. unkcionális anatómia, Első és
A központi idegrendszer
működési egységek másodlagos
hallóközpontok
anatómiája
eszédértés
Wernicke)
szédmotoros
zpont (Broca)
12. A központi idegrendszer
anatómiája
Agyvelő: encephalon
Gerincvelő: medulla spinalis
Koponya (cranium)
Burkok
Dura mater
Arachnoidea
Pia mater
Agyvelő
Szürkeállomány (cortex –
neuronok)
Fehérállomány (axonok)
Üregek
„Agykamrák”
Liquor cerebrospinalis
25. Homloklebeny „lobus frontalis”
• Magas szintű szellemi folyamatok
• Szocializáció, asszociációk, egyéniség
• Hátsó részei: mozgások tervezése és végrehajtása
• Alsó részek: szaglóközpont (külön egység: rhinencephalon)
• Alsó tekervény: beszédmotoros központ
30. Az emberi memória
transzfer
Szenzoros figyelem
Rövidtávú Hosszútávú
memória
memória memória
(érzékelés) vissza
ismétlés
Hippocampus
Hol vagyok? Jártam már itt?
31. Fali lebeny „lobus parietalis”
• Érzőközpont (érzőingerek feldolgozása)
• Magasabb szintű feldolgozása: testérzet
• Látópálya rostjai is haladnak itt
32. Nyakszirti lebeny „lobus occipitalis”
• Látóközpont, a vizuális
ingerek magasabb szintű
feldolgozása
34. Insula: „island”, obscured by frontal + temporal lobes
Peri-insular
sulcus
„Operculum” /
opercular cortex
Long gyri (2)
Short gyri (3-5)
Limen of the insula
35. A központi idegrendszer anatómiája – agykéreg,
CORTEX CEREBRI – Legfontosabb tények
Kérgi területek lokalizációja:
Gyrus praecentralis: mozgató
Gyrus postcentralis: érző
Prefrontalis területek: finom mozgás
Lobus occipitalis: látókéreg
Gyrus frontalis inferior: beszéd
Gyrus temporalis superior: hallás
Wernicke area: beszédértés, nyelv
Kisagy: pozitúra,
mozgáskoordináció
Limbikus rendszer: érzelmek
Gyrus rectus, rhinocortex: szaglás
36. Érző és motoros központok
Frontalis tekintő mezők
Premotor
( akaratlagos area, supplemente
szemmozgások) FEF r motoros area
Elsődleges
mozgatóközpont
Jobb oldal
bal arc, nyelv
(identikus)
bal kéz
bal láb
baloldal, törzs
Jobb oldal
(identikus)
Elsődleges
érzőközpont
Másodlagos
érzőközpont
37. Somatotopia
Az elsődleges érző- és mozgatóközpontok
elrendezésén a testfelület letérképeződik,
egyes régiók megfeleltethetőek egymásnak
73. Agyidegek I. n. olfactorius | szaglóideg
II. n. opticus | látóideg
III. n. oculomotorius | (közös-)
szemmozgató ideg
IV. n. trochlearis | sodorideg
VI. n. abducens | távolító ideg
V. n. trigeminus | háromosztatú ideg
VII. n. facialis | arcideg
VIII. n. vestibulocochlearis | egyensúlyi
és hallóideg
IX. n. glossopharyngeus | nyelv-garat
ideg
X. n. vagus | bolygóideg
XI. n. accessorius | járulékosideg
XII. n. hypoglossus | nyelv alatti ideg
74. Agyidegmagvak
Név Magvak helyzete Funkció
I. n. olfactorius szaglópálya
II. n. opticus látópálya
III. n. oculomotorius Középagy Szemmozgatás, pupilla reflexek
IV. n. trochlearis Középagy Szemmozgatás
V. n. trigeminus Híd, középagy, nyv. Arc felületes érzése, rágóizmok
VI. n. abducens Híd Szemmozgatás
VII. n. facialis Híd Arcizmok, vegetatív, érző
VIII. n. Híd Hallás, egyensúlyozás
vestibulocochlearis
IX. n. Nyúltvelő Nyelés, ízérzés, vegetatív
glossopharyngeus
X. n. vagus Nyúltvelő Nyelés - mozgató, érző
(zsigerek), vegetatív
XI. n. accessorius Nyúltvelő Mozgató – fejbiccentő izom
XII. n. hypoglossus Nyúltvelő Nyelv mozgatása