1) FTTCP is a fault tolerant two-level clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks that uses an agreement-based approach for fault detection and recovery of cluster heads.
2) It allows each cluster member to independently detect the failure of its cluster head using a distributed agreement protocol to reach consensus among multiple members.
3) The detection process runs concurrently with normal network operations by periodically performing distributed detection where members exchange status information to determine if a cluster head has failed.
Energy Efficient Data Transmission through Relay Nodes in Wireless Sensor Net...IDES Editor
In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) having a single
sink, information is given to the distant nodes from beacons
by overhearing. Since it is out of the communication range,
information is not sent directly to the static sink (SS). If a
distant node is not able to communicate directly, then it should
send its own packet to another node which is closer to the
Base Station (BS) so that the received packets are relayed to
the BS by this node. In this paper, we propose a relay node
selection algorithm to reduce contention and improve energy
efficiency. In this algorithm, each data packet of direct
communication should include the received signal strength
(RSS) of the beacon packet. The distant node selects a node
with the maximum RSS value as a relay. The algorithm also
assigns transmitting intervals to each relay node. By our
simulation results, we show that our proposed algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency.
Energy Efficient Multipath Data Fusion Technique for Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), data fusion
should be energy efficient. But, determining the optimal
number of aggregators in an energy efficient manner is a
challenging task. Moreover, the existing data fusion
techniques mostly use the same path for transmitting
aggregated data to the sink which reduces the nodes lifetime.
In this paper, we propose a technique which combines energy
efficiency and multiple path selection for data fusion in WSN.
The network is partitioned into various clusters and the node
with highest residual energy is selected as the cluster head.
The sink computes multiple paths to each cluster head for
data transmission. The distributed source coding and the
lifting scheme wavelet transform are used for compressing
the data at the CH. During each round of transmission, the
path is changed in a round robin manner, to conserve the
energy. This process is repeated for each cluster. From our
simulation results we show that this data fusion technique
has less energy consumption with increased packet delivery
ratio, when compared with the existing schemes.
The document presents an improved clustering algorithm for load balancing in wireless sensor networks. The algorithm aims to address uneven cluster sizes that can negatively impact load balancing. It does this by selecting master and vice master nodes to partition regions and subregions, aiming to make cluster sizes more balanced. The algorithm has setup and steady state phases. In the setup phase, regions are partitioned recursively if needed to select balanced cluster heads. In the steady state phase, nodes send data to their cluster heads, which then send aggregated data to the base station. Simulation results show the improved algorithm increases network lifetime and energy efficiency compared to LEACH and E-LEACH algorithms.
Energy Efficient Stable Election Protocol for Clustered Heterogeneous Wireles...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes an energy efficient stable election protocol (EE-SEP) for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. EE-SEP modifies the existing SEP protocol to improve energy efficiency, stability period, and network lifetime. It does this by calculating the optimal threshold value for selecting cluster heads based on the initial energy of sensor nodes, rather than the weighted election probability used in SEP. Simulations show EE-SEP performs better than SEP by increasing the number of alive nodes over time, reducing energy consumption, and prolonging network lifetime.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks comprise a fast developing research area with a vast spectrum of
applications. Wireless sensor network systems enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments
for both civil and military applications. The Energy efficiency continues to be a key factor in limiting the
deployability of ad-hoc networks. Deploying an energy efficient system exploiting the maximum lifetime
of the network has remained a great challenge since years. The time period from the instant at which the
network starts functioning to the time instant at which the first network node runs out of energy, i.e. the
network lifetime is largely dependent on the system energy efficiency. In this paper, we look at energy
efficient protocols, which can have significant impact on the lifetime of these networks. The cluster heads
get drain out maximum energy in the wireless ad hoc networks. We propose an algorithm that deals with
minimizing the rate of dissipation of energy of cluster heads. The algorithm LEAD deals with energy
efficient round scheduling of cluster head allocation of nodes and then followed by allocation of nodes to
the cluster heads maximizing network lifetime using ANDA [1, 2]. We compare our results with the
previous works.
Quality of service improved in WSNs using Improved Efficient Quality of Servi...IJTET Journal
The document presents an Improved Efficient Quality of Service Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol (IEQOD) to improve quality of service in wireless sensor networks. IEQOD combines a selfish node isolation method and awake/sleep scheduling. The selfish node isolation method detects and isolates selfish nodes with low energy from the routing process. Awake/sleep scheduling proactively wakes nodes along transmission routes while putting others to sleep to save energy. Simulation results show IEQOD significantly improves quality of service over existing QOD routing in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, and energy consumption.
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
Energy Efficient Data Transmission through Relay Nodes in Wireless Sensor Net...IDES Editor
In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) having a single
sink, information is given to the distant nodes from beacons
by overhearing. Since it is out of the communication range,
information is not sent directly to the static sink (SS). If a
distant node is not able to communicate directly, then it should
send its own packet to another node which is closer to the
Base Station (BS) so that the received packets are relayed to
the BS by this node. In this paper, we propose a relay node
selection algorithm to reduce contention and improve energy
efficiency. In this algorithm, each data packet of direct
communication should include the received signal strength
(RSS) of the beacon packet. The distant node selects a node
with the maximum RSS value as a relay. The algorithm also
assigns transmitting intervals to each relay node. By our
simulation results, we show that our proposed algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency.
Energy Efficient Multipath Data Fusion Technique for Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), data fusion
should be energy efficient. But, determining the optimal
number of aggregators in an energy efficient manner is a
challenging task. Moreover, the existing data fusion
techniques mostly use the same path for transmitting
aggregated data to the sink which reduces the nodes lifetime.
In this paper, we propose a technique which combines energy
efficiency and multiple path selection for data fusion in WSN.
The network is partitioned into various clusters and the node
with highest residual energy is selected as the cluster head.
The sink computes multiple paths to each cluster head for
data transmission. The distributed source coding and the
lifting scheme wavelet transform are used for compressing
the data at the CH. During each round of transmission, the
path is changed in a round robin manner, to conserve the
energy. This process is repeated for each cluster. From our
simulation results we show that this data fusion technique
has less energy consumption with increased packet delivery
ratio, when compared with the existing schemes.
The document presents an improved clustering algorithm for load balancing in wireless sensor networks. The algorithm aims to address uneven cluster sizes that can negatively impact load balancing. It does this by selecting master and vice master nodes to partition regions and subregions, aiming to make cluster sizes more balanced. The algorithm has setup and steady state phases. In the setup phase, regions are partitioned recursively if needed to select balanced cluster heads. In the steady state phase, nodes send data to their cluster heads, which then send aggregated data to the base station. Simulation results show the improved algorithm increases network lifetime and energy efficiency compared to LEACH and E-LEACH algorithms.
Energy Efficient Stable Election Protocol for Clustered Heterogeneous Wireles...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes an energy efficient stable election protocol (EE-SEP) for clustered heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. EE-SEP modifies the existing SEP protocol to improve energy efficiency, stability period, and network lifetime. It does this by calculating the optimal threshold value for selecting cluster heads based on the initial energy of sensor nodes, rather than the weighted election probability used in SEP. Simulations show EE-SEP performs better than SEP by increasing the number of alive nodes over time, reducing energy consumption, and prolonging network lifetime.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks comprise a fast developing research area with a vast spectrum of
applications. Wireless sensor network systems enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments
for both civil and military applications. The Energy efficiency continues to be a key factor in limiting the
deployability of ad-hoc networks. Deploying an energy efficient system exploiting the maximum lifetime
of the network has remained a great challenge since years. The time period from the instant at which the
network starts functioning to the time instant at which the first network node runs out of energy, i.e. the
network lifetime is largely dependent on the system energy efficiency. In this paper, we look at energy
efficient protocols, which can have significant impact on the lifetime of these networks. The cluster heads
get drain out maximum energy in the wireless ad hoc networks. We propose an algorithm that deals with
minimizing the rate of dissipation of energy of cluster heads. The algorithm LEAD deals with energy
efficient round scheduling of cluster head allocation of nodes and then followed by allocation of nodes to
the cluster heads maximizing network lifetime using ANDA [1, 2]. We compare our results with the
previous works.
Quality of service improved in WSNs using Improved Efficient Quality of Servi...IJTET Journal
The document presents an Improved Efficient Quality of Service Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol (IEQOD) to improve quality of service in wireless sensor networks. IEQOD combines a selfish node isolation method and awake/sleep scheduling. The selfish node isolation method detects and isolates selfish nodes with low energy from the routing process. Awake/sleep scheduling proactively wakes nodes along transmission routes while putting others to sleep to save energy. Simulation results show IEQOD significantly improves quality of service over existing QOD routing in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, and energy consumption.
Wireless sensor network are emerging in various fields like environmental monitoring, mining, surveillance
system, medical monitoring. LEACH protocol is one of the predominantly used clustering routing protocols
in wireless sensor networks. In Leach each node has equal chance to become a cluster head which make
the energy dissipated of each node be moderately balanced. We have pioneered an improved algorithm
named as Novel Leach based on Leach protocol. The proposed algorithm shows the significant
improvement in network lifetime .Comparison of proposed algorithm is done with basic leach in terms of
network life time, cluster head selection, energy consumption, and data transmission to base station. The
simulation results shows that proposed algorithm can reduce network energy consumption and prolong
network life commendably. Simulation of our protocol is done with Matlab.
This document outlines various clustering protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSN). It begins by defining keywords related to HWSN and challenges in these networks, such as limited energy and heterogeneous hardware. The goals of clustering protocols are then discussed, including load balancing, fault tolerance and energy efficiency. Various clustering methods, attributes and models are classified. Examples of heterogeneous resources, impacts and performance measures are provided. The document also lists relevant conferences, simulators and laboratories, and provides author details.
Clustering Based Lifetime Maximizing Aggregation Tree for Wireless Sensor Net...IJASCSE
This document proposes a Clustering Based Lifetime Maximizing Aggregation Tree (CLMAT) algorithm for wireless sensor networks. The algorithm aims to reduce energy consumption by creating an aggregation tree that minimizes distance traversed, energy consumed, and cost. It considers the three factors of energy, distance, and cost simultaneously when constructing the tree, unlike previous works. The tree is structured to maximize network lifetime by selecting nodes with higher residual energy as parents where possible. Pseudocode is provided to generate the aggregation tree using clustering by calculating branch and tree energy, distance, and cost at each step to ultimately select the tree with the highest lifetime, lowest energy consumption, distance, and cost.
An Adaptive Energy Efficient Reliable Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Ne...IDES Editor
A reliable routing protocol for wireless sensor
networks (WSN) should be capable of adjusting to
constantly varying network conditions while conserving
maximum power. Existing Routing protocols provide
reliability at the cost of high energy consumption. In this
paper, we propose to develop an Adaptive Energy Efficient
Reliable Routing Protocol (AEERRP) with the aim of
keeping the energy consumption low while achieving high
reliability. In our proposed protocol, the data forwarding
probability is adaptively adjusted based on the measured
loss conditions at the sink. So only for high loss rates, a node
makes use of high transmission power to arrive at the sink.
Whenever the loss rate is low, it adaptively lessens the
transmission power. Since the source rebroadcasts the data,
until the packet loss is minimized, high data reliability is
achieved. By simulation results we show that the proposed
protocol achieves high reliability while ensuring low energy
consumption and overhead.
Energy Efficient Zone Divided and Energy Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol...csijjournal
Wireless sensor network has proven its significance in almost every field in today’s era. Wireless sensor network consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed randomly in some areas. In WSN the main objective has been increasing the network lifetime. There is zone divisional approach which has shown sound improvement in increasing the network lifetime over the Leach and EEUC protocols. The proposed protocol Energy efficient zone divided and energy balanced clustering routing protocol (EEZECR) has not only much higher network lifetime as compare to ZECR and it also has much better load balancing in the network. In the EEZECR the concept of double cluster head in a cluster is introduced which reduces the load on cluster head and very efficiently does the task of load balancing in the network thoroughly which makes this protocol favorite for many real time applications. Simulations are performed in MATLAB.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
The document summarizes a student's M. Tech thesis project on improving routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an objective to develop a hybrid routing protocol combining features of PEGASIS and LEACH to increase network lifetime. It then reviews related work on routing protocols and energy efficiency. The proposed methodology describes a hybrid protocol that selects cluster heads probabilistically like LEACH while forming chains to route data like PEGASIS. Simulation results show the hybrid protocol increases network lifetime to over 2000 rounds compared to 2000 rounds for previous work. The conclusion is that lower cluster head election probabilities in the hybrid protocol extend network lifetime. Future work could analyze different network parameters.
Energy efficient routing_in_wireless_sensor_networksGr Patel
This document summarizes two energy efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: MAODV and TEEN.
MAODV is an on-demand multicast routing protocol that maintains routing entries only for destinations currently in use. It uses route requests and replies to establish paths within a multicast group. TEEN is a hierarchical protocol that uses hard and soft thresholds to reduce transmissions. Cluster heads broadcast the thresholds and nodes transmit data only when the sensed value exceeds the thresholds. Both protocols aim to reduce energy use through techniques like on-demand routing and limiting unnecessary transmissions.
The Wireless Sensor Network is one of the most significant purposes behind the accomplishment of long range wireless communication. Frequent connectivity failures are occurred in the sensor-organised network due to obstruction, snags, message drop because of node energy depletion; obstacle and so forth. The total communication gets collapsed if there any lessening in the nature of correspondence or quality between the sensor nodes or from the sensor nodes to the sink nodes and this prompts to connection failures. To overcome the frequent connectivity failures we propose Diminishing Connectivity Failures by Auto-Reconfiguration in WSN (DCFA). This scheme provides steadfast routes to reduce the connectivity failure and improve the network performance.
This document discusses multihop/direct forwarding (MDF) for wireless sensor networks deployed in 3D environments. It analyzes the behavior of MDF and compares it to other forwarding schemes. The key points are:
1) MDF is analyzed for its ability to balance energy consumption across sensor nodes in a 3D network model, with the goal of prolonging network lifetime.
2) The network is divided into logical nodes based on distance from the base station. Equations are derived for dividing packet flows between nodes to optimize battery lifespan.
3) Simulation results show MDF balances energy use better than other schemes like closest forwarding, leading to longer network lifetime when applied in 3D wireless sensor networks.
Neural network based energy efficient clustering and routingambitlick
This document summarizes a paper that proposes a neural network based approach for energy efficient clustering and routing in wireless sensor networks. The key points are:
1. It proposes a neural network based clustering algorithm to select cluster heads in a way that balances energy consumption.
2. It defines a routing metric based on transmission and reception energy and uses it to formulate the routing problem as a linear program to optimize energy efficiency.
3. It presents algorithms for cluster head selection using the neural network, and for multi-path routing and data transmission based on the routing metric and linear program formulation.
International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN)ijcseit
The placement of base stations in wireless sensor networks affect the energy consumption for
communication between sensor node and base station. In this paper we analyzed the performance of the
zone based clustering protocol [2] under varying position of base stations, different zone sizes and the
effect on network life time with multiple base stations. While evaluating the communication overhead of
various cluster sizes, we observed that the optimal cluster size for a given network is complex, depending
on a range of parameters. Simulation results show that communication overhead decreases as we increase
the number of zone in the network. We show that placing multiple base stations in place of single base
station in zone based routing protocol enhance the network life time.
The document describes localized, self-organizing approaches for constructing energy-efficient data aggregation trees in sensor networks. It proposes Localized Power-Efficient Data Aggregation Protocols (L-PEDAPs) that use localized structures like LMST and RNG to approximate a minimum spanning tree. L-PEDAP then constructs an actual routing tree over these structures using localized parent selection strategies. Simulation results show L-PEDAP can achieve close to 90% of a theoretical upper bound on network lifetime derived in the paper, outperforming centralized solutions while meeting requirements like distributed operation, scalability, and robustness to failures.
The document compares two hierarchical routing schemes for wireless sensor networks: EEPSC and EEEPSC. EEPSC divides the network into static clusters and uses temporary cluster heads to distribute energy load. EEEPSC extends EEPSC by also considering distance between nodes and cluster heads when selecting cluster heads, in order to reduce inter-cluster communication costs. Simulation results show that EEEPSC increases network lifetime by consuming less energy and keeping more nodes alive over time compared to EEPSC.
Virtual backbone trees for most minimalIJCNCJournal
Virtual backbone trees have been used for efficient communication between sink node and any other node
in the deployed area. But all the proposed virtual backbone trees are not fully energy efficient and EVBTs
have few flaws associated with them. In this paper two such virtual backbones are proposed. The motive
behind the first algorithm, Most Minimal Energy Virtual Backbone Tree (MMEVBT), is to minimise the
energy consumption when packets are transmitted between sink and a target sensor node. The energy
consumption is most minimal and optimal and it is shown why it always has minimal energy consumption
during any transfer of packet between every node with the sink node. For every node, route path with most
minimal energy consumption is identified and a new tree node is elected only when a better minimal energy
consumption route is identified for a node to communicate with the sink and vice versa. By moving sink
periodically it is ensured the battery of the nodes near sink is not completely drained out. Another
backbone construction algorithm is proposed which maximises the network lifetime by increasing the
lifetime of all tree nodes. Simulations are done in NS2 to practically test the algorithms and the results are
discussed in detail.
Fault Diagonosis Approach for WSN using Normal Bias TechniqueIDES Editor
In wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN), the
sensor nodes have a limitation on lifetime as they are equipped
with non-chargeable batteries. The failure probability of the
sensor node is influenced by factors like electrical dynamism,
hardware disasters, communication inaccuracy and undesired
environment situations, etc. Thus, fault tolerant is a very
important and critical factor in such networks. Fault tolerance
also ensures that a system is available for use without any
interruption in the presence of faults. In this paper an
improved fault tolerance scheme is proposed to find the
probability of correctly identifying a faulty node for three
different types of faults based on normal bias. The nodes fault
status is declared based on its confidence score that depends
on the threshold valve. The aim is to find the Correct
Recognition Rate (CRR) and the False Fear Rate (FFR) with
respect to the different error probability (pe) introduced. The
techniques, neighboring nodes, fault calculations, range and
CRR for existing algorithm and proposed algorithm is also
presented.
This document provides an introduction to wireless sensor networks. It discusses the differences between wireless sensor networks and ad hoc networks, and describes some key applications including monitoring of areas, objects, and interactions. It outlines the characteristics of wireless sensor networks including constraints of sensors like limited power and computational ability. The document also discusses design challenges, enabling technologies, and the future of wireless sensor networks. It provides examples of sensor network hardware including motes, sensor boards, and programming boards.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSN). A WSN consists of sensor nodes that can sense various environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, and motion. Each sensor node contains components like a microcontroller, memory, radio transceiver, and a power source. The nodes are organized into clusters with a cluster head that collects data from nodes and sends it to the base station. Clustering helps avoid traffic, reduce transmission time and energy consumption. The cluster head is selected based on available energy. WSNs can be used in various applications like monitoring forests, factories, animals, humans, bridges, and caves.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSN). It defines WSN as consisting of hundreds to millions of small, inexpensive, low-power sensor nodes that can sense environmental conditions and communicate wirelessly. These sensor nodes monitor their surroundings, collect data, and transmit that data to a base station. The document outlines the types of nodes in a WSN, including sensing and sink nodes. It also describes common WSN applications in areas like smart home monitoring, the military, and environmental monitoring. Finally, it discusses challenges in WSN like energy constraints and routing, and areas of ongoing research like improving power efficiency through clustering and cluster head selection.
The document outlines the key topics in wireless sensor network (WSN) security. It begins with an introduction to WSN specifications, constraints, security requirements and threats. It then discusses various denial of service attacks against WSN availability, as well as threats against data secrecy. Potential countermeasures are also reviewed, along with defenses against different privacy attacks. Finally, important WSN security protocols are mentioned. The overall document provides an overview of important WSN security concepts and challenges due to the unique constraints of sensor networks.
Fault Node Recovery Algorithm for a Wireless Sensor NetworkYogesh Vk
The WSN is made of nodes from a few to several hundred, where each node is connected to one or several sensors.
The basic components of a node are
o Sensor and actuator - an interface to the physical world designed to sense the environmental parameters like pressure and temperature.
o Controller - is to control different modes of operation for processing of data
o Memory - storage for programming data.
o Communication - a device like antenna for sending and receiving data over a wireless channel.
o Power Supply- supply of energy for smooth operation of a node like battery.
Lesson 00 slides for one day introductory course on wireless sensor networks and TinyOS, that took place at the University of Alcalá de Henares in Madrid Spain the 18th of September 2013. This course was jointly designed by the Electronics Department of the university and Advanticsys. Find source code for the lessons here: http://www.advanticsys.com/wiki/index.php?title=TinyOS%C2%AE_Course_at_UAH_18th_September_2013
This document outlines various clustering protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSN). It begins by defining keywords related to HWSN and challenges in these networks, such as limited energy and heterogeneous hardware. The goals of clustering protocols are then discussed, including load balancing, fault tolerance and energy efficiency. Various clustering methods, attributes and models are classified. Examples of heterogeneous resources, impacts and performance measures are provided. The document also lists relevant conferences, simulators and laboratories, and provides author details.
Clustering Based Lifetime Maximizing Aggregation Tree for Wireless Sensor Net...IJASCSE
This document proposes a Clustering Based Lifetime Maximizing Aggregation Tree (CLMAT) algorithm for wireless sensor networks. The algorithm aims to reduce energy consumption by creating an aggregation tree that minimizes distance traversed, energy consumed, and cost. It considers the three factors of energy, distance, and cost simultaneously when constructing the tree, unlike previous works. The tree is structured to maximize network lifetime by selecting nodes with higher residual energy as parents where possible. Pseudocode is provided to generate the aggregation tree using clustering by calculating branch and tree energy, distance, and cost at each step to ultimately select the tree with the highest lifetime, lowest energy consumption, distance, and cost.
An Adaptive Energy Efficient Reliable Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Ne...IDES Editor
A reliable routing protocol for wireless sensor
networks (WSN) should be capable of adjusting to
constantly varying network conditions while conserving
maximum power. Existing Routing protocols provide
reliability at the cost of high energy consumption. In this
paper, we propose to develop an Adaptive Energy Efficient
Reliable Routing Protocol (AEERRP) with the aim of
keeping the energy consumption low while achieving high
reliability. In our proposed protocol, the data forwarding
probability is adaptively adjusted based on the measured
loss conditions at the sink. So only for high loss rates, a node
makes use of high transmission power to arrive at the sink.
Whenever the loss rate is low, it adaptively lessens the
transmission power. Since the source rebroadcasts the data,
until the packet loss is minimized, high data reliability is
achieved. By simulation results we show that the proposed
protocol achieves high reliability while ensuring low energy
consumption and overhead.
Energy Efficient Zone Divided and Energy Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol...csijjournal
Wireless sensor network has proven its significance in almost every field in today’s era. Wireless sensor network consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed randomly in some areas. In WSN the main objective has been increasing the network lifetime. There is zone divisional approach which has shown sound improvement in increasing the network lifetime over the Leach and EEUC protocols. The proposed protocol Energy efficient zone divided and energy balanced clustering routing protocol (EEZECR) has not only much higher network lifetime as compare to ZECR and it also has much better load balancing in the network. In the EEZECR the concept of double cluster head in a cluster is introduced which reduces the load on cluster head and very efficiently does the task of load balancing in the network thoroughly which makes this protocol favorite for many real time applications. Simulations are performed in MATLAB.
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
The document summarizes a student's M. Tech thesis project on improving routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an objective to develop a hybrid routing protocol combining features of PEGASIS and LEACH to increase network lifetime. It then reviews related work on routing protocols and energy efficiency. The proposed methodology describes a hybrid protocol that selects cluster heads probabilistically like LEACH while forming chains to route data like PEGASIS. Simulation results show the hybrid protocol increases network lifetime to over 2000 rounds compared to 2000 rounds for previous work. The conclusion is that lower cluster head election probabilities in the hybrid protocol extend network lifetime. Future work could analyze different network parameters.
Energy efficient routing_in_wireless_sensor_networksGr Patel
This document summarizes two energy efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks: MAODV and TEEN.
MAODV is an on-demand multicast routing protocol that maintains routing entries only for destinations currently in use. It uses route requests and replies to establish paths within a multicast group. TEEN is a hierarchical protocol that uses hard and soft thresholds to reduce transmissions. Cluster heads broadcast the thresholds and nodes transmit data only when the sensed value exceeds the thresholds. Both protocols aim to reduce energy use through techniques like on-demand routing and limiting unnecessary transmissions.
The Wireless Sensor Network is one of the most significant purposes behind the accomplishment of long range wireless communication. Frequent connectivity failures are occurred in the sensor-organised network due to obstruction, snags, message drop because of node energy depletion; obstacle and so forth. The total communication gets collapsed if there any lessening in the nature of correspondence or quality between the sensor nodes or from the sensor nodes to the sink nodes and this prompts to connection failures. To overcome the frequent connectivity failures we propose Diminishing Connectivity Failures by Auto-Reconfiguration in WSN (DCFA). This scheme provides steadfast routes to reduce the connectivity failure and improve the network performance.
This document discusses multihop/direct forwarding (MDF) for wireless sensor networks deployed in 3D environments. It analyzes the behavior of MDF and compares it to other forwarding schemes. The key points are:
1) MDF is analyzed for its ability to balance energy consumption across sensor nodes in a 3D network model, with the goal of prolonging network lifetime.
2) The network is divided into logical nodes based on distance from the base station. Equations are derived for dividing packet flows between nodes to optimize battery lifespan.
3) Simulation results show MDF balances energy use better than other schemes like closest forwarding, leading to longer network lifetime when applied in 3D wireless sensor networks.
Neural network based energy efficient clustering and routingambitlick
This document summarizes a paper that proposes a neural network based approach for energy efficient clustering and routing in wireless sensor networks. The key points are:
1. It proposes a neural network based clustering algorithm to select cluster heads in a way that balances energy consumption.
2. It defines a routing metric based on transmission and reception energy and uses it to formulate the routing problem as a linear program to optimize energy efficiency.
3. It presents algorithms for cluster head selection using the neural network, and for multi-path routing and data transmission based on the routing metric and linear program formulation.
International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems (IJASSN)ijcseit
The placement of base stations in wireless sensor networks affect the energy consumption for
communication between sensor node and base station. In this paper we analyzed the performance of the
zone based clustering protocol [2] under varying position of base stations, different zone sizes and the
effect on network life time with multiple base stations. While evaluating the communication overhead of
various cluster sizes, we observed that the optimal cluster size for a given network is complex, depending
on a range of parameters. Simulation results show that communication overhead decreases as we increase
the number of zone in the network. We show that placing multiple base stations in place of single base
station in zone based routing protocol enhance the network life time.
The document describes localized, self-organizing approaches for constructing energy-efficient data aggregation trees in sensor networks. It proposes Localized Power-Efficient Data Aggregation Protocols (L-PEDAPs) that use localized structures like LMST and RNG to approximate a minimum spanning tree. L-PEDAP then constructs an actual routing tree over these structures using localized parent selection strategies. Simulation results show L-PEDAP can achieve close to 90% of a theoretical upper bound on network lifetime derived in the paper, outperforming centralized solutions while meeting requirements like distributed operation, scalability, and robustness to failures.
The document compares two hierarchical routing schemes for wireless sensor networks: EEPSC and EEEPSC. EEPSC divides the network into static clusters and uses temporary cluster heads to distribute energy load. EEEPSC extends EEPSC by also considering distance between nodes and cluster heads when selecting cluster heads, in order to reduce inter-cluster communication costs. Simulation results show that EEEPSC increases network lifetime by consuming less energy and keeping more nodes alive over time compared to EEPSC.
Virtual backbone trees for most minimalIJCNCJournal
Virtual backbone trees have been used for efficient communication between sink node and any other node
in the deployed area. But all the proposed virtual backbone trees are not fully energy efficient and EVBTs
have few flaws associated with them. In this paper two such virtual backbones are proposed. The motive
behind the first algorithm, Most Minimal Energy Virtual Backbone Tree (MMEVBT), is to minimise the
energy consumption when packets are transmitted between sink and a target sensor node. The energy
consumption is most minimal and optimal and it is shown why it always has minimal energy consumption
during any transfer of packet between every node with the sink node. For every node, route path with most
minimal energy consumption is identified and a new tree node is elected only when a better minimal energy
consumption route is identified for a node to communicate with the sink and vice versa. By moving sink
periodically it is ensured the battery of the nodes near sink is not completely drained out. Another
backbone construction algorithm is proposed which maximises the network lifetime by increasing the
lifetime of all tree nodes. Simulations are done in NS2 to practically test the algorithms and the results are
discussed in detail.
Fault Diagonosis Approach for WSN using Normal Bias TechniqueIDES Editor
In wireless sensor and actor networks (WSAN), the
sensor nodes have a limitation on lifetime as they are equipped
with non-chargeable batteries. The failure probability of the
sensor node is influenced by factors like electrical dynamism,
hardware disasters, communication inaccuracy and undesired
environment situations, etc. Thus, fault tolerant is a very
important and critical factor in such networks. Fault tolerance
also ensures that a system is available for use without any
interruption in the presence of faults. In this paper an
improved fault tolerance scheme is proposed to find the
probability of correctly identifying a faulty node for three
different types of faults based on normal bias. The nodes fault
status is declared based on its confidence score that depends
on the threshold valve. The aim is to find the Correct
Recognition Rate (CRR) and the False Fear Rate (FFR) with
respect to the different error probability (pe) introduced. The
techniques, neighboring nodes, fault calculations, range and
CRR for existing algorithm and proposed algorithm is also
presented.
This document provides an introduction to wireless sensor networks. It discusses the differences between wireless sensor networks and ad hoc networks, and describes some key applications including monitoring of areas, objects, and interactions. It outlines the characteristics of wireless sensor networks including constraints of sensors like limited power and computational ability. The document also discusses design challenges, enabling technologies, and the future of wireless sensor networks. It provides examples of sensor network hardware including motes, sensor boards, and programming boards.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSN). A WSN consists of sensor nodes that can sense various environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, and motion. Each sensor node contains components like a microcontroller, memory, radio transceiver, and a power source. The nodes are organized into clusters with a cluster head that collects data from nodes and sends it to the base station. Clustering helps avoid traffic, reduce transmission time and energy consumption. The cluster head is selected based on available energy. WSNs can be used in various applications like monitoring forests, factories, animals, humans, bridges, and caves.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSN). It defines WSN as consisting of hundreds to millions of small, inexpensive, low-power sensor nodes that can sense environmental conditions and communicate wirelessly. These sensor nodes monitor their surroundings, collect data, and transmit that data to a base station. The document outlines the types of nodes in a WSN, including sensing and sink nodes. It also describes common WSN applications in areas like smart home monitoring, the military, and environmental monitoring. Finally, it discusses challenges in WSN like energy constraints and routing, and areas of ongoing research like improving power efficiency through clustering and cluster head selection.
The document outlines the key topics in wireless sensor network (WSN) security. It begins with an introduction to WSN specifications, constraints, security requirements and threats. It then discusses various denial of service attacks against WSN availability, as well as threats against data secrecy. Potential countermeasures are also reviewed, along with defenses against different privacy attacks. Finally, important WSN security protocols are mentioned. The overall document provides an overview of important WSN security concepts and challenges due to the unique constraints of sensor networks.
Fault Node Recovery Algorithm for a Wireless Sensor NetworkYogesh Vk
The WSN is made of nodes from a few to several hundred, where each node is connected to one or several sensors.
The basic components of a node are
o Sensor and actuator - an interface to the physical world designed to sense the environmental parameters like pressure and temperature.
o Controller - is to control different modes of operation for processing of data
o Memory - storage for programming data.
o Communication - a device like antenna for sending and receiving data over a wireless channel.
o Power Supply- supply of energy for smooth operation of a node like battery.
Lesson 00 slides for one day introductory course on wireless sensor networks and TinyOS, that took place at the University of Alcalá de Henares in Madrid Spain the 18th of September 2013. This course was jointly designed by the Electronics Department of the university and Advanticsys. Find source code for the lessons here: http://www.advanticsys.com/wiki/index.php?title=TinyOS%C2%AE_Course_at_UAH_18th_September_2013
The document discusses fault tolerance techniques in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It first reviews WSNs and types of failures that can occur, such as energy depletion, hardware failure, and communication link errors. It then covers approaches to fault detection including centralized (Sympathy, Secure Locations) and distributed (node self-detection, clustering). Fault recovery techniques like relay node placement, hop-by-hop TCP, and data aggregation are also summarized. The document aims to provide an overview of key aspects of fault tolerance in WSNs.
This document summarizes a wireless sensor network system implemented by the authors. The system uses 4 sensor nodes to sense temperature and a control node interfaced with a base station PC. It implements a modified version of the TOPDISC topology discovery algorithm using DHCP for dynamic addressing. The routing algorithm uses a mixture of spanning tree and N-link state protocols. Future enhancements include implementing fail safes and fully configuring the wireless sensor network system.
This document presents a fault management mechanism for wireless sensor networks. It discusses fault detection and diagnosis through self-detection by sensor nodes and active detection by cell managers. It also discusses fault recovery through waking sleeping nodes, moving mobile nodes, or selecting a secondary cell manager. The document then describes the network and fault models, and presents an algorithm for faulty sensor detection based on sensor measurements and designating sensor statuses as good, low quality, faulty, or good detected.
Apache Kafka 0.8 basic training - VerisignMichael Noll
Apache Kafka 0.8 basic training (120 slides) covering:
1. Introducing Kafka: history, Kafka at LinkedIn, Kafka adoption in the industry, why Kafka
2. Kafka core concepts: topics, partitions, replicas, producers, consumers, brokers
3. Operating Kafka: architecture, hardware specs, deploying, monitoring, P&S tuning
4. Developing Kafka apps: writing to Kafka, reading from Kafka, testing, serialization, compression, example apps
5. Playing with Kafka using Wirbelsturm
Audience: developers, operations, architects
Created by Michael G. Noll, Data Architect, Verisign, https://www.verisigninc.com/
Verisign is a global leader in domain names and internet security.
Tools mentioned:
- Wirbelsturm (https://github.com/miguno/wirbelsturm)
- kafka-storm-starter (https://github.com/miguno/kafka-storm-starter)
Blog post at:
http://www.michael-noll.com/blog/2014/08/18/apache-kafka-training-deck-and-tutorial/
Many thanks to the LinkedIn Engineering team (the creators of Kafka) and the Apache Kafka open source community!
Energy efficient protocol with static clustering (eepsc) comparing with low e...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a new routing protocol called Energy-Efficient Protocol with Static Clustering (EEPSC) that is proposed to improve energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks compared to the LEACH protocol. EEPSC partitions the network into static clusters during an initial setup phase to eliminate the overhead of dynamic clustering. It then selects high-energy sensor nodes within each cluster to serve as cluster heads and temporary cluster heads to distribute the energy load and extend the lifetime of the network. Simulation results showed that EEPSC outperforms LEACH in terms of network lifetime and power consumption.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
DYNAMIC RE-CLUSTERING LEACH-BASED (DR-LEACH) PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) contains a large number of sensor nodes equipped with limited energy supplies. In most applications, sensor nodes are deployed in a random fashion. Therefore, battery replacement or charging is considered not practical. As a result, routing protocols must be energy-efficient to prolong the network’s lifetime. In this paper, we propose a new Dynamic Re-clustering LEACH-Based protocol (DR-LEACH) which aims to reduce the energy consumption and extending the network’s lifetime. The idea is to balance energy consumption of Cluster Heads (CHs) by generating clusters with almost equal number of nodes during each round of the network life time. To perform this, we first calculate the optimal number of CHs in each round, and based on that we calculate the optimal size of each cluster. Results show that the proposed protocol improves network lifetime and reduces overall energy consumption compared to LEACH and BCDCP protocols.
CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS FOR HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS – A BRIEF SU...ijasuc
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are emerging in various fields like disaster management, battle field
surveillance and border security surveillance. A large number of sensors in these applications are
unattended and work autonomously. Clustering is a key technique to improve the network lifetime, reduce
the energy consumption and increase the scalability of the sensor network. In this paper, we study the
impact of heterogeneity of the nodes to the performance of WSN. This paper surveys the different clustering
algorithm for heterogeneous WSN.
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
in the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
International Journal of Advanced Smart Sensor Network Systems ( IJASSN )ijassn
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an improved clustering technique called Optimized Fair-Zone LEACH (OFZ-LEACH) for wireless sensor networks. OFZ-LEACH uses an exponential moving average to predict node mobility and identify cluster head movement. This helps overcome issues in the original LEACH protocol like hidden clusters and link failures caused by node mobility. Simulation results show that OFZ-LEACH achieves higher packet delivery ratio, lower end-to-end delay, and extends network lifetime compared to the original LEACH and Fair-Zone LEACH protocols.
IMPROVEMENT OF LEACH AND ITS VARIANTS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIAEME Publication
This document presents an improvement to the LEACH clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks. It proposes selecting cluster heads based on a threshold of residual node energy rather than randomly as in LEACH. This reduces cluster head selection and replacement, extending network lifetime. It simulates LEACH-B and the proposed approach, finding the proposed method lasts longer - until round 1905 when the last node dies, compared to 1521 rounds for LEACH-B. This improvement balances energy consumption across nodes for longer network operation.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Energy Efficient Optimized LEACH-C Protocol using PBO Algorithm For Wireless ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes an optimized LEACH-C protocol called OLEACH-C that uses a pollination-based optimization (PBO) algorithm to select cluster heads in a wireless sensor network. The goal is to improve energy efficiency and extend the lifetime of the network. It first describes existing hierarchical routing protocols like LEACH, LEACH-C, and Multi-hop LEACH. It then explains how the proposed OLEACH-C protocol would use the PBO algorithm to select cluster heads based on remaining energy and distance to the base station, aiming to minimize energy consumption during data transmission. The PBO algorithm is inspired by flower pollination processes and aims to optimize cluster head selection. The document argues this approach could
Energy Efficient LEACH protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (I-LEACH)ijsrd.com
In the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the sensor nodes (called motes) are usually scattered in a sensor field an area in which the sensor nodes are deployed. These motes are small in size and have limited processing power, memory and battery life. In WSNs, conservation of energy, which is directly related to network life time, is considered relatively more important souse of energy efficient routing algorithms is one of the ways to reduce the energy conservation. In general, routing algorithms in WSNs can be divided into flat, hierarchical and location based routing. There are two reasons behind the hierarchical routing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol be in explored. One, the sensor networks are dense and a lot of redundancy is involved in communication. Second, in order to increase the scalability of the sensor network keeping in mind the security aspects of communication. Cluster based routing holds great promise for many to one and one to many communication paradigms that are pre valentines or networks.
Modified leach protocol in wireless sensor network a surveyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a survey of modified LEACH protocols in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to wireless sensor networks and discusses how the limited battery life of sensor nodes makes energy efficiency critical. It then provides an overview of the original LEACH protocol and its operation. The main part of the document surveys various modifications made to LEACH to improve its energy efficiency, such as using multi-hop routing, selecting cluster heads based on remaining energy levels, and implementing unequal clustering where clusters closer to the base station are smaller. It concludes that incorporating improvements to cluster head selection and multi-hop techniques into LEACH can significantly increase network lifetime by reducing energy consumption.
Selection of Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm upon Cluster Head Failure ...ijsrd.com
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications have increased in recent times in fields such as environmental sensing, area monitoring, air pollution monitoring, forest res detection, machine health monitoring, and landslide detection. In such applications, there is a high need of secure communication among sensor nodes. There are different techniques to secure network data transmissions, but due to power constraints of WSN, group key based mechanism is the most preferred one. Hence, to implement scalable energy efficient secure group communication, the best approach would be hierarchical based like Clustering. In most of the WSN designs based on clustering, Base Station (BS) is the central point of contact to the outside world and in case of its failure; it may lead to total disconnection in the communication. Critical applications like these cannot afford to have BS failure as it is a gateway from sensor networks to the outside world. In order to provide better fault tolerant immediate action, a new BS at some other physical location will have to take the charge. This may lead to a total change in the hierarchical network topology, which in turn leads to re-clustering the entire network and in turn formation of new security keys. Therefore, there is a need to find a suitable algorithm which clusters sensor nodes in such a way that when a BS fails and a new BS takes the charge, new group key gets established with minimum computation and less energy consumption.
Every cluster comprise of a leader which is known as cluster head. The cluster head will be chosen by the sensor nodes in the individual cluster or be pre-assigned by the user. The main advantages of clustering are the transmission of aggregated data to the base station, offers scalability for huge number of nodes and trims down energy consumption. Fundamentally, clustering could be classified into centralized clustering, distributed clustering and hybrid clustering. In centralized clustering, the cluster head is fixed. The rest of the nodes in the cluster act as member nodes. In distributed clustering, the cluster head is not fixed. The cluster head keeps on shifting form node to node within the cluster on the basis of some parameters. Hybrid clustering is the combination of both centralized clustering and distributed clustering mechanisms. This paper gives a brief overview on clustering process in wireless sensor networks. A research on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and its followers are portrayed artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of these existing algorithms a hybrid distributed clustering model has been proposed for attaining energy efficiency to a larger scale.
Energy Efficient Zone Divided and Energy Balanced Clustering Routing Protocol...csijjournal
Wireless sensor network has proven its significance in almost every field in today’s era. Wireless sensor network consists of large number of sensor nodes distributed randomly in some areas. In WSN the main objective has been increasing the network lifetime. There is zone divisional approach which has shown sound improvement in increasing the network lifetime over the Leach and EEUC protocols. The proposed protocol Energy efficient zone divided and energy balanced clustering routing protocol (EEZECR) has not only much higher network lifetime as compare to ZECR and it also has much better load balancing in the network. In the EEZECR the concept of double cluster head in a cluster is introduced which reduces the load on cluster head and very efficiently does the task of load balancing in the network thoroughly which
makes this protocol favorite for many real time applications. Simulations are performed in MATLAB.
Improvement In LEACH Protocol By Electing Master Cluster Heads To Enhance The...Editor IJCATR
In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes play the most prominent role. These sensor nodes are mainly un-chargeable, so it
raises an issue regarding lifetime of the network. Mainly sensor nodes collect data and transmit it to the Base Station. So, most of the
energy is consumed in the communication process between sensor nodes and the Base Station. In this paper, we present an
improvement on LEACH protocol to enhance the network lifetime. Our goal is to reduce the transmissions between cluster heads and
the sink node. We will choose optimum number of Master Cluster Heads from variation cluster heads present in the network. The
simulation results show that our proposed algorithm enhances the network lifetime as compare to the LEACH protocol.
Extending the longevity, is a significant job to be accomplished by these sensor networks. The traditional routing protocols could not be applied here, due to its nodes powered by batteries. Nodes are often clustered in to non-overlapping clusters, so as to provide energy efficiency. A concise overview on clustering processes, within wireless sensor networks is given in this paper. But it is difficult to replace the deceased batteries of the sensor nodes. A distinctive sensor node consumes much of its energy during wireless communication. This research work suggests the development of a hierarchical distributed clustering mechanism, which gives improved performance over the existing clustering algorithm LEACH. The two hiding concepts behind the proposed scheme are the hierarchical distributed clustering mechanism and the concept of threshold. Energy utilization is significantly reduced, thereby greatly prolonging the lifetime of the sensor nodes.
ENERGY OPTIMISATION SCHEMES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKcscpconf
A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely
deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. Sensor nodes have
sensing, processing and transmitting capability . They however have limited energy
and measures need to be taken to make op- timum usage of their energy and save
them from task of only receiving and transmitting data without processing. Various
techniques for energy utilization optimisation have been proposed Ma jor players are
however clustering and relay node placement. In the research related to relay node
placement, it has been proposed to deploy some relay nodes such that the sensors
can transmit the sensed data to a nearby relay node, which in turn delivers the data
to the base stations. In general, the relay node placement problems aim to meet
certain connectivity and/or survivabil- ity requirements of the network by deploying a
minimum number of relay nodes. The other approach is grouping sensor nodes into
clusters with each cluster having a cluster head (CH). The CH nodes aggregate the
data and transmit them to the base station (BS). These two approaches has been
widely adopted by the research community to satisfy the scala- bility objective and generally achieve high energy efficiency and prolong network lifetime in large-scale WSN environments and hence are discussed here along with single hop and multi hop characteristic of sensor node
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Similar to FTTCP: Fault Tolerant Two-level Clustering Protocol for WSN (20)
Power System State Estimation - A ReviewIDES Editor
This document provides a review of power system state estimation techniques. It discusses both static and dynamic state estimation algorithms. For static state estimation, it covers weighted least squares, decoupled, and robust estimation methods. Weighted least squares is commonly used but can have numerical instability issues. Decoupled state estimation approximates the gain matrix for faster computation. Robust estimation uses M-estimators and other techniques to handle outliers and bad data. Dynamic state estimation applies Kalman filtering, leapfrog algorithms, and other methods to continuously monitor system states over time.
Artificial Intelligence Technique based Reactive Power Planning Incorporating...IDES Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using artificial intelligence techniques and FACTS controllers for reactive power planning in real-time power transmission systems. The paper formulates the reactive power planning problem and incorporates flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices like static VAR compensators (SVC), thyristor controlled series capacitors (TCSC), and unified power flow controllers (UPFC). Evolutionary algorithms like evolutionary programming (EP) and differential evolution (DE) are applied to find the optimal locations and settings of the FACTS controllers to minimize losses and costs. Simulation results on IEEE 30-bus and 72-bus Indian test systems show that UPFC performs best in reducing losses compared to SVC and TCSC.
Design and Performance Analysis of Genetic based PID-PSS with SVC in a Multi-...IDES Editor
Damping of power system oscillations with the help
of proposed optimal Proportional Integral Derivative Power
System Stabilizer (PID-PSS) and Static Var Compensator
(SVC)-based controllers are thoroughly investigated in this
paper. This study presents robust tuning of PID-PSS and
SVC-based controllers using Genetic Algorithms (GA) in
multi machine power systems by considering detailed model
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controllers in general and SVC-based controller in
particular depends upon their proper location. Modal
controllability and observability are used to locate SVC–based
controller. The performance of the proposed controllers is
compared with conventional lead-lag power system stabilizer
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test system. Simulation studies show that the proposed genetic
based PID-PSS with SVC based controller provides better
performance.
Optimal Placement of DG for Loss Reduction and Voltage Sag Mitigation in Radi...IDES Editor
This paper presents the need to operate the power
system economically and with optimum levels of voltages has
further led to an increase in interest in Distributed
Generation. In order to reduce the power losses and to improve
the voltage in the distribution system, distributed generators
(DGs) are connected to load bus. To reduce the total power
losses in the system, the most important process is to identify
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new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic
approach namely Artificial Bee Colony algorithm(ABC) for
the placement of Distributed Generators(DG) in the radial
distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to
improve the voltage profile, voltage sag mitigation. The power
loss reduction is important factor for utility companies because
it is directly proportional to the company benefits in a
competitive electricity market, while reaching the better power
quality standards is too important as it has vital effect on
customer orientation. In this paper an ABC algorithm is
developed to gain these goals all together. In order to evaluate
sag mitigation capability of the proposed algorithm, voltage
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network has been chosen as test network and results are
compared with the proposed method in the radial distribution
system.
Line Losses in the 14-Bus Power System Network using UPFCIDES Editor
Controlling power flow in modern power systems
can be made more flexible by the use of recent developments
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Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a Flexible AC
transmission system (FACTS) device that can control all the
three system variables namely line reactance, magnitude and
phase angle difference of voltage across the line. The UPFC
provides a promising means to control power flow in modern
power systems. Essentially the performance depends on proper
control setting achievable through a power flow analysis
program. This paper presents a reliable method to meet the
requirements by developing a Newton-Raphson based load
flow calculation through which control settings of UPFC can
be determined for the pre-specified power flow between the
lines. The proposed method keeps Newton-Raphson Load Flow
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Jacobian matrix). A MATLAB program has been developed to
calculate the control settings of UPFC and the power flow
between the lines after the load flow is converged. Case studies
have been performed on IEEE 5-bus system and 14-bus system
to show that the proposed method is effective. These studies
indicate that the method maintains the basic NRLF properties
such as fast computational speed, high degree of accuracy and
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Study of Structural Behaviour of Gravity Dam with Various Features of Gallery...IDES Editor
The size and shape of opening in dam causes the
stress concentration, it also causes the stress variation in the
rest of the dam cross section. The gravity method of the analysis
does not consider the size of opening and the elastic property
of dam material. Thus the objective of study is comprises of
the Finite Element Method which considers the size of
opening, elastic property of material, and stress distribution
because of geometric discontinuity in cross section of dam.
Stress concentration inside the dam increases with the opening
in dam which results in the failure of dam. Hence it is
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the percentage area of opening constant and varying size and
shape of opening the analysis is carried out. For this purpose
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Assessing Uncertainty of Pushover Analysis to Geometric ModelingIDES Editor
Pushover Analysis a popular tool for seismic
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constructed and the pushover analysis results are very sensitive
to material model adopted, geometric model adopted, location
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analyzer. In this paper attempt has been made to assess
uncertainty in pushover analysis results by considering user
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Secure Multi-Party Negotiation: An Analysis for Electronic Payments in Mobile...IDES Editor
This document summarizes and analyzes secure multi-party negotiation protocols for electronic payments in mobile computing. It presents a framework for secure multi-party decision protocols using lightweight implementations. The main focus is on synchronizing security features to avoid agreement manipulation and reduce user traffic. The paper describes negotiation between an auctioneer and bidders, showing multiparty security is better than existing systems. It analyzes the performance of encryption algorithms like ECC, XTR, and RSA for use in the multiparty negotiation protocols.
Selfish Node Isolation & Incentivation using Progressive ThresholdsIDES Editor
The problems associated with selfish nodes in
MANET are addressed by a collaborative watchdog approach
which reduces the detection time for selfish nodes thereby
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time for selfish nodes and also involves the removal of such
selfish nodes based on some progressively assessed thresholds.
The threshold gives the nodes a chance to stop misbehaving
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Various OSI Layer Attacks and Countermeasure to Enhance the Performance of WS...IDES Editor
Wireless sensor networks are networks having non
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layer is prone to various attacks, which halts the performance
of a network .In this paper several attacks on four layers of
OSI model are discussed and security mechanism is described
to prevent attack in network layer i.e wormhole attack. In
Wormhole attack two or more malicious nodes makes a covert
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low latency link and then start dropping and replaying packets
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wormhole attack by using Ad-hoc on demand distance vector
routing protocol (AODV) with omnidirectional antenna. The
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countermeasures can appear in multiple layer. For example,
misbehavior detection techniques can be applied to almost all
the layers we discussed.
Responsive Parameter based an AntiWorm Approach to Prevent Wormhole Attack in...IDES Editor
The recent advancements in the wireless technology
and their wide-spread deployment have made remarkable
enhancements in efficiency in the corporate and industrial
and Military sectors The increasing popularity and usage of
wireless technology is creating a need for more secure wireless
Ad hoc networks. This paper aims researched and developed
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The main tasks of a Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN) are data collection from its nodes and communication
of this data to the base station (BS). The protocols used for
communication among the WSN nodes and between the WSN
and the BS, must consider the resource constraints of nodes,
battery energy, computational capabilities and memory. The
WSN applications involve unattended operation of the network
over an extended period of time. In order to extend the lifetime
of a WSN, efficient routing protocols need to be adopted. The
proposed low power routing protocol based on tree-based
network structure reliably forwards the measured data towards
the BS using TDMA. An energy consumption analysis of the
WSN making use of this protocol is also carried out. It is
found that the network is energy efficient with an average
duty cycle of 0:7% for the WSN nodes. The OmNET++
simulation platform along with MiXiM framework is made
use of.
Permutation of Pixels within the Shares of Visual Cryptography using KBRP for...IDES Editor
The security of authentication of internet based
co-banking services should not be susceptible to high risks.
The passwords are highly vulnerable to virus attacks due to
the lack of high end embedding of security methods. In order
for the passwords to be more secure, people are generally
compelled to select jumbled up character based passwords
which are not only less memorable but are also equally prone
to insecurity. Multiple use of distributed shares has been
studied to solve the problem of authentication by algorithms
based on thresholding of pixels in image processing and visual
cryptography concepts where the subset of shares is considered
for the recovery of the original image for authentication using
correlation function[1][2].The main disadvantage in the above
study is the plain storage of shares and also one of the shares
is being supplied to the customer, which will lead to the
possibility of misuse by a third party. This paper proposes a
technique for scrambling of pixels by key based random
permutation (KBRP) within the shares before the
authentication has been attempted. Total number of shares to
be created is dependent on the multiplicity of ownership of
the account. By this method the problem of uncertainty among
the customers with regard to security, storage, retrieval of
holding of half of the shares is minimized.
This paper presents a trifocal Rotman Lens Design
approach. The effects of focal ratio and element spacing on
the performance of Rotman Lens are described. A three beam
prototype feeding 4 element antenna array working in L-band
has been simulated using RLD v1.7 software. Simulated
results show that the simulated lens has a return loss of –
12.4dB at 1.8GHz. Beam to array port phase error variation
with change in the focal ratio and element spacing has also
been investigated.
Band Clustering for the Lossless Compression of AVIRIS Hyperspectral ImagesIDES Editor
Hyperspectral images can be efficiently compressed
through a linear predictive model, as for example the one
used in the SLSQ algorithm. In this paper we exploit this
predictive model on the AVIRIS images by individuating,
through an off-line approach, a common subset of bands, which
are not spectrally related with any other bands. These bands
are not useful as prediction reference for the SLSQ 3-D
predictive model and we need to encode them via other
prediction strategies which consider only spatial correlation.
We have obtained this subset by clustering the AVIRIS bands
via the clustering by compression approach. The main result
of this paper is the list of the bands, not related with the
others, for AVIRIS images. The clustering trees obtained for
AVIRIS and the relationship among bands they depict is also
an interesting starting point for future research.
Microelectronic Circuit Analogous to Hydrogen Bonding Network in Active Site ...IDES Editor
A microelectronic circuit of block-elements
functionally analogous to two hydrogen bonding networks is
investigated. The hydrogen bonding networks are extracted
from â-lactamase protein and are formed in its active site.
Each hydrogen bond of the network is described in equivalent
electrical circuit by three or four-terminal block-element.
Each block-element is coded in Matlab. Static and dynamic
analyses are performed. The resultant microelectronic circuit
analogous to the hydrogen bonding network operates as
current mirror, sine pulse source, triangular pulse source as
well as signal modulator.
Texture Unit based Monocular Real-world Scene Classification using SOM and KN...IDES Editor
In this paper a method is proposed to discriminate
real world scenes in to natural and manmade scenes of similar
depth. Global-roughness of a scene image varies as a function
of image-depth. Increase in image depth leads to increase in
roughness in manmade scenes; on the contrary natural scenes
exhibit smooth behavior at higher image depth. This particular
arrangement of pixels in scene structure can be well explained
by local texture information in a pixel and its neighborhood.
Our proposed method analyses local texture information of a
scene image using texture unit matrix. For final classification
we have used both supervised and unsupervised learning using
K-Nearest Neighbor classifier (KNN) and Self Organizing
Map (SOM) respectively. This technique is useful for online
classification due to very less computational complexity.
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Psaroudakis: Family and Football – The Psaroudakis Success StoryPsaroudakis
Psaroudakis, a name that resonates with football fans around the globe, is a testament to the powerful synergy between familial support and individual passion. Born on March 10, 1992, in the historic city of Heraklion, Crete, Psaroudakis’ journey to international football stardom is a compelling narrative of dedication, perseverance, and unwavering family support. His story not only highlights his athletic prowess but also underscores the crucial role his family played in shaping his career and character.
Psaroudakis’ early life in Heraklion was deeply influenced by a supportive and nurturing family environment. His father, a former semi-professional footballer, recognized Psaroudakis’ potential from an early age. Acting as his first coach, his father’s guidance was instrumental in igniting Psaroudakis’ passion for football. This paternal influence instilled in him a strong work ethic and fundamental skills that would become the foundation of his future success. His mother, a dedicated homemaker, provided a stable and nurturing environment, ensuring that Psaroudakis could pursue his dreams without any hindrances.
From a young age, Psaroudakis showed an innate talent for football. Growing up in Heraklion, he spent countless hours playing football in local parks and streets with friends and family. His natural ability was evident even in these informal settings, and his enthusiasm for the game was infectious. By the age of five, Psaroudakis had joined a local youth football club, where his skills began to flourish. His father’s role as his first coach during these formative years was crucial, as he emphasized not only technical skills but also the importance of discipline and teamwork.
The transition from playing in local parks to joining a structured football environment marked a significant step in Psaroudakis’ journey. At the age of ten, he joined the youth academy of OFI Crete, one of Greece’s most esteemed football clubs. This move marked the beginning of a more rigorous and professional approach to his training. The academy environment was demanding, focusing on honing technical abilities and instilling values of sportsmanship and dedication. Psaroudakis’ dedication to his craft was evident as he quickly rose through the ranks, becoming a standout player in the youth teams.
The support of Psaroudakis’ family was unwavering during this critical period. His father continued to be a source of guidance and mentorship, while his mother ensured that he had everything he needed to succeed. Their collective efforts created a balanced environment where Psaroudakis could focus entirely on his development as a footballer. This familial support was not just about providing the basics; it was about creating an environment where Psaroudakis felt encouraged and motivated to pursue his dreams relentlessly.
As Psaroudakis transitioned from the youth academy to professional football, the challenges became more significant.
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Gabriel Kalembo A Rising Star in the World of Football Coachinggabrielkalembous
Gabriel Kalembo is a player's coach who connects with his teams on a deep level. With a strong background in sports science and a passion for the game, Kalembo has developed a unique coaching philosophy that emphasizes player development and tactical flexibility. His ability to connect with players and create a positive team culture has led to success at every level he has coached.
Understanding Golf Simulator Equipment A Beginner's Guide.pdfMy Garage Golf
Dive into golf simulation with our beginner's guide, perfect for anyone new to the concept. Understand the critical components like sturdy frames, high-quality impact screens, and side netting that ensure your safety and enrich your practice sessions. Learn the benefits of proper projector mounts and compatibility with your existing setup. This guide helps you make informed choices, transforming your home into a realistic and effective golfing practice environment.
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According to the report, the consumption of video content related to IPL 2024 has seen significant growth, nearly 3 times more than the previous season, reflecting an increasing interest of fans.
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Match By Match Detailed Schedule Of The ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2024.pdfmouthhunt5
20 Teams, One Trophy: What to Expect from the ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2024
The ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2024 is set to be an exciting event, co-hosted by the West Indies and the USA from June 1 to June 29, 2024. This edition of the tournament will feature a record 20 teams divided into four groups, competing across 55 matches for the prestigious title.
Belgium vs Romania Injuries and Patience in Belgium’s Euro Cup Germany Squad....Eticketing.co
Belgium coach Domenico Tedesco will wait for several key players to recover from injury. Even if it means they miss the opening Euro Cup Germany stages of the European Championship in Germany this month. Veteran defender Jan Vertonghen, midfielder Youri Tielemans and defender Arthur. Theate are being given time to play in the tournament because they are considered vital to Belgium’s cause, Tedesco said on Tuesday.
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UEFA Euro 2024 Tickets | Euro 2024 Tickets | Euro Cup Germany Tickets | Belgium vs Romania Tickets
"Of course, you prefer to take players who are fully fit, but that's okay. We want to wait and be patient for some players even if they cannot play in those first matches," he told a press conference. The 37-year-old Vertonghen, Belgium’s Euro Cup 2024 most-capped international with 154 appearances, is struggling to shake off a groin injury.
"He will be there normally. This also applies to Youri Tielemans and Arthur Theate. The latter's position is very sensitive. We don't have many choices at left back. "It will only change if it turns out that they will only be available when, say, the final of the Euro 2024 Championship comes around. That's too long to wait. "However, I am confident that the injured boys are on track for the Euros.
Belgium vs Romania: Radu Dragusin Prepares for Crucial Role in Euro Cup Germany
Some of them have taken not one but two steps forward in their rehabilitation," he said. None of the injured players will feature in this week’s warm-up friendlies against Montenegro and Luxembourg. Romania centre-back Radu Dragusin found chances limited at Tottenham Hotspur in the second half of the 2023-24 season.
But is crucial to his country's cause at UEFA Euro 2024 where his aerial ability, physicality and hard graft make him a standout player. The 22-year-old moved to North London from Italian side Genoa in January but was kept on the sidelines by the form of another new arrival for the season, Mickey van de Ven, something Romania coach Edward Iordanescu admitted was a concern.
It will mean limited game-time going into the finals, but Dragusin, who cites Netherlands defender Virgil van Dijk as a role model, started every Euro Cup Germany qualifier as Romania went through the campaign unbeaten in their 10 games. He will be among their most important players in their first game in Germany against Ukraine in Munich on June 17, taking the right centre-back role in what is likely to be a back four.
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Luciano Spalletti Leads Italy's Transition at UEFA Euro 2024.docxEuro Cup 2024 Tickets
Italy are the defending European champs, but after Luciano Spalletti swapped Roberto Mancini last September, they are still taking the cautious first steps of a new era
Hesan Soufi's Legacy: Inspiring the Next GenerationHesan Soufi
Hesan Soufi's impact on the game extends far beyond his on-field exploits. With his humility, sportsmanship, and unwavering commitment to excellence, Soufi has become a role model for aspiring footballers worldwide. His legacy lies not only in his achievements but also in the inspiration he provides to the next generation of talented players.