student

1. Functional Anatom
y of Lymphatic Syst
em

2. Lymphatic System
 protects body against foreign material
 assists in circulation of body fluids between cel
ls and bloodstream
 transports dietary fats

3. Lymphatic System (co
nt.)
 Consists of:
- lymph
- network of vessels
- lymph nodes and nodules
- tonsils
- spleen
- thymus gland
- bone marrow

5. Lymph (lympha = clear fluid)
 derived from tissue fluid
 contains more white blood cells than plasma
 enters node through afferent lymphatic vessels
 flows through node in one direction

7. Lymph (con
t.)
 flows through sinuses in lymph node cortex a
nd then into the medulla
 exits the lymph node through efferent lymph
atic vessels
 must be returned to blood stream to maintain
blood volume and pressure

9. Lymph Capillaries
 microscopic closed-ended vessels
 located next to blood capillaries in tissue spaces
 larger diameter than blood capillaries
 are very permeable and collect tissue fluid and prot
eins
 lymph capillaries merge to form larger lymph vesse
ls

10. Lymph Vessels
 resemble veins but have thinner walls and m
ore valves
 ends of endothelial cells overlap
- act as one-way valves allowing interstitial fl
uid to flow in but not out
 attached to surrounding tissue by anchoring f
ilaments

12. Lymph Vessels (cont.)
 no pump for lymph
 Lymph is kept moving by:
- constriction of vessels
- skeletal muscle pump
- respiratory pump
 at intervals along vessels lymph flows into lymp
h nodes
 lymphatic vessels unite to form lymph trunks

13. Lymph Trunks
 formed by lymphatic vessels uniting
 large tubes
 empty their lymph into lymphatic ducts

14. Lymphatic Ducts
 Lymph empties into two conducting ducts:
- the thoracic duct (left lymphatic duct)
- the right lymphatic duct
Lymph from these ducts enters the blood stre
am via the left subclavian vein and the right s
ubclavian vein

16. Thoracic Duct
(left lymphatic duct)
 about 15-18 inches (38-45 cm) in length
 begins as a dilation called the cisterna chyli
 main collecting duct of lymphatic system
 receives lymph from lower body and upper le
ft quadrant
 empties into the left subclavian vein

17. Cisterna Chyli
 large lymph vessel
 formed by the union of lymph vessels from l
ower body
 located anterior to the second lumbar vertebr
a
 continues superiorly as thoracic duct

18. Right Lymphatic Duct
 about 0.5 inches (1.5 cm) in length
 receives lymph from upper right quadrant
 empties into the right subclavian vein

19. Lymph Nodes
 oval or bean-shaped
 masses of lymphatic tissue
 aid in defense and white blood cell formation
 located along length of lymphatic vessels
 scattered throughout the body usually in clusters

21. Lymph Nodes (cont.)
 covered by a capsule
 contain capsular extensions called trabecula
e (form partitions within node)
 internal to capsule are reticular fibers and fi
broblasts
- form framework of a lymph node
 Two main regions of a lymph node:
- cortex
- medulla

22. cortex
medulla
trabeculae
germinal
center
lymphatic vessel
valve
arteriole
vein

23. Cortex
 outer region directly beneath the capsule
 contains densely packed lymphocytes arrang
ed in masses called follicles
- outer rim of follicle contains T cells, macro
phages, and follicular dendritic cells (ai
d in T cell activation)

24. Medulla
 inner region
 lymphocytes are arranged in strands called m
edullary cords
- contain macrophages and plasma cells

25. Biological Filtration
 as lymph passes through a node bacteria and
other foreign materials are trapped by reticul
ar fibers within the node
- bacteria are then phagocytized by macropha
ges

26. Biological Filtration (con
t.)
 plasma cells produce antibodies to antigens i
n the lymph
 antibodies, lymphocytes, and monocytes are
eventually returned to the blood via subclavia
n veins

27. Major Lymph Nodes
 cervical
 axillary
 inguinal
 mesenteric

29. Cervical
 located in neck area
 filter lymph from head and neck

30. Axillary
 located in armpits
 filter lymph from hand, arm, breast

31. Inguinal
 located in groin area
 filter lymph from lower extremities and exter
nal genital organs

32. Mesenteric
 located in abdominal peritoneum
 aid in infection control after abdominal surge
ry
 filter lymph from abdominal cavity

33. Metastasis
 process by which bacteria or body cells are
spread from one body part to another throug
h lymphatic or circulatory systems
 cancer cells migrate to nearby nodes, eg. bre
ast cancer to axillary nodes - chemotherapy
is necessary once metastasis occurs

34. Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue
 not enclosed by a capsule
 consists of reticular connective tissue that co
ntains lymphatic nodules
 Found in:
- small amounts in almost every organ, espec
ially mucous membranes that line tracts of bo
dy

35. Isolated Lymphatic Nodules
(B cells)
 oval-shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissue
 most are solitary, small, and discrete
 Scattered in lamina propria of mucous membran
es of:
- gastrointestinal tract
- respiratory airways
- urinary and reproductive tract

36. Isolated Lymphatic Nodules
(B cells) (cont.)
 when activated by antigens they differentiate
into plasma cells and produce antibodies agai
nst specific antigens
 plasma cells secrete IgA antibodies
- provide protection against bacterial and vira
l infections in lumen of tracts

37. Isolated Lymphatic Nodules
(B cells) (cont.)
 located in mucus membranes of gastrointesti
nal tract
 Examples:
- tonsils
- ileum of small intestine (Peyer’s patches)
- appendix

38. Tonsils
 aggregations of large lymphatic nodules
 embedded in mucous membrane
 located beneath epithelium of pharynx and
oral cavities
 protect nasal and oral cavities
 Three types:
- nasopharyngeal tonsils
- palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils

39. Nasopharyngeal Tonsils
 commonly called adenoids
 Located:
- behind nose
- on roof of posterior wall of pharynx
- posterior opening of nasal cavity

40. Palatine Tonsils
 usually referred to as the “tonsils”
 Location:
- back of mouth
- lateral walls of pharynx
 most commonly removed - tonsillectomy

41. Lingual Tonsils
 base of tongue
 first line of defense from exterior

42. Spleen
 largest lymphatic organ
 located in upper left abdominal quadrant
 between fundus of stomach and diaphragm
 5-6 inches long, 2-3 inches wide
 resembles a large lymph node
 filters blood

44. Structure of Spleen
 capsule
- covering of dense connective tissue
 hilum
- depression on medial surface
- nerves and arteries enter spleen, veins and l
ymphatic vessel exit

45. Structure of Spleen (con
t.)
 trabeculae
- extensions of capsule, form partitions withi
n the spleen
 pulp
- tissue inside
- divided into red and white

46. White Pulp
 consists of lymphatic tissue
 mostly lymphocytes arranged around central
arteries

47. Red Pulp
 Consists of:
- venous sinuses filled with blood
- cords of splenic tissue
consists of red blood cells, macrophages, ly
mphocytes, plasma cells, and granulocytes

48. Functions of Spleen
 phagocytosis of bacteria and worn out or damag
ed red blood cells and platelets
 stores and releases blood in times of demand, e.
g., hemorrhage
 functions in immunity as a site of B cell prolifer
ation into plasma cells
 does not filter lymph because it has no afferent l
ymphatic vessels or lymph sinuses

49. Thymus Gland
 two-lobed organ
 located in upper part of chest along trachea
 inferior to thyroid gland, posterior to sternum
 largest and most active during prenatal perio
d and infancy
 after puberty it decreases in size

50. Thymus Gland (co
nt.)
 composed of lymphatic tissue
 subdivided into lobules
 immature T cells originating in the bone marr
ow migrate to thymus via blood
 in thymus, cells develop into mature T cell
s for release into circulation
 thymic hormones aid in maturation of T cells

51. Thymus Gland (co
nt.)
 mature T cells travel to lymph nodes, spleen,
and diffuse lymphatic tissues where they resi
de
 responsible for cell-mediated immune respon
ses

52. Removal of Thymus
(thymectomy)
 can be removed but decreased T-cell producti
on results
 possible acute susceptibility to infection

53. Removal of Spleen
(splenectomy)
 can be removed
 other organs, e.g. the liver and bone marrow
can compensate for it
 increased susceptibility to disease may result