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2. ** The lymphatic system is the system of vessels,
cells, and organs
that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and
filters pathogens from the blood .
** is part of the circulatory system and a vital part of
the immune system .

3.  Components of Lymphatic System :-
 A- Lymph Vessels .
 Lymphatic Capillaries .
 Lymph is the fluid .
 Lymphatic vessels .
 Lymph nodes .
 Lymphatic ducts .

5. . Lymph is formed when high
arterial pressure forces fluid
out of the capillaries and into
the tissue.
* The human circulatory system
processes an average of 20 litres
of blood per day through
capillary filtration, which
removes plasma while leaving
the blood cells. Roughly 17 litres
of the filtered plasma are
reabsorbed directly into the
blood vessels, while the
remaining three litres remain
in the interstitial fluid.
Lymph Fluid

9. * The lymph vessels transport the lymph to the
lymph nodes, which are soft, ovoid organs lying
along the course of lymphatic vessels.
* They range in size from 2 - 25 mm.
There can be from 400 - 700 nodes scattered
throughout the human body.
* Half of them are located in the abdomen; many
are in the cervical (neck) region. The main groups
of nodes are found in the major articulations of the
body, with the exception of the wrists.

10. LYMPH NODES
• HELP PROTECT THE BODY BY REMOVING
FOREIGN MATERIAL (BACTERIA AND TUMOR
CELLS)
• PROTECT THE BODY BY PRODUCING
LYMPHOCYTES .
• LARGE CLUSTERS IN INGUINAL, AXILLARY,
CERVICAL REGIONS
• OUTER CORTEX CONTAIN LYMPHOCYTES, INNER
MEDULLA CONTAIN PHAGOCYTIC MACROPHAGES

12. Cortex
The outer cortex consists mainly of the B cells arranged as
follicles, which may develop a germinal center when
challenged with an antigen, and the deeper cortex mainly
consisting of the T cells .
________________________________________________
Medulla
contains large blood vessels, sinuses and medullary cords
that contain antibody-secreting plasma cells.
The medullary cords are cords of lymphatic tissue, and
include plasma cells, macrophages, and B cells.

13. Lymph nodes filter the lymph and also contain large
numbers of white blood cells (a big part of the immune
system), which remove foreign cells and debris from the
lymph.
When you get certain infections, the lymph nodes swell
with billions of white blood cells working to clear the
foreign cells that are causing the infection.
The filtered lymph then flows back into the blood stream
at certain points.

14. • Intestinal Trunk
• Lumbar Trunk
• Bronchmediastinal Trunk
• Subclavian Trunk
• Jugular Trunks
Lymphatic Trunks

15. • Thoracic duct:
• Right lymphatic duct
Major Lymphatic ducts

16. The lymphatic system has a slow rhythm, low
velocity and low pressure

17. Lymphatic tissue is made up of a framework of reticular fibers
which are produced by reticular cells and which support
lymphocytes, macrophages, and related cells.
Lymphatic tissue may be found either as scattered foci of cells,
as dense nodules within connective tissue (especially in the gut
as tonsils or Peyer's Patches), or as aggregations of lymphoid cells
enclosed within a capsule such as the lymph nodes, spleen and
thymus.
Primary : Bone Marrow – Thymus gland .
Secondary :
Tonsils
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
B- Lymphatic tissue

19.  Location – behind the sternum in the mediastinum
 The capsule divides it into 2 lobes
 Development
 Infant – conspicuous
 Puberty – maximum size
 Maturity – decreases in size
 Function
 Differentiation and maturation of T cells

21.  Largest lymphatic organ
 Located between the stomach & diaphragm
 Structure is similar to a node

22. SPLEEN
- FILTERS BLOOD
- DESTROY WORN- OUT RBC
- STORE PLATELETS AND ACT AS BLOOD
RESERVOIR
- HEMATOPOEISIS IN FETUS BUT ONLY
PRODUCE LYMPHOCYTES IN ADULTS

23.  Multiple groups of large lymphatic nodules
 Location – mucous membrane of the oral and
pharyngeal cavities
 Palatine tonsils
 Posterior-lateral walls of the oropharynx
 Pharyngeal tonsil
 Posterior wall of nasopharynx
 Lingual tonsils
 Base of tongue

26. Lymphocyte cells are produced
in the bone marrow. There are
two major classes: T cells
processed in the thymus, and B
cells which mature outside of the
thymus. T cells act as messengers
and destroyers against pathogens.
B cells secrete antibodies that
match a specific invading
antigen. A lymphocyte is a type
of white blood cell which
function is to find and eliminate
bacteria, viruses, and other
foreign materials.
Lymphocytes

27. THYMUS GLAND
- LYMPHATIC MASS OVERLYING THE HEART
- PRODUCES THYMOSIN HORMONE
TONSILS
- RING THE PHARYNX
- TRAP AND REMOVE ANY BACTERIA
ENTERING THE THROAT
- ( TONSILLITIS)
PEYER’S PATCHES
- PREVENT BACTERIA FROM PENETRATING
THE INTESTINAL WALL

28. CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
1. LYMPHOCYTES
B LYMPHOCYTES – PRODUCE ANTIBODIES
- DEVELOP IN BM
T LYMPHOCYTES – CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
- DEVELOP IN THYMUS
2. MACROPHAGES
ARISE FROM MONOCYTES
ENGULF FOREIGN PARTICLES
PRESENT FRAGMENTS OF ANTIGENS ON THEIR
SURFACE
INTERACT WITH LYMPHOCTES IN IMMUNE
RESPONSE