This document discusses the progress of fungal genomics. It notes that the sequencing of the yeast S. cerevisiae genome in 1996 revolutionized work in yeast genetics. The Fungal Genome Initiative was launched in 2000 to sequence genomes of fungi throughout the kingdom. To date, high quality draft genomes have been published for 10 fungi. Fungal genomes range in size from 12-40 Mb. Chromosomal genes make up the bulk of the genome. Mitochondrial, plasmid, and virus-like genes also contribute to the fungal phenotype. Transposons are rare in filamentous fungi. The S. cerevisiae genome was discussed as an example, noting its 16 chromosomes, 6183 genes, and circular 2 μm plasmid
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
INTRODUCTION:
The first plant virus shown to have a DNA genome and the first shown to replicate by reverse transcription.
Worldwide but only causes significantly losses locally.
It is transmitted by aphids .
Type member of the Caulimovirus genus, contains 11 species and 6 possible members.
significantly impact on plant virology and plant molecular biology.
The virus is an important source of gene regulatory elements, used exclusively in the genetic manipulation of plants.
STRUCTURE:Icosachedral with a diameter of 52Â nm built from 420 capsid protein subunits.
It contains a circular double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8.0 kB .
Dna is interrupted by sitespecific discontinuties resulting from its replication by reverse transcription.
After entering the host, the single stranded nicks in the viral DNA are repaired, forming a supercoiled molecule that binds to histones.
DNA is transcriped into a full length .
Replication
Risk Factors:The Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter (CaMV 35S) is used in most transgenic crops to activate foreign genes which have been artificially inserted into the host plant. It is inserted into transgenic plants in a form which is different from that found when it is present in its natural Brassica plant hosts. This enables it to operate in a wide range of host-organism environments which would otherwise not be possible.
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (Genome organization &their replication) TMV is a plant virus which infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae and cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
A bacteriophage (informally, phage) is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium. The term is derived from "bacteria" and the Greek (phagein), "to devour". Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.
Phages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is sea water, where up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface,] and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. They are seen as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria (see phage therapy). Nevertheless, phages of Inoviridae have been shown to complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis, shelter the bacteria from drugs meant to eradicate disease and promote persistent infection
This presentation includes all the general characteristics of fungi, types, structure of a fungi, classifications, and reproduction. Different types of fungi and its classification, its reproduction are all included.
General introduction.
History of methanogens
Ecology and habitat of methanogens.
Morphology of methanogens.
Diversity found in methanogens.
Characterstics of some model methanogens.
Metabolism of methanogens:
Methanogenesis
Cofactors and coenzymes of methanogenesis
Different pathways used during methanogenesis
Energy conservation.
Pros and cons of methanogens.
Application
References.
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (Genome organization &their replication) TMV is a plant virus which infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae and cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
A bacteriophage (informally, phage) is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium. The term is derived from "bacteria" and the Greek (phagein), "to devour". Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have relatively simple or elaborate structures. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere.
Phages are widely distributed in locations populated by bacterial hosts, such as soil or the intestines of animals. One of the densest natural sources for phages and other viruses is sea water, where up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface,] and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages. They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. They are seen as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria (see phage therapy). Nevertheless, phages of Inoviridae have been shown to complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis, shelter the bacteria from drugs meant to eradicate disease and promote persistent infection
This presentation includes all the general characteristics of fungi, types, structure of a fungi, classifications, and reproduction. Different types of fungi and its classification, its reproduction are all included.
General introduction.
History of methanogens
Ecology and habitat of methanogens.
Morphology of methanogens.
Diversity found in methanogens.
Characterstics of some model methanogens.
Metabolism of methanogens:
Methanogenesis
Cofactors and coenzymes of methanogenesis
Different pathways used during methanogenesis
Energy conservation.
Pros and cons of methanogens.
Application
References.
A complete set of chromosomes/genes inherited as a unit from one parent called genome. The entire genetic complement of a living organism.
The total amount of genetic information in the chromosomes of an organism, including its genes and DNA sequences. The genome of eukaryotes is made up of a single, haploid set of chromosomes that is contained in the nucleus of every cell and exists in two copies in the chromosomes of all cells except reproductive and red blood cells. The human genome is made up of about 35,000 genes.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
2. Background
• The over 1.5 million members of the Fungal Kingdom
are known to impact nearly all other forms of life either
directly or indirectly (Hawksworth 1991).
• The relationship can be beneficial (biotransformations,
fermentation and the production of antibiotics) or extremely
detrimental (devastating impacts of mycoses or
mycotoxins)[Moss 1987].
• Despite the importance and utility of fungi, little was known
about the genetics, until recently when there has been an
explosion in fungal genomics that has greatly expanded the
horizon of the genetic and physiological diversity of fungi.
3. • The era of fungal genomics was ushered in by the sequencing of
the complete genome of the yeast S. cereviseae, reported in 1996.
• This milestone revolutionized work in yeast and enabled the first
global studies of eukaryotic gene function and expression.
• However, the yeast genome sequence provided only a limited
glimpse of the biological diversity of the fungal kingdom.
• The progress in sequencing fungal genomes was initially slow.
• Accelerate by the luncheon of Fungal Genome Initiative (FGI) by a
consortium of mycologists in collaboration with MIT Center for
Genome, in 2000 (http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/fgi/)
Introduction
4. • The goal of the FGI was to sequence the genomes of
fungi from throughout the kingdom
• Currently the “high-quality draft“ genome
sequences of ten fungi have been published,
including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa,
Emericella nidulans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe,
Magnaporthe grisea (the rice blast pathogen), and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium (wood-rotting fungus).
• The first four of these are Ascomycota with well-
mapped chromosomes, providing a basis for
combining classical and molecular genetics.
5. Fungal genomics
• The genome of fungi includes all the genetic information
encoded by the chromosomal genes and extra
chromosomal components
• Each of these can contribute significantly to the phenotype
of fungi.
Fungal Genome
Extrachromosomal:
o Mitochondrial
o Plasmids
o Fungal virus gene
Chromosomal
genes
6. Fungal Chromosomes and
Chromosomal genes
• Fungal genomes are simple and compact.
• Sizes range from 12,068 kb (S. cerevisiae), 22,540 kb (T.
verrucosum), 28,467 kb (P. marneffei) and 32,228 kb (P.
chrysogenum).
• The small genome size of fungi is because they have little
multicopy (reiterated)DNA . The only reiterated DNA codes
mainly for rRNA, tRNA and chromosomal proteins.
• The haploid chromosome count of most fungi seems to lie
between 6 and 16, [3--40].
8. Fungal Chromosomes and Chromosomal genes
• Most fungi are haploid, but the Oomycota are
diploid.
• A few fungi can alternate between haploid and
diploid somatic phases, and
• Some yeasts (e.g. Candida albicans) are
permanently diploid.
• Some fungi and fungus-like organisms have
polyploid series
9. Yeast genome (S. cerevisiae)
• The 12 Mb genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is
clustered into 16 chromosomes (of 200–2200 kb in size).
• Has 6183 open-reading frames (ORFs), of which 5885 are
predicated to be protein-coding genes.
• The fungi transcribe a substantial (50–60%) amount of the
nuclear DNA into mRNA.
• The protein-encoding genes contain noncoding DNA
sequences termed introns; excised before the mRNA is
translated into proteins.
• S. cerevisiae is has very few introns(introns of fungi are very
short ).
10. Mitochondrial genome
• Mitochondria contain a small circular DNA of
varying sizes.
• Fungal mitochondrial genomes are often in the
range of 19–121 kb
• The mitochondrial DNA of fungi has relation to
aging; because in several filamentous fungi
(Podospora, Neurospora, Aspergillus) a single
mutation in a single mitochondrion can lead to
senescence of the whole colony.
11. Plasmids and transposable elements
• Plasmids usually are closed-circular DNA molecules, capable
of autonomous replication. Can also be linear if the ends are
“capped”.
• Plasmids or plasmid-like DNAs have been found in several
fungi.
• The most notable example is the “two-micron” plasmid of S.
cerevisiae, so-called because of its 2 μm length as seen in
electron micrographs.
• This plasmid is a closed circular molecule of 6.3 kb, and it is
unusual because it is found in the nucleus.
• It has no known function (used to construct “vectors” ).
12. • Most fungal plasmids are found in the mitochondria.
• They include the linear DNA plasmids of Neurospora
crassa and N. intermedia.
• They show a degree of sequence homology to the
mitochondrial genome (??defective, excised segments of the
mitochondrial genes).
• Some other mitochondrial plasmids of Neurospora are
closed circular molecules with little or no homology to
the mitochondrial genome.
• They do not code for antibiotic resistance or
pathogenicity
13. Transposons
• Transposons (transposable elements) are short regions of DNA that
remain in the chromosome but encode enzymes for their own
replication.
• They produce RNA copies of themselves, and they encode the enzyme,
reverse transcriptase, which synthesizes new copies of DNA from this RNA
template (similar to retroviruses).
• The new copies of DNA can then insert at various points in the same or
other chromosomes, leading to alterations in gene expression.
• Transposons seem to be rare in filamentous fungi, but there are several
types in S. cerevisiae.
• The best studied of these are the chromosomal Ty elements; have no
function, except for self-perpetuation
14. Virus-like genes
• Electron micrographs of both the hyphae and the
fruitbodies showed the presence of many isometric virus-
like particles (VLPs) in over 150 species of fungi (Buck
1986).
• With a few notable exceptions, the presence of VLPs is not
associated with any obvious disorder (symptomless).
• VLPs are resident genetic elements of fungi because they
have no natural mechanism for crossing species barriers
but have shown to be associated with several yeasts cells
that produce killer toxins.
15. VPLs
• Studies on a range of fungi have shown that fungal viruses
(or VLPs) have similar basic features:
They are isometric particles, 25–50 nm diameter, with a
genome of dsRNA, a capsid composed of one major
polypeptide
The genome size is variable; ranges from about 3.5 to 10 kb.
In most fungi the VLPs are as crystalline arrays in the cytoplasm
of older hyphal regions, closely associated with ER.
The natural means of transmission of VLPs is via the cytoplasm
during hyphal anastomosis (hyphal fusions) or by passage into
the asexual spores.
16. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Killer system
• The first studies showed the involvement of
i. Cytoplasmic genetic determinants
ii. The occurrence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and
iii. associated virus-like particles (VLPs)
• S. cerevisiae killer toxins (K1,K2 and K28) are encoded by
different satellite dsRNAs (M1, M2 and M28) that are
cytoplasmically inherited and encapsidated in VLPs.
• For their replication and encapsidation, another
group of helper yeast viruses (L-A) is needed.
17.
18. Selected References
1. Deacon, J. W. (2013). Fungal biology. John Wiley & Sons. Pp 158-181
2. Galagan, J. E., Henn, M. R., Ma, L. J., Cuomo, C. A., & Birren, B. (2005).
Genomics of the fungal kingdom: insights into eukaryotic biology. Genome
research, 15(12), 1620-1631.
3. Hausner, G. (2003). Fungal Mitochondrial Genomes. Fungal Genomics, 3, 101.
4. Yoder, O. C., & Turgeon, B. G. (2001). Fungal genomics and
pathogenicity. Current opinion in plant biology, 4(4), 315-321.
5. Barry, E. G. (1996). Fungal chromosomes. Journal of Genetics, 75(3), 255-263.