International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fast Mobile IPv6 Handover Using Link and Location InformationCSCJournals
This document proposes an improved fast mobile IPv6 handover mechanism using link layer and location information. It introduces using GPS location data from foreign agents to predict handovers in advance. This allows the mobile node and foreign agents to more quickly detect connectivity loss and initiate handover. Simulations show the proposed mechanism reduces handover latency and packet loss compared to the standard mobile IPv6 handover process. Link layer signals and location data allow handovers to begin earlier, improving performance.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF IOT NETWORKS UNDER INTERNAL ROUTING ATTACKIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) deployments mostly relies on the establishment of Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) among a large number of constraint devices. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) provides an effective IPv6-based LLN routing protocol, namely the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). RPL provides adequate protection against external security attacks but stays vulnerable to internal routing attacks such as a rank attack. Malicious RPL nodes can carry out a rank attack in different forms and cause serious network performance degradation. An experimental study of the impact of the decreased rank attack on the overall network performance is presented in this paper. In also besides, it is
important to understand the main influencing factors in this context. In this study, several some many network scenarios were considered with varying network sizes, attacker properties, and topological setups. The experimental results indicate a noticeable adverse effect of the rank attack on the average PDR, delay, ETX, and beacon interval. However, such impact was varied according to network size, attacker position,
attacker neighbor count, number of attack-affected nodes, and overall hops increase. The results give a practical reference to the overall performance of RPL networks under rank attacks.
This document discusses ultra-reliable communication (URC) in 5G wireless systems. URC refers to providing a certain level of communication service almost 100% of the time. The document outlines two types of URC problems - long-term and short-term URC - and two types of reliability impairments. It argues that one key step towards enabling URC is revising how control information and data are encoded. The main objective is to define and solve new engineering challenges posed by URC in 5G networks.
Performance analysis of aodv protocol on blackhole attackMehedi
This document discusses the AODV routing protocol, black hole attacks against AODV, and analyzing AODV's performance under black hole attacks. It introduces AODV, explains why it is used, and outlines security issues. It then defines distributed denial of service (DDoS) and black hole attacks, describing how black holes work at the routing level to drop packets. The document concludes it will use a network simulator to analyze how black hole attacks affect AODV performance metrics.
This document describes a fast handoff scheme called NodeScan for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. NodeScan aims to reduce handoff latency by taking advantage of wireless mesh network architecture. It maintains a list of active mesh nodes on the client and transmits authentication requests to all nodes on the list simultaneously instead of scanning channels. This allows the client to discover and connect to a new mesh node quickly. Experimental results on a wireless mesh testbed show that NodeScan can reduce handoff latency compared to standard scanning methods. The scheme requires only a client-side software upgrade to implement.
The document summarizes the SPEED routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. SPEED aims to provide soft real-time communication by maintaining a consistent delivery speed across the network. It uses stateless non-deterministic geographic forwarding and neighborhood feedback to route packets while balancing energy consumption and avoiding congestion. Simulation results using MATLAB show that SPEED achieves low miss ratios and end-to-end delays while balancing energy usage across nodes in the network.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new mechanism to detect and prevent selfish nodes exhibiting packet dropping attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The mechanism works by calculating the Local Forward Percentage (LFP) of nodes based on the Principle of Flow Conservation, and identifying paths with LFP below a threshold as malicious. It modifies the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol to suppress route replies for detected malicious paths, preventing those paths from being used for future data transmission. The mechanism aims to address limitations in existing acknowledgement-based schemes for detecting misbehaving nodes in MANETs.
Fast Mobile IPv6 Handover Using Link and Location InformationCSCJournals
This document proposes an improved fast mobile IPv6 handover mechanism using link layer and location information. It introduces using GPS location data from foreign agents to predict handovers in advance. This allows the mobile node and foreign agents to more quickly detect connectivity loss and initiate handover. Simulations show the proposed mechanism reduces handover latency and packet loss compared to the standard mobile IPv6 handover process. Link layer signals and location data allow handovers to begin earlier, improving performance.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF IOT NETWORKS UNDER INTERNAL ROUTING ATTACKIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) deployments mostly relies on the establishment of Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) among a large number of constraint devices. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) provides an effective IPv6-based LLN routing protocol, namely the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL). RPL provides adequate protection against external security attacks but stays vulnerable to internal routing attacks such as a rank attack. Malicious RPL nodes can carry out a rank attack in different forms and cause serious network performance degradation. An experimental study of the impact of the decreased rank attack on the overall network performance is presented in this paper. In also besides, it is
important to understand the main influencing factors in this context. In this study, several some many network scenarios were considered with varying network sizes, attacker properties, and topological setups. The experimental results indicate a noticeable adverse effect of the rank attack on the average PDR, delay, ETX, and beacon interval. However, such impact was varied according to network size, attacker position,
attacker neighbor count, number of attack-affected nodes, and overall hops increase. The results give a practical reference to the overall performance of RPL networks under rank attacks.
This document discusses ultra-reliable communication (URC) in 5G wireless systems. URC refers to providing a certain level of communication service almost 100% of the time. The document outlines two types of URC problems - long-term and short-term URC - and two types of reliability impairments. It argues that one key step towards enabling URC is revising how control information and data are encoded. The main objective is to define and solve new engineering challenges posed by URC in 5G networks.
Performance analysis of aodv protocol on blackhole attackMehedi
This document discusses the AODV routing protocol, black hole attacks against AODV, and analyzing AODV's performance under black hole attacks. It introduces AODV, explains why it is used, and outlines security issues. It then defines distributed denial of service (DDoS) and black hole attacks, describing how black holes work at the routing level to drop packets. The document concludes it will use a network simulator to analyze how black hole attacks affect AODV performance metrics.
This document describes a fast handoff scheme called NodeScan for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks. NodeScan aims to reduce handoff latency by taking advantage of wireless mesh network architecture. It maintains a list of active mesh nodes on the client and transmits authentication requests to all nodes on the list simultaneously instead of scanning channels. This allows the client to discover and connect to a new mesh node quickly. Experimental results on a wireless mesh testbed show that NodeScan can reduce handoff latency compared to standard scanning methods. The scheme requires only a client-side software upgrade to implement.
The document summarizes the SPEED routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. SPEED aims to provide soft real-time communication by maintaining a consistent delivery speed across the network. It uses stateless non-deterministic geographic forwarding and neighborhood feedback to route packets while balancing energy consumption and avoiding congestion. Simulation results using MATLAB show that SPEED achieves low miss ratios and end-to-end delays while balancing energy usage across nodes in the network.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new mechanism to detect and prevent selfish nodes exhibiting packet dropping attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The mechanism works by calculating the Local Forward Percentage (LFP) of nodes based on the Principle of Flow Conservation, and identifying paths with LFP below a threshold as malicious. It modifies the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol to suppress route replies for detected malicious paths, preventing those paths from being used for future data transmission. The mechanism aims to address limitations in existing acknowledgement-based schemes for detecting misbehaving nodes in MANETs.
The document defines various Ethernet LAN types (10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseT) based on transfer rate, signaling method, and cable characteristics. It also discusses the differences between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open in networking. Finally, it defines a Transmission Control Block (TCB) as a data structure used by TCP to store information about each network connection.
High Speed data transmission in medical body sensor network by reducing the d...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a survey on reducing delay in high speed data transmission in medical body sensor networks. It provides background on body sensor networks and discusses technologies used like Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) and 6LoWPAN. It then reviews related work on reducing handoff delay at the L2 and L3 network layers. The document proposes a new enhanced group mobility protocol and packet format to reduce signaling costs and handoff delay for sensors moving together. It involves grouping body sensors and carrying all of their binding information in single control messages. The goal is to improve energy efficiency, throughput and reduce packet delay for data transmission from medical body sensors.
Study and analysis vurnerability of aodv protocolMehedi
This document discusses security issues in the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. It describes various attacks against AODV like wormhole attacks, colluding misrelay attacks, replay attacks, and false route error messages. It also explains black hole attacks and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The document analyzes why AODV is vulnerable to such attacks due to its characteristics. It concludes that attacks like black hole attacks highly impact AODV's performance and proposes future work to simulate black hole attacks on AODV using a network simulator.
Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart CampusIJMER
The document discusses simulations of Zigbee-based wireless sensor networks using different topologies with static and dynamic positioning of the Zigbee coordinator node. The simulations analyzed the effect on throughput and end-to-end delay. Results showed that a tree topology with a mobile coordinator had the highest throughput. A mesh topology, whether with static or dynamic coordinator, produced the lowest end-to-end delay. The document concludes that making the coordinator node mobile generally provides better network performance than a static coordinator configuration.
This document provides summaries of key computer network terms:
1. 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT are Ethernet LANs that differ based on maximum transfer rate, cable length, number of segments, and cable type.
2. An unspecified passive open has a server waiting for a connection request, while a fully specified passive open waits for a specific client.
3. A Transmission Control Block (TCB) contains information about each network connection.
Mobile Network Layer protocols and mechanisms allow nodes to change their point of attachment to different networks while maintaining ongoing communication. Key concepts include:
- Mobile IP adds mobility support to IP, allowing nodes to use the same IP address even when changing networks. It relies on home agents and care-of addresses.
- Registration allows mobile nodes to inform their home agent of their current location when visiting foreign networks. Tunneling and encapsulation techniques are used to forward packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- Various routing protocols like DSDV have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks which have no fixed infrastructure and dynamic topologies.
A Comparison of Routing Protocol for WSNs: Redundancy Based Approach A Compar...ijeei-iaes
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with their dynamic applications gained a tremendous attention of researchers. Constant monitoring of critical situations attracted researchers to utilize WSNs at vast platforms. The main focus in WSNs is to enhance network localization as much as one could, for efficient and optimal utilization of resources. Different approaches based upon redundancy are proposed for optimum functionality. Localization is always related with redundancy of sensor nodes deployed at remote areas for constant and fault tolerant monitoring. In this work, we propose a comparison of classic flooding and the gossip protocol for homogenous networks which enhances stability and throughput quiet significantly.
1) The document describes the Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm for congestion control in computer networks. RED monitors average queue size and randomly drops packets before buffers get full to avoid congestion.
2) The author simulates a computer network using NS2 to test the performance of RED under different parameter settings. By varying RED parameters like minimum threshold, maximum threshold, and maximum drop probability, the author analyzes how it affects network performance metrics like drop count, efficiency, throughput, and delay.
3) The simulation involves defining a network topology with sources, sinks and a bottleneck link implementing RED. The author collects statistics from running the simulation and analyzes the results using scripting to understand the impact of RED parameters on
A Novel Acknowledgement based Intrusion Detection System for MANETsIJMER
In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs), a set of interacting nodes should cooperatively
implement the routing functions to enable end-to-end communication along dynamic paths composed by
multi-hop wireless links. Several multi-hop routing protocols have been proposed for ad hoc networks,
and most popular ones include: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR),
Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination- Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV).
Most of these protocols rely on the assumption of a trustworthy cooperation among all participating
nodes; unfortunately, this may not be a realistic assumption in real hosts. Malicious hosts could exploit
the weakness of MANET to launch various kinds of attacks. Node mobility on ad hoc network cannot be
restricted. As results, many Intrusion Detection System(IDS) solutions have been proposed for the wired
network, which they are defined on strategic points such as switches, gateways, and routers, can not be
implemented on the MANET. Thus, the wired network IDS characteristics must be modified prior to be
implemented in the ad hoc network. Thus an IDS should be added to enhance the security level of
MANETs. If MANET can detect the attackers as soon as they enter the network, we will be able to
completely eliminate the potential vulnerabilities caused by compromised nodes at the first time. IDSs
usually act as the second layer in MANETs. This paper presents an novel IDS for MANETs which is
based on acknowledgements.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment between IP networks while maintaining ongoing connections. It defines entities like mobile nodes, home agents, and foreign agents to facilitate IP packet delivery to the mobile node's current location. The key operations in Mobile IP are agent discovery, registration of the mobile node's new location with its home agent, and tunneling of packets from the home agent to the foreign agent or mobile node's care-of address.
The document describes 8 potential final year projects related to wireless networks and communication.
Project 1 involves developing a decremental algorithm for adaptive routing that incorporates real-time traveler information in dynamic networks.
Project 2 involves designing a global authentication system for distributed wireless networks.
Project 3 involves designing an IP-IP tunnel for remote authentication and resource utilization.
The remaining projects involve GSM encryption decryption, fault detection in wireless sensor networks, efficient code distribution in wireless sensor networks, and a novel agent-based user-network communication model for wireless sensor networks.
R1 is configured to use SNMP version 2 to communicate with a management station at IP address 192.168.1.3. However, the administrator is unable to get any information from R1. The problem is likely due to an issue with the ACL configuration that was applied to limit access to the SNMP community. The ACL permits traffic from 192.168.10.3 but it is unclear if this is the correct IP address for the management station.
This document contains answers to 35 questions related to computer networking concepts. Some key points addressed include:
- 10Base2, 10Base5, and 10BaseT are Ethernet LAN types defined by their maximum transfer rate and cabling used.
- An unspecified passive open has a server waiting for any client connection, while a fully specified passive open waits for a specific client.
- A TCB (Transmission Control Block) contains information about each network connection.
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) uses MIBs (Management Information Bases) to store device status, performance, and configuration data.
- Anonymous FTP allows users access files without a login for large public access.
A Survey on Secure Hierarchical LEACH Protocol over Wireless Sensor NetworkIJERD Editor
Wireless Sensor Network contain number of nodes. Lifetime of Sensor nodes depend on their battery
power, which cannot be reenergize. Thus, to save the node energy & lifetime of the Network energy efficient
LEACH protocol is introduced. Wireless sensor networks are facing many experiments such as the partial source
in processing power, storage and energy. The inadequate energy source is one of the main tasks facing the security
in such networks. LEACH doesn’t shield the safety harms. So we want to improve security scenario of Secure
LEACH protocol. Hierarchical or cluster base routing protocol for WSNs is the most energy-efficient among other
routing protocols. This paper shows different security mechanism used in LEACH protocol. This all protocol is
based on Hierarchical routing protocol. This paper shows basic scenario of security in LEACH.
A DYNAMIC ADDRESSING PROTOCOL ON CODE MESSAGES FOR AN UNDERWATER WIRELESS HAL...ijwmn
The document presents a new dynamic addressing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. The key points are:
1) The protocol avoids signal collisions at the receiver by having nodes transmit candidate addresses with random delays after receiving a request from the access point.
2) Addresses are approved if the access point receives an equivalent code, otherwise nodes generate new addresses.
3) No time synchronization is needed between nodes. The protocol accounts for acoustic channel properties like low speed and narrow bandwidth.
4) Simulations model signal propagation delays to determine if signals from multiple nodes overlap. Address approval and node localization can then be performed.
Cisco Certification Training Provides job oriented online training with ccna ccnp interview questions by real time CISCO Professionals who attend with us
A QoS Based MAC Protocol For Wireless Ad-hoc NetworkIJNSA Journal
Multimedia communication over wireless Ad-hoc networks has become the driving technology for many of the important applications, experiencing dramatic market growth and promising revolutionary experiences in personal communication, gaming, entertainment, military, security, environment monitoring, and more. The advances in wireless communications and growth of real-time applications have necessitated the development of wireless networks that can support high Quality of Service (QoS) and power control. A node in an ad hoc network is normally battery operated which poses a huge constraint on the power consumption of such a node. Hence, designing a power efficient MAC protocol for ad hoc wireless networks is a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a CDMA based power controlled medium access protocol for mobile and ad hoc network (MNA). The protocol conserves power and provides QoS guarantees for multimedia traffics. In that network one of the fundamental challenger in MANETs is how to increase the overall network throughputs well as reading the delay while maintaining how energy consumption for packet processing in communication. simulation results shows that the performance of the protocol with increase in traffic while QoS is better in terms of Energy consumption, throughput, & communication delay than existing protocol.
The document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes key OSPF concepts like link-state routing, shortest path first algorithm, areas, border routers, link-state advertisements, authentication, and route redistribution. It also covers OSPF configuration and design considerations for building large networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document defines various Ethernet LAN types (10Base2, 10Base5, 10BaseT) based on transfer rate, signaling method, and cable characteristics. It also discusses the differences between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open in networking. Finally, it defines a Transmission Control Block (TCB) as a data structure used by TCP to store information about each network connection.
High Speed data transmission in medical body sensor network by reducing the d...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a survey on reducing delay in high speed data transmission in medical body sensor networks. It provides background on body sensor networks and discusses technologies used like Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) and 6LoWPAN. It then reviews related work on reducing handoff delay at the L2 and L3 network layers. The document proposes a new enhanced group mobility protocol and packet format to reduce signaling costs and handoff delay for sensors moving together. It involves grouping body sensors and carrying all of their binding information in single control messages. The goal is to improve energy efficiency, throughput and reduce packet delay for data transmission from medical body sensors.
Study and analysis vurnerability of aodv protocolMehedi
This document discusses security issues in the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. It describes various attacks against AODV like wormhole attacks, colluding misrelay attacks, replay attacks, and false route error messages. It also explains black hole attacks and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The document analyzes why AODV is vulnerable to such attacks due to its characteristics. It concludes that attacks like black hole attacks highly impact AODV's performance and proposes future work to simulate black hole attacks on AODV using a network simulator.
Zigbee Based Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart CampusIJMER
The document discusses simulations of Zigbee-based wireless sensor networks using different topologies with static and dynamic positioning of the Zigbee coordinator node. The simulations analyzed the effect on throughput and end-to-end delay. Results showed that a tree topology with a mobile coordinator had the highest throughput. A mesh topology, whether with static or dynamic coordinator, produced the lowest end-to-end delay. The document concludes that making the coordinator node mobile generally provides better network performance than a static coordinator configuration.
This document provides summaries of key computer network terms:
1. 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT are Ethernet LANs that differ based on maximum transfer rate, cable length, number of segments, and cable type.
2. An unspecified passive open has a server waiting for a connection request, while a fully specified passive open waits for a specific client.
3. A Transmission Control Block (TCB) contains information about each network connection.
Mobile Network Layer protocols and mechanisms allow nodes to change their point of attachment to different networks while maintaining ongoing communication. Key concepts include:
- Mobile IP adds mobility support to IP, allowing nodes to use the same IP address even when changing networks. It relies on home agents and care-of addresses.
- Registration allows mobile nodes to inform their home agent of their current location when visiting foreign networks. Tunneling and encapsulation techniques are used to forward packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- Various routing protocols like DSDV have been developed for mobile ad hoc networks which have no fixed infrastructure and dynamic topologies.
A Comparison of Routing Protocol for WSNs: Redundancy Based Approach A Compar...ijeei-iaes
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with their dynamic applications gained a tremendous attention of researchers. Constant monitoring of critical situations attracted researchers to utilize WSNs at vast platforms. The main focus in WSNs is to enhance network localization as much as one could, for efficient and optimal utilization of resources. Different approaches based upon redundancy are proposed for optimum functionality. Localization is always related with redundancy of sensor nodes deployed at remote areas for constant and fault tolerant monitoring. In this work, we propose a comparison of classic flooding and the gossip protocol for homogenous networks which enhances stability and throughput quiet significantly.
1) The document describes the Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm for congestion control in computer networks. RED monitors average queue size and randomly drops packets before buffers get full to avoid congestion.
2) The author simulates a computer network using NS2 to test the performance of RED under different parameter settings. By varying RED parameters like minimum threshold, maximum threshold, and maximum drop probability, the author analyzes how it affects network performance metrics like drop count, efficiency, throughput, and delay.
3) The simulation involves defining a network topology with sources, sinks and a bottleneck link implementing RED. The author collects statistics from running the simulation and analyzes the results using scripting to understand the impact of RED parameters on
A Novel Acknowledgement based Intrusion Detection System for MANETsIJMER
In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks(MANETs), a set of interacting nodes should cooperatively
implement the routing functions to enable end-to-end communication along dynamic paths composed by
multi-hop wireless links. Several multi-hop routing protocols have been proposed for ad hoc networks,
and most popular ones include: Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Optimized Link-State Routing (OLSR),
Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Destination- Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV).
Most of these protocols rely on the assumption of a trustworthy cooperation among all participating
nodes; unfortunately, this may not be a realistic assumption in real hosts. Malicious hosts could exploit
the weakness of MANET to launch various kinds of attacks. Node mobility on ad hoc network cannot be
restricted. As results, many Intrusion Detection System(IDS) solutions have been proposed for the wired
network, which they are defined on strategic points such as switches, gateways, and routers, can not be
implemented on the MANET. Thus, the wired network IDS characteristics must be modified prior to be
implemented in the ad hoc network. Thus an IDS should be added to enhance the security level of
MANETs. If MANET can detect the attackers as soon as they enter the network, we will be able to
completely eliminate the potential vulnerabilities caused by compromised nodes at the first time. IDSs
usually act as the second layer in MANETs. This paper presents an novel IDS for MANETs which is
based on acknowledgements.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment between IP networks while maintaining ongoing connections. It defines entities like mobile nodes, home agents, and foreign agents to facilitate IP packet delivery to the mobile node's current location. The key operations in Mobile IP are agent discovery, registration of the mobile node's new location with its home agent, and tunneling of packets from the home agent to the foreign agent or mobile node's care-of address.
The document describes 8 potential final year projects related to wireless networks and communication.
Project 1 involves developing a decremental algorithm for adaptive routing that incorporates real-time traveler information in dynamic networks.
Project 2 involves designing a global authentication system for distributed wireless networks.
Project 3 involves designing an IP-IP tunnel for remote authentication and resource utilization.
The remaining projects involve GSM encryption decryption, fault detection in wireless sensor networks, efficient code distribution in wireless sensor networks, and a novel agent-based user-network communication model for wireless sensor networks.
R1 is configured to use SNMP version 2 to communicate with a management station at IP address 192.168.1.3. However, the administrator is unable to get any information from R1. The problem is likely due to an issue with the ACL configuration that was applied to limit access to the SNMP community. The ACL permits traffic from 192.168.10.3 but it is unclear if this is the correct IP address for the management station.
This document contains answers to 35 questions related to computer networking concepts. Some key points addressed include:
- 10Base2, 10Base5, and 10BaseT are Ethernet LAN types defined by their maximum transfer rate and cabling used.
- An unspecified passive open has a server waiting for any client connection, while a fully specified passive open waits for a specific client.
- A TCB (Transmission Control Block) contains information about each network connection.
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) uses MIBs (Management Information Bases) to store device status, performance, and configuration data.
- Anonymous FTP allows users access files without a login for large public access.
A Survey on Secure Hierarchical LEACH Protocol over Wireless Sensor NetworkIJERD Editor
Wireless Sensor Network contain number of nodes. Lifetime of Sensor nodes depend on their battery
power, which cannot be reenergize. Thus, to save the node energy & lifetime of the Network energy efficient
LEACH protocol is introduced. Wireless sensor networks are facing many experiments such as the partial source
in processing power, storage and energy. The inadequate energy source is one of the main tasks facing the security
in such networks. LEACH doesn’t shield the safety harms. So we want to improve security scenario of Secure
LEACH protocol. Hierarchical or cluster base routing protocol for WSNs is the most energy-efficient among other
routing protocols. This paper shows different security mechanism used in LEACH protocol. This all protocol is
based on Hierarchical routing protocol. This paper shows basic scenario of security in LEACH.
A DYNAMIC ADDRESSING PROTOCOL ON CODE MESSAGES FOR AN UNDERWATER WIRELESS HAL...ijwmn
The document presents a new dynamic addressing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. The key points are:
1) The protocol avoids signal collisions at the receiver by having nodes transmit candidate addresses with random delays after receiving a request from the access point.
2) Addresses are approved if the access point receives an equivalent code, otherwise nodes generate new addresses.
3) No time synchronization is needed between nodes. The protocol accounts for acoustic channel properties like low speed and narrow bandwidth.
4) Simulations model signal propagation delays to determine if signals from multiple nodes overlap. Address approval and node localization can then be performed.
Cisco Certification Training Provides job oriented online training with ccna ccnp interview questions by real time CISCO Professionals who attend with us
A QoS Based MAC Protocol For Wireless Ad-hoc NetworkIJNSA Journal
Multimedia communication over wireless Ad-hoc networks has become the driving technology for many of the important applications, experiencing dramatic market growth and promising revolutionary experiences in personal communication, gaming, entertainment, military, security, environment monitoring, and more. The advances in wireless communications and growth of real-time applications have necessitated the development of wireless networks that can support high Quality of Service (QoS) and power control. A node in an ad hoc network is normally battery operated which poses a huge constraint on the power consumption of such a node. Hence, designing a power efficient MAC protocol for ad hoc wireless networks is a major challenge. In this paper, we propose a CDMA based power controlled medium access protocol for mobile and ad hoc network (MNA). The protocol conserves power and provides QoS guarantees for multimedia traffics. In that network one of the fundamental challenger in MANETs is how to increase the overall network throughputs well as reading the delay while maintaining how energy consumption for packet processing in communication. simulation results shows that the performance of the protocol with increase in traffic while QoS is better in terms of Energy consumption, throughput, & communication delay than existing protocol.
The document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes key OSPF concepts like link-state routing, shortest path first algorithm, areas, border routers, link-state advertisements, authentication, and route redistribution. It also covers OSPF configuration and design considerations for building large networks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses classifying user preferences of web learning systems using a neural network with genetic algorithm optimization. It begins with an abstract describing using cognitive attributes from user questionnaires to train classifiers to identify areas for improving a web learning system's layout. A multilayer perceptron neural network was proposed to classify user preferences, and genetic algorithm was used to optimize the neural network parameters to improve performance. 182 students were given questionnaires assessing their cognitive responses to known and unknown subjects on a learning website to collect training data for the proposed genetically optimized neural network classifier.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document describes a DFT-based approach for reducing switching activity during scan shift testing of circuits. It begins with an analysis of switching activity during normal operation versus scan testing, finding that scan shift activity is approximately 2.5 times higher than normal operation. It then proposes a method that modifies the RTL description to "freeze" some scan cell outputs during scan shift by inserting additional logic gates. This is done at the RTL level before synthesis so that timing closure can be automatically handled. The goal is to reduce scan shift power by preventing transitions from propagating while minimizing additional hardware overhead.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Minimizing mobiles communication time using modified binary exponential backo...IJCNCJournal
The domain of wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) is growing speedily as a consequence of
developments in digital communications technology. The early adopters of this technology have mainly
been vertical application that places a premium on the mobility offered by such systems. Examples of these
types of applications consist of stocking control in depot environments, point of sale terminals, and rental
car check-in. Furthermore to the mobility that becomes possible with wireless LANs; these systems have
also been used in environments where cable installation is expensive or impractical. Such environments
include manufacturing floors, trading floors on stock exchanges, conventions and trade shows, and historic
buildings. With the increasing propagation of wireless LANs comes the need for standardization so as to
allow interoperability for an increasingly mobile workforce. Despite all the advantages and facilities that
Wi-FI offers, there is still the delay problem that is due to many reasons that are introduced in details in
our case study which also presents the solutions and simulation that can reduce this delay for better
performance of the wireless networks
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of wired and wireless local area networks using simulation. It describes simulating Ethernet and IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs in OPNET with varying numbers of users. Key performance metrics for wired networks like collision count, throughput, and delay were analyzed. For wireless, metrics like data dropped, throughput, and access delay were studied. As the number of users increased, throughput decreased more for wireless than wired due to transmission limitations in wireless. The paper concludes wireless performs better than wired for small user numbers but degrades more with increasing loads.
Performance improvement of bottleneck link in red vegas over heterogeneous ne...eSAT Journals
1. The document discusses performance improvement of the bottleneck link in RED Vegas over heterogeneous networks. RED Vegas is a variant of TCP Vegas that can better detect random packet losses.
2. It analyzes factors that affect wireless TCP performance such as limited bandwidth, long round trip times, random losses, user mobility, and short flows. It also covers congestion control mechanisms like RED and compares TCP Reno and Vegas.
3. The key findings are that RED Vegas reacts appropriately to losses, improving throughput over heterogeneous networks. It also under-utilizes bandwidth less when random loss rates are high by improving the fast recovery mechanism.
Performance improvement of bottleneck link in red vegas over heterogeneous ne...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Different Issues and Survey of Proposed Solutions in TCP over Wireless Enviro...Ranjeet Bidwe
This document discusses issues with using TCP in wireless networks and proposed solutions. The main issues are higher bit error rates, lower bandwidth, mobility, and longer round trip times in wireless networks compared to wired networks. TCP was designed for wired networks and assumes packet loss is always due to congestion, but in wireless networks loss can occur for other reasons like bit errors, handoffs, or disconnections. This wrong assumption causes TCP to reduce its window size unnecessarily, degrading performance. The document surveys proposed solutions like Snoop to cache packets at base stations to hide losses from the sender, and Explicit Congestion Notification to signal congestion before queue overflows.
Security-aware fair transmission scheme for 802.11 based cognitive IoT IJECEIAES
Cognitive IoT is exponentially increased because of various real time and robust applications with sensor networks and big data analysis. Each IoT protocol of network layer can be RPL, COAP and so on based on IETF standards. But still collision problems and security-aware fair transmission on top of scalable IoT devices were not solved enough. In the open wireless LAN system based cognitive IoTs, IoT node that is continuously being stripped of its transmission opportunity will continue to accumulate packets to be sent in the butter and spoofing attacks will not allow the data transfer opportunities to be fair. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method to reduce the average wait time of all packets in the system by dynamically controlling the contention window (CW) in a wireless LAN based cognitive IoT environment where there are nodes that do not have fair transmission opportunities due to spoofing attacks. Through the performance evaluation, we have proved that the proposed technique improves up to 80% in terms of various performance evaluation than the basic WLAN 802.11 based IoT.
This document summarizes a research paper on reducing packet loss in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The paper discusses how MANETs are vulnerable to various security threats like black hole attacks that can cause packet dropping. It evaluates existing authentication schemes like ACK-based schemes that have overhead issues. The paper then proposes a modified ACK-based scheme using finite state automata to overcome decision ambiguity and minimize packet dropping while authenticating nodes in the MANET. Simulation results show that the proposed approach improves packet delivery ratio, throughput and reduces routing load compared to not using secure authentication.
Computer networks have experienced an explosive growth over the past few years, which has lead to some severe congestion problems. Reliable protocols like TCP works well in wired networks where loss occurs mostly because of congestion. However, in wireless networks, loss occurs because of bit rates and handoffs too. TCP responds all losses by congestion control and avoidance algorithms, which results in degradation of TCP’s End-To-End performance in wireless networks. This paper discusses different issues and problems regarding use of TCP in wireless networks and provides comprehensive survey of various schemes to improve performance of TCP in Wireless Networks.
Chapter 8 the role of networking in manufacturingN. A. Sutisna
This document discusses data communication and networking in manufacturing systems. It covers local area network concepts like topologies, protocols, and addressing. The most common high-level network topologies for manufacturing are bus structures and star networks. Bus networks offer flexibility in cable utilization but contention is an issue. Ring and star networks are also discussed along with techniques for resolving contention like CSMA/CD and token passing.
1. The document proposes a new routing approach called TCN SmartFlow that uses multiple paths in Clos network topologies when links are congested to improve performance and bandwidth utilization.
2. TCN SmartFlow is implemented as an application on Broadcom's ICOS network operating system using its OpEN API. This allows third-party developers to modify the routing behavior.
3. A proof-of-concept study showed that TCN SmartFlow running on ICOS improved the completion time of a Hadoop data ingestion job by 30% and allowed 40% more traffic for the same response time, demonstrating its ability to better utilize network resources.
Adhoc mobile wireless network enhancement based on cisco devicesIJCNCJournal
This document discusses enhancing the performance of ad hoc wireless networks using Cisco devices. It proposes using Cisco routers and access points to create a three-layer ad hoc network with endpoints, intermediate coordinators, and a core router layer for improved processing, reliability, cost, power consumption, and accessibility. It then outlines various protocols and configurations that could be implemented using Cisco devices, including NAT, ACLs, DHCP, and wireless security settings. Diagrams and tables show an example network topology and device IP addresses and configurations.
This study evaluated the performance of full duplex and half duplex modes in a wired local area network (LAN) with four nodes. The network was simulated using OPNET software. When full duplex mode was implemented, the traffic received increased and the bit error rate reduced to zero. However, with half duplex mode, traffic received was lower and the bit error rate increased. Therefore, the results validated that full duplex mode should be used to achieve better quality of service in terms of high traffic and low error rates in a wired LAN.
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This an assignment about
Data_Communications_and_networking
OS I model
university of Sri Jayawardenepura (Dept.of.IT)
2nd year 2nd semester
Thank you,
The document provides an overview of Janet Abbate's book "Inventing the Internet" which explores the history of the development of the Internet from 1959 to 1994. The book examines the social and cultural factors influencing the Internet's evolution from ARPANET to a global network. It analyzes how the Internet was shaped by collaboration and conflict between various players including government, military, computer scientists, and businesses. The author traces the technological development of the Internet and links it to organizational, social, and cultural changes during that period.
The document describes a delay-tolerant networking (DTN) architecture that can address challenges in networks that may lack continuous connectivity. It proposes an overlay network that uses messages as the primary data unit and can operate across disconnected regions. Key aspects include name-based routing, custody transfer for reliability, application interfaces designed for asynchronous communication, and security mechanisms. The goal is to provide interoperability across heterogeneous networks in extreme environments.
11.a review of improvement in tcp congestion control using route failure det...Alexander Decker
This summary provides an overview of a document that reviews several algorithms aimed at improving TCP congestion control and addressing route failures in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs).
The document begins with an introduction to MANETs and the issues they present for TCP, as TCP was designed for wired networks and interprets all packet losses as congestion. It then analyzes and compares five different algorithms that have been proposed to help TCP distinguish between losses due to route failures versus congestion. These algorithms aim to improve network performance metrics like throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay. The document concludes that while these algorithms approach the problem of route failures and TCP performance degradation in different ways, their overall goal is the
Investigation of Clock Synchronization Techniques and its Performance Impact ...ijctet
This document summarizes research on clock synchronization techniques in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It begins by defining MANETs and explaining why time synchronization is important. It then discusses challenges in time synchronization due to clock imperfections and variable network delays. The document reviews existing clock synchronization methods like burst transmission and clock sampling. It also covers characteristics of MANETs like dynamic topology. Finally, it surveys previous research on time synchronization algorithms for MANETs, including a decentralized algorithm that achieves fast convergence times and high accuracy.
Comparative study of various voip applications in 802.11 a wireless network s...ijmnct
Today, Voice over Wireless Local Area Network (VOWLAN) is the most accepted Internet application.
There are a large number of literatures regarding the performance of various WLAN networks. Most of
them focus on simulations and modeling, but there are also some experiments with real networks. This
paper explains the comparison of performance of two different VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
applications over the same IEEE 802.11a wireless network. Radio link standard 802.11a have maximum
transmission rate of 54Mbps. First protocol is session initiation protocol (SIP) and second is H.323
protocol. First one has an agent called SIP proxy. Second have a gateway reflects the characteristics of a
Switched Circuit Network (SCN). With this comparison we have required to obtain a better understanding
of wireless network suitability for voice communication in IP network.
Improved SCTP Scheme To Overcome Congestion Losses Over ManetIJERA Editor
Transmission control conventions have been utilized for data transmission process. TCP has been pre-possessed
for information transmission over wired correspondence having diverse transfer speeds and message delays over
the system. TCP gives correspondence utilizing 3-handshake which sends RTS and ACK originate from server
end and information message has been transmitted over the data transmission gave. This does not give security
over flooding assault happened on the system. TCP gives correspondence between distinctive hubs of the wired
correspondence however when multi-spilling happens in a system TCP does not gives legitimate throughput of
the framework which is significant issue that happened in the past framework. In the proposed work, to beat this
issue SCTP and Improved SCTP transmission control convention has been executed for the framework
execution of the framework. SCTP gives 4-handshake correspondence in the message transmit and improved
SCTP gives the performance when the queue length comes to its full value then it divides the message to other
nodes because of which security element get expansions and this likewise gives correspondence administrations
over multi-spilling and multi-homing. Numerous sender and recipients can impart over wired system utilizing
different methodologies of correspondence through same routers, which debases in the TCP convention. In last
we assess parameters for execution assessment. Here, we composed and actualized our proving ground utilizing
Network Simulator (NS-2.35) to test the execution of both Routing conventions.
A Comprehensive Study on Vehicular Ad-Hoc Delay Tolerant Networking for Infra...inventionjournals
Generally, traditional networks presume the presence of some path between endpoints. Today, however, new applications, environments and types of devices are challenging these assumptions. In Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs), an end-to-end path from source to destination may not exist. Nodes may connect and exchange their information in an opportunistic way. This book represents a broad overview of DTNs, particularly focusing on Vehicular Ad-hoc DTNs, their main characteristics, challenges and our research on this field. In the near future, cars are expected to be equipped with devices that will allow them to communicate wirelessly i.e. Wi-Fi. However, there will be strict restrictions to the duration of their connections with other vehicles, whereas the conditions of their links will greatly vary; DTNs as well as Ad-hoc DTNs present an attractive solution. Therefore, Vehicular Ad-hoc DTNs constitute an attractive research field. For practical implementation, we have used two Android devices for a little range of Wi-Fi. So, by this we are trying to give us better accuracy to go further. Thorough out this document, we have mentioned those techniques we came across and also those techniques and algorithms that we used in our proposed method.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
1. K Al-Adhal et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1048-1053
www.ijera.com
RESEARCH ARTICLE
OPEN ACCESS
Performance of Handover in Mobile IP Networks
Khaled Mahmood Al-Adhal,
Dr. S. S. Tyagi
Department of CSE, Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Professor, CSE, FET
MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL UNNIVERSITY
Abstract
Mobile IP Protocol (MIP) is an old protocol and it is a Standard Protocol that allows users to maintain non-stop
connectivity with their home address regardless of physical movement. In this paper we study handoff in mobile
IP networks and Mobile IP Protocol Extensions for Handoff Latency Minimization [9].
Keywords: Mobile IP, Fast Handoff, Roaming, Eager cell switching, Lazy cell switching.
I.
Introduction
The IP is expected to become the main
carrier of traffic to mobile and wireless nodes. This
includes ordinary data traffic like HTTP, FTP, and email, as well as voice, video, and other time-sensitive
data. To support mobile users, the basic Internet
protocols have been extended with protocols for
intercepting and forwarding packets to a mobile and
possibly roaming node. Seamless roaming requires
that users and applications do not experience loss of
connectivity or any noticeable hiccups in traffic. This
is not only important for time-sensitive traffic, but
also for TCP based traffic, as TCP performance is
highly sensitive to packet loss and reordering.
It is therefore imperative that a handoff is
initiated in such a way that network connectivity is
maintained for the longest possible period of time,
and that the handoff latency and packet loss is
minimized [3].
However, little is known about the performance of the
Mobile IP in an actual network. In particular, it is not
understood how different handoff initiation
algorithms influence essential performance metrics
like the packet loss and the duration of a handoff.
II.
Hand off Initiation
The Mobile IPv6 specification [6] contains only a
weak specification of handoff initiation algorithms.
Two conceptually simple handoff initiation
algorithms that have gained considerable interest are
ECS1 andLCS2 [3]. Both operate at the network layer
without requiring information from the lower (link)
layers.
A handoff algorithm has three major responsibilities:
1. Detecting and quality assessing available
networks
2. Deciding whether to perform a handoff, and
3. Executing the handoff.
Handoff initiation consists of the first two activities.
A seamless handoff requires that no packets are lost
as a consequence of the handoff. In general, it is also
desirable that packets are not reordered, duplicated, or
extraordinarily delayed.
First consider the scenarios depicted in Figure 1.
A
A
B
B
(a)
(b)
Figure1 A node moves from point A to B:
(a) Seamless hand off technologically possible,
(b) Seamless hand off possible, but not performed.
Here the ranges of two wireless networks (1
and 2) are depicted as circles. A mobile user moves
from point A to point B. In the situation shown in
Figure 1(a), where the networks do not overlap, no
Mobile IP handoff initiation algorithm could avoid
www.ijera.com
losing packets (one might imagine a very elaborate
infrastructure where packets were multicast to all
possible handoff targets and that packets could be
stored there until the mobile node arrives, but even
then a long period without network access would
1048 | P a g e
2. K Al-Adhal et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1048-1053
most likely be noted by the user). In the situation
shown in Figure 1(a), where the networks overlap
sufficiently), seamless handoff is possible.
Figure 1(b) shows that there are situations where a
handoff is possible, but not desirable. ECS
proactively initiates a handoff every time a new
network prefix is learned in a router advertisement.
Conversely, LCS acts reactively by not initiating a
handoff before the primary network is confirmed to
be unreachable. When the lifetime of the primary
network expires, LCS probes the current default
router to see if it is still reachable. If not, a handoff to
www.ijera.com
another network is initiated. Consider what happens
when ECS and LCS are subjected to the movement in
Figure 1(a).
Figure2 illustrates a timeline for LCS where
significant events have been pointed out. The first
event is that network 2 gets within range. However,
the mobile node cannot, in general, observe this
before it receives a router advertisement from
network 2. This results in a network discovery delay.
LCS does not yet per form a handoff. Next, network
1 gets out of range [6].
Handoff latency
Network
discovery time
Network2
Within
range
Network loss
discovery time
Network2
discovered
Network1
out of range
Perform
Handoff
Handoff
initiate
Newpoint of
attachment
established
TIime
Figure2 LCS
This cannot, in general, be detected
immediately, as this requires active communication
with the base station, and it gives rise to a network
loss discovery delay. LCS declares the network
unreachable when the lifetime of the last received
router advertisement has expired and the following
probing is unsuccessful. LCS then hands off to one of
the alternative networks known to it through router
advertisements—in this case network 2—and thus
establish a new point of attachment. Thus, LCS will
lose packets in the handoff latency interval.
The behavior of ECS is illustrated in Figure3).
Handoff latency
Network
discovery time
Network2
Within
range
Network2
discovered
Handoff initiated
Perform Handoff
Network1
out of range
New point of
attachment
established
TIime
Figure3 ECS
ECS handoff immediately when a new
network is discovered. If the mobile node has an
interface that is capable of receiving from the old
network while attaching to the new, a seamless
handoff can be performed provided a sufficient
network overlap.
The performance of ECS thus depends on
the frequency with which access routers are
broadcasting router advertisements. Similarly, LCS
also depends on the frequency of broadcasted router
advertisements, but additionally depends on the
lifetime of network prefixes and probing time. The
theory and data needed to decide what handoff
initiation algorithms to use in what circumstances,
how to tune protocol parameters, and where to put
optimization efforts, are missing.
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Both ECS and LCS are very simple-minded
approaches. PCS is our proposal for a more
intelligent handoff initiation algorithm that also
considers measured signal-to-noise ratio and roundtrip time to access routers [8].
Periodically (currently every 0.5 second) the
algorithm sends an echo request to the default router
a tall available networks. The default routers are
expected to reply to the echo. These echo requests are
sent for three reasons:
1. It is only possible to measure the SNR of a link to
a network if there is traffic at the network.
2. It can be determined faster that a network has
become unreachable than by monitoring the lifetime
of network prefixes.
3. The round-trip time is an indication of the capacity
of a network.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1048-1053
(Home Agent) from which the HA would “guess” the
real IP address of the MN. Further, the MN would
use a dedicated destination port to tell the HA that it
is communicating from behind a NAT.
Handoffs between subnets served by
different FAs1 (L3 handoffs) require a change of the
CoA (Care of address) and a succeeding registration
of the new CoA with the HA [6]. This process takes
some nonzero time to complete as the Registration
Request propagates through the network. During this
period of time the MN is not able to send or receive
IP packets. The latency involved in Layer 3 handoffs
can be above the threshold required for the support of
delay-sensitive or real-time services. IETF is working
on several drafts, which propose methods to achieve
low-latency Mobile IP handoffs. The methods are
explained in the following.
Parametric cell switching only performs
handoff when a significantly better network is
available .The cost of using the PCS algorithm is a
slightly increased network load.
III.
Mobile IP Protocol Extensions for
Handoff Latency Minimization
When using Mobile IP, the movement of a
MN away from its home link is transparent to
transport and higher-layer protocols and applications,
since the IP address of the communicating nodes
remains the same at all times. Therefore, the MN
(Mobile Node) may easily continue communication
with other nodes after moving to a new link. At least
in theory. There are cases in which it is not possible
for the MN to keep its IP address after a handoff [11].
For example when the MN operates in private
address networks which are separated from the public
Internet by Network Address Translation (NAT)
devices, which is not an uncommon case.
The basic idea is that the MN would use a
specific source port for the communication with HA
Mobile node
L2-Link
Down
Trigger
Old Foreign Agent
L2Source
Trigger
New Foreign Agent
Home Agent
Hardware Request
Hardware Reply
L2-Link
Down
Trigger
L2-Link
Up
Trigger
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Forward
Packet
L2-Link
Up
Trigger
Registration Reply
Registration Request
Developer Packet
Registration Reply
Registration Reply
Figure4 Pre-Registration Handoff
IV.
Low Latency Handoffs in Mobile IPv4
In described two techniques, which allow
greater support for real-time services on a Mobile
IPv4network by minimizing the period of time when
a MN is unable to send or receive IPv4 packets due to
the delay in the Mobile IPv4 registration process.
The L3 handoff can be either networkinitiated or mobile-initiated. Accordingly, L2 triggers
can be used both in the MN and in the FAs to trigger
particular L3handoff events.
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V.
Pre-Registration handoff method
This handoff method allows the MN to
communicate with the New Foreign Agent (nFA)
while still connected to the Old Foreign Agent (oFA)
[2].
This way, the MN is able to “pre-build” its
registration state on the nFA prior to an underlying
L2 handoff.
• Network-Initiated Handoff
A network initiated handoff can be source
triggered (Figure3) or target triggered (Figure5),
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depending on whether oFA (source trigger case) or
nFA (target trigger case) receives an L2 trigger
informing it about a certain MN's upcoming
movement from oFA to nFA. In both cases the
mobile node receives a Proxy Router Advertisement
message (PrRtAdv), which contains information
about the nFA. Upon reception of an PrRtAdv
message the MN starts registration with nFA by
Mobile Node
Old Foreign Agent
sending it a Registration Request message. This
message has to be routed through oFA since the MN
is not directly connected to nFA prior to the L2
handoff [1].
The nFA performs the registration of the MN with
the HA and buffers the Registration Reply until the
MN completes the L2 handoff and connects to nFA.
New Foreign Agent
PrRlAdv
Agent Advertisement Tunneled Via oFA
Registration Request
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Routed Via oFA
Home Agent
L2-Link Target Trigger
Registration Request
Buffered
Registration Reply
L2-Link
UP
Trigger
Agent Solicitation
Registration Reply
Figure5 Pre-Registration Handoff - Network Initiated, Target Trigger
Mobile Node
Old Foreign Agent
New Foreign Agent
Home Agent
PrRlSo
PrRlAdv
Routed Via oFA
Registration Request
Registration Request
Buffered
Registration Reply
L2-Link
UP
Trigger
Agent Solicitation
Registration Reply
Figure6 Pre-Registration Handoff -Mobile Initiated
Router Solicitation "(PrRtSol) message to oFA. The
solicitation message must contain an Id entire of nFA
VI.
Mobile-Initiated handover
(i.e. nFA's IPv4 address). oFA replies to the MN with
A mobile-initiated handoff (Figure6) occurs
aPrRtAdv
message
containing
the
agent
when a trigger is received at the MN to inform that it
advertisement for the requested nFA. In order to
will shortly move to nFA. The L2 trigger contains
expedite the handoff, the actual nFA advertisement
information such as the nFA's identifier (i.e. it's
IPv4address).
As a consequence of the L2 trigger, the MN
begins registration with nFA by sending the Proxy
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can be cached by oFA, following a previous
communication between the two [5].
Such caching can be done in a pre-soliciting
process of known FAs to avoid performing the
solicitation during an actual handoff procedure. In
case that oFA does not have cached information
about nFA it has to make an PrRtSol-PrRtAdv
exchange with nFA in order to obtain the
information. The rest of the registration process is
similar to the network-initiated cases [10].
VII.
contains the MN's L2 address and an identifier for the
other FA (i.e., the other FA's IPv4address). The two
FAs make a Handoff Request (HRqst) - Handoff
Reply (HRply) exchange. The exchange triggers the
initialization of a bi-directional tunnel between the
two [4].
The point during the L2 handoff in which
the MN is no longer connected on a given link is
signaled by an Layer 2 Link Down Trigger (L2-LD)
trigger at oFA and MN. The completion of the L2
handoff is signaled by an Layer 2 Link Up Trigger
(L2-LU) trigger at nFA and MN. The trigger is
handled as follows:
a.) When oFA receives the L2LD trigger, it begins
forwarding packets to MN through the forward tunnel
to nFA.
b.) When the nFA receives the L2LU trigger,
delivering packets tunneled from oFA to MN and
forwards outstanding packets from MN using normal
routing mechanisms or through a reverse tunnel to
oFA or the HA.
c.) When the MN receives the L2LU, it initiates the
registration process with nFA by soliciting an agent
advertisement. After registration, the nFA takes over
the role of default foreign agent for the MN.
Post-Registration handoff method
This extension proposes the setup of a
tunnel between nFA and oFA, thus it allows the MN
to continue using its oFA while on nFA's subnet. This
enables a rapid establishment of service at the new
point of attachment which minimizes the impact on
real-time applications. The MN must eventually
perform a registration, but it can do this after
communication with the nFA is established.
The handoff process starts with either oFA
or nFA receiving an L2 trigger informing it that a
certain MN is about to move from oFA to nFA. In the
former case the trigger is called Layer 2 Source
Trigger (L2ST) and in the latter case Layer 2 Target
Trigger (L2TT) to indicate whether the trigger is
made in the previous network (source) or the
destination network (target) of the MN. The trigger
Mobile node
L2-Link
Down
Trigger
Old Foreign Agent
L2Source
Trigger
New Foreign Agent
Home Agent
Hardware Request
Hardware Reply
L2-Link
Down
Trigger
L2-Link
Up
Trigger
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Forward
Packet
L2-Link
Up
Trigger
Registration Reply
Registration Request
Developer Packet
Registration Reply
Registration Reply
Figure7 Post-Registration Handoff -Source Trigger
Figure7 shows the Post-Registration
process after a source trigger. The only difference
in the target trigger case is that nFA initializes the
handoff [3].
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VIII.
Conclusions
There are a number of important metrics
that should be considered when evaluating the
performance of a handoff initiation strategy as
experienced by a mobile node:
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