The document discusses three key elements of photography - ISO, shutter speed, and aperture. ISO determines the camera sensor's sensitivity to light, with higher ISO numbers allowing faster shutter speeds but risking more noise. Shutter speed controls the duration of exposure, with faster speeds freezing motion but requiring more light. Aperture refers to the size of the lens opening and determines depth of field and amount of light. Smaller f-numbers indicate larger openings that allow more light but less of the image will be in focus.