International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Summer training project on drilling fluid at ongc pptKeshar Saini
This project “Study of drill cutting and Formulation of drilling fluid.” was performed in R&D LAB, Institute of drilling technology, ONGC, dehradun. Study of drill cutting is done in terms of CST(capillary suction time), MBC(Methylene Blue Capacity) and XRD(X-ray diffraction).
• Later than several drilling fluid with different formulation are prepared and several tests (like Rheology Test, Lubricity Test, API Filter press, Linear swell Test and pH test) are performed on drilling fluid to check the suitability of it on drill cutting. Thus the suitable formulation of drilling fluid is found.
Rheology model 900 viscometer Mud Engineering Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Rheology model 900 viscometer by jarjis
Experiment Number 7: Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Viscosity and yield point exp. by jarjis
Experiment Number 5: Yield Point.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
Determine Plastic Viscosity, Apparent Viscosity, And Yield point of a drilling fluid (mud) by using Fann VG viscometer.
=============
This a report about Filtration. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Abstract
This experiment was about drilling fluid contamination test. In this test we were studying the effect of contamination of monovalent chemicals (NaCl and KCl) and divalent chemicals that cause contamination are calcium sulfate (CaSO), cement (Ca (OH), and Gypsum (CaSO-2HO). In this experiment study the effect of contamination of KCL to the density, Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point of water-based mud was conducted. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. Intertek determines the true nature of formation oil recovered and the degree of contamination by water-based drill mud. Drilling clients need to understand if oil recovered during a series of Repeat Formation Tests (RFT) was naturally occurring formation fluid or oil-based mud, and if both were present, the degree of contamination from the drilling mud. Testing petroleum reservoir fluids and drilling mud for accuracy brings benefits when determining possible drill mud contamination.
Summer training project on drilling fluid at ongc pptKeshar Saini
This project “Study of drill cutting and Formulation of drilling fluid.” was performed in R&D LAB, Institute of drilling technology, ONGC, dehradun. Study of drill cutting is done in terms of CST(capillary suction time), MBC(Methylene Blue Capacity) and XRD(X-ray diffraction).
• Later than several drilling fluid with different formulation are prepared and several tests (like Rheology Test, Lubricity Test, API Filter press, Linear swell Test and pH test) are performed on drilling fluid to check the suitability of it on drill cutting. Thus the suitable formulation of drilling fluid is found.
Rheology model 900 viscometer Mud Engineering Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Rheology model 900 viscometer by jarjis
Experiment Number 7: Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Viscosity and yield point exp. by jarjis
Experiment Number 5: Yield Point.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
Determine Plastic Viscosity, Apparent Viscosity, And Yield point of a drilling fluid (mud) by using Fann VG viscometer.
=============
This a report about Filtration. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Abstract
This experiment was about drilling fluid contamination test. In this test we were studying the effect of contamination of monovalent chemicals (NaCl and KCl) and divalent chemicals that cause contamination are calcium sulfate (CaSO), cement (Ca (OH), and Gypsum (CaSO-2HO). In this experiment study the effect of contamination of KCL to the density, Plastic Viscosity and Yield Point of water-based mud was conducted. a range of instruments were used such Mud mixer, Mud balance, Thermometer, Remoter, Filter press, Graduated cylinder, pH meter / pH paper, Aging cell, Rotating oven and litter cup, Viscometer and Venire calliper. All these materials were used in order to understand the reasons why the mud varies and to know with precision the different properties that the fluids have. Intertek determines the true nature of formation oil recovered and the degree of contamination by water-based drill mud. Drilling clients need to understand if oil recovered during a series of Repeat Formation Tests (RFT) was naturally occurring formation fluid or oil-based mud, and if both were present, the degree of contamination from the drilling mud. Testing petroleum reservoir fluids and drilling mud for accuracy brings benefits when determining possible drill mud contamination.
it is a benficial slide who wants to know about the drilling fluids and the rhelogical aspects of the drilling fluids. the things are clear and very clear in this slide and this slide is very beneficial for the one who know basics of drilling fluids in a knowledgeable way
Gel Strength Exp. Drilling Engineering, Mud Lab, Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Gel Strength by jarjis
Experiment Number 6: Gel Strength.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Gel Strength. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Effect of Temperature on Sliding Wear Mechanism under Lubrication ConditionsCSCJournals
Experimental program using ball-on-cylinder tester has been conducted to investigate the effects of temperature, normal load, sliding speed and type of lubricating oil on sliding wear mechanism. The worn surfaces and debris have been examined. Surface examination of the tested samples using scanning electron microscope SEM was used to study the wear particles and the wear surfaces. The results show that the temperature of the oils affects the probability of adhesion, oxidation, wear rates, and friction coefficient. At room temperature (40oC) and under lubrication conditions, friction and wear decreases with the increase of the running time. The increase in applied normal load tends to reduce the friction in all types of oils. The phosphorated oil SAE 90 was superior in minimizing friction and wear as compared with other oils. The results have shown that the lubricant temperature has a significant role in wear mechanism.
Introduction to Drilling Fluid /or Mud used to drill Oil and Gas Wells into the sub-surface Hydrocarbon Reservoir. Overview of the rheological properties and general description.
Abstract: Bagasse is a cellulose fiber remaining after the extraction of the sugar-bearing juice from sugarcane. It is a valuable byproduct in sugar milling and is often used as a primary fuel source due to its high calorific value required to supply most energy requirement for most sugar factory operations. The burning of baggase leaves solid black particles known as sugar cane baggase ash (SCBA). Utilization of this waste material as partial replacement of cement in concrete provides a satisfactory solution to some of the economical, environmental and concerns associated with waste management. SCBA is normally disposed as landfills, exposure to these dusts causes chronic lung condition and its application on agricultural lands results to heavy metals concentrations in soils. It has been reported by several researchers that SCBA has intrinsic characteristic such as high content of silica in the form of quartz. This research mainly focused on SCBA disposed as solid wastes from Nzoia Sugar Company, Bungoma County in western Kenya. The research design adopted was Experimental. Granulometric indices of SCBA were determined through sieving the samples and weight retained. Strength Activity Index test, was used to assess the Pozzolanic activity of SCBA. Results showed that SCBA exhibits high Pozzolanic activity, hence can be used as a substitute cementitious material.
This experiment will explain a procedure to get drilling mud with a range of density that requires for maintaining the borehole pressure as drilling goes dipper, the objective is generating a drilling mud; then it requires to rise the density by 0.1ppg and getting a drilling mud that is more dens.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
it is a benficial slide who wants to know about the drilling fluids and the rhelogical aspects of the drilling fluids. the things are clear and very clear in this slide and this slide is very beneficial for the one who know basics of drilling fluids in a knowledgeable way
Gel Strength Exp. Drilling Engineering, Mud Lab, Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Gel Strength by jarjis
Experiment Number 6: Gel Strength.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Gel Strength. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
Effect of Temperature on Sliding Wear Mechanism under Lubrication ConditionsCSCJournals
Experimental program using ball-on-cylinder tester has been conducted to investigate the effects of temperature, normal load, sliding speed and type of lubricating oil on sliding wear mechanism. The worn surfaces and debris have been examined. Surface examination of the tested samples using scanning electron microscope SEM was used to study the wear particles and the wear surfaces. The results show that the temperature of the oils affects the probability of adhesion, oxidation, wear rates, and friction coefficient. At room temperature (40oC) and under lubrication conditions, friction and wear decreases with the increase of the running time. The increase in applied normal load tends to reduce the friction in all types of oils. The phosphorated oil SAE 90 was superior in minimizing friction and wear as compared with other oils. The results have shown that the lubricant temperature has a significant role in wear mechanism.
Introduction to Drilling Fluid /or Mud used to drill Oil and Gas Wells into the sub-surface Hydrocarbon Reservoir. Overview of the rheological properties and general description.
Abstract: Bagasse is a cellulose fiber remaining after the extraction of the sugar-bearing juice from sugarcane. It is a valuable byproduct in sugar milling and is often used as a primary fuel source due to its high calorific value required to supply most energy requirement for most sugar factory operations. The burning of baggase leaves solid black particles known as sugar cane baggase ash (SCBA). Utilization of this waste material as partial replacement of cement in concrete provides a satisfactory solution to some of the economical, environmental and concerns associated with waste management. SCBA is normally disposed as landfills, exposure to these dusts causes chronic lung condition and its application on agricultural lands results to heavy metals concentrations in soils. It has been reported by several researchers that SCBA has intrinsic characteristic such as high content of silica in the form of quartz. This research mainly focused on SCBA disposed as solid wastes from Nzoia Sugar Company, Bungoma County in western Kenya. The research design adopted was Experimental. Granulometric indices of SCBA were determined through sieving the samples and weight retained. Strength Activity Index test, was used to assess the Pozzolanic activity of SCBA. Results showed that SCBA exhibits high Pozzolanic activity, hence can be used as a substitute cementitious material.
This experiment will explain a procedure to get drilling mud with a range of density that requires for maintaining the borehole pressure as drilling goes dipper, the objective is generating a drilling mud; then it requires to rise the density by 0.1ppg and getting a drilling mud that is more dens.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Grease Sampling and Analysis of Offshore Wind Installations in Europe to Impr...Rich Wurzbach
Wind turbine grease sampling and analysis techniques, developed through research with the Danish Offshore Wind Grease Sampling team, and presented as a posted at the 2014 AWEA Offshore Wind conference in Atlantic City, NJ
Carbon Nanotubes as Solid Lubricant Additives for Antiwear Performance Enhanc...IJMER
The working conditions in many industrial applications cause the tribo pair to operate in
the mixed lubrication regime. Since the lubricant film thickness under these conditions is insufficient to
separate the sliding tribo pair, therefore usage of lubricant with anti-wear additives is essential. The
carbon nano-tubes (CNT) have recently emerged as lubricant additive having extraordinary tribological
properties. In the present work, experiments have been conducted on block and disk test setup to
determine the effect of using CNT as anti-wear additive in a commercial lubricant. Varying quantities of
the CNT have been tried in the lubricant to conduct the wear tests. The wear of the block is quantified in
terms of its weight loss after the test. The results of the wear tests are reported.
Analysis for predicting the Input Interactions of HBF Performance at -10 μm P...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: Dewatering is an important process in any mineral industry. It is a process which removes the unwanted material from
the liquid solid suspension called slurry by using a filter element which separates the unwanted fluid material from the solids from the
feed. The paper attempts to establish the way towards analysis of Hyper Baric Filter (HBF) performance at -10μm particle size
treating iron ore fines (24% to 29%). Dewatering in HBF, requires reduction in moisture and material throughput rate in terms of per
hour so as to increase the performance of HBF. The present work carried out illustrates a method to predict the influence of process
input parameter such as vessel pressure, snap blow and filter disk rotation for reduction in moisture percentage level and material for
reduction moisture percentage level and material throughput rate for particle size in the range of 24% to 29%. Using Design of
Experiments (DOE) a linear regression model is developed to study the performance of HBF full factorial design method using
ANOVA to analyze the data. Validation of the results is performed by comparing the experimental values and predicted values for
Material through put rate in terms of cycles/hr and reduction in moisture percentage by weight and hot spots.
Keywords: Hyper Baric Filter, dewatering, design of experiments, size of particles, vessel pres
Evaluating the effect of mixing method on the performance of mortar containin...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: There is a vital need for managing oily materials resulting from the petroleum industry as their toxic and persistent nature threatens the environment. In view of oil waste remediation, current treatment technologies are either cost prohibitive and/or the treated products have to be sent to landfill without any potential end-use. Cement-based stabilisation/solidification of oil contaminated materials is an emerging method however there is limited knowledge in terms of the effect of the mixing method on the properties of the resultant cementitious mix. For this purpose, the water wet (WW) and oil wet (OW) protocol was devised to see if the observed behaviour of the mortar was a function of the mixing method rather than the ingredients. A cement-based mortar incorporating a mineral oil addition of up to 10% of the aggregates mass was used. The results indicated that the mixing method has only a small effect on the fresh and hardened properties. Increased oil content in the cement mortar was found to increase the flow and setting time whereas there was decreased wet density and air content irrespective of the type of the mixing method used. The compressive strength decreased by 75% and 77% for water wet and oil wet respectively compared to the control at 28 days of age. The mixing method has a relatively small impact overall on the hydration process. The calorimetry results showed that both mixing methods followed the same trend whereby the hydration is inhibited due to oil incorporation.
Development and Testing of Friction and Wear Test Rigijtsrd
This research paper presents a friction and wear test rig, developed from locally available materials. Sizing of the various components of the rig was done as specified by Society of Automobile Engineers. The required materials for the test rig were sourced locally, constructed and assembled. The input shaft was sized to fit in the speed range of available lathe machines. The test rig was tested using Soy oil, groundnut oil and SAE 40 oil lubricant. Samples generated from the test rig were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to obtain wear metal count in the oil samples. Results for three wear elements showed that at 40 rpm, copper in oil samples ranged from 6.2 10.2 concentration whereas at higher speeds, a distinct reduction in wear metal concentration was obtained. Other wear elements followed similar profile. The test rig is capable of predicting performance of oil lubricants in storage and operating conditions. The test rig is recommended in industries to increase mean time between machine failures of production equipment thereby improving productivity and profitability. Kingsley N. Nwankwo | Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel "Development and Testing of Friction and Wear Test Rig" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28046.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/28046/development-and-testing-of-friction-and-wear-test-rig/kingsley-n-nwankwo
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
Gf3611261131
1. Alaa Mohamed et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1126-1131
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Influence Of Nano Grease Composite On Rheological Behaviour
Alaa Mohamed A,B , A. Khattab B, T.A. Osmanb, M. Zaki A
a
b
Production Engineering and Printing Technology Department, Akhbar El Yom Academy, Giza, Egypt.
Mechanical Design and Production Engineering Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the rheological behaviors of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as an additive on lithium
grease at different concentrations. The results indicated that the optimum concentrations of the CNTs was 2 %.
These experimental investigations were evaluated with a HAAKE Rheovisco RV20, Penetrometer and
Measurement of the dropping point. The results indicated that the shear stress and apparent viscosity increase
with the increase of CNTs concentration, penetration and consistency not effect of base grease, and the dropping
point increasing about 25%. The microstructure of CNTs and lithium grease was examined by high resolution
transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Keywords: Carbon nanotubes, Rheological behavior, Lithium grease, Microstructure.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Grease is a solid or semi fluid which would
normally have been employed together with a
thickener, additive and anti-oxidant agent. The fluid
lubricant that performs the actual lubrication can be
petroleum (mineral oil), synthetic oil, or vegetable
oil. The thickener gives grease it characteristic
consistency and is sometimes believed as a “sponge”
that holds the oil in place [1]. The majority of greases
on the market are composed of mineral oil blended
with a soap thickener. Additives enhance the
performance and protect the grease and lubricate
surfaces. The influence of the rheological properties
of CNTs additives is very important for all the grease
lubricating bearings. To characterize a lubricant
comprehensively, the rheological properties at all
working conditions, pressures and temperatures have
to be known [2, 3]. Grease is widely used as a
lubricant in the wheel assembly, journal bearings and
rolling element bearings. Grease is also used in other
areas that need occasional service like the brake or
stopper assembly to help keep these fittings rust free
and make removal of dirt and grime easier. Grease is
applied to machines that can be lubricated
infrequently and where lubricating oil would not stay
in position. It also act as a barrier to prevent entering
of water and the incompressible materials. CNTs
used as a performance enhancing additive in gear
lubricants for extended lifetimes, lower operating
costs, and improved power efficiency. Numerous
laboratory investigations and industrial experience
indicate that using of CNTs has significant
advantages compared to conventional solid lubricants
in both mild and extreme pressure conditions [4-6].
Lubricating grease consistency has been
evaluated for years with cone penetration test ASTMD217. The test measures the distance in tenths of a
millimeter to which a standard metal cone will
penetrate into the grease surface under standard
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conditions. This single numerical value has been
proven to be inadequate to estimate the real
consistency of lubricating grease under dynamic
conditions. It ignores the non-Newtonian flow
behavior characteristic to grease. In the past few
years, rheology has been introduced as a new method
to better understand and evaluate the real behavior of
lubricating grease. Rheology takes into account the
influence of shear rate, shear stress, temperature and
time. By measuring the viscosity with both rotational
and capillary rheometer, it is possible to see the effect
of shear rate on grease consistency which strongly
influences the lubricating capability of greases under
load [7, 8].
The aim of this work is to evaluate the
rheological behaviors of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as
an additive on lithium grease at different
concentrations and study the microstructure of
lithium grease.
II.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY
2.1. Syntheses of Carbon Nanotubes and Lithium
Grease
CNTs were synthesized by the electric arc
discharge. The arc is generated between two
electrodes (size φ 6 x 100 mm) using distilled water.
The cathode and the anode are from graphite (99.9%
pure), and was performed under AC current, 75 A
and 238 V.
Grease that was used in this work was
commercially available; the main physical-chemical
properties of the grease are presented in Table 1. The
grease is lithium based and has good heat-resistance,
water resistance and mechanical stability. In order to
study the rheological behavior of carbon nanotubes as
an additives on lithium grease, carbon nanotubes
were added into lithium grease at the different
concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 wt. %). The carbon
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2. Alaa Mohamed et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1126-1131
nanotube particles were dispersed well in the grease
in an ultrasonic bath.
Table 1: Composition of the tested grease
Base oil
Mineral oil
Soap thickener
Lithium
Penetration (1/10 mm at
280
25°C)
Dropping point
180 °C
Viscosity of base oil at
150 cSt
40°C
2.2. Structural Characterization
The size and morphology of carbon
nanotube were characterized with high resolution
transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) (JEOL
JEM 2100) with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.
The grease structure was investigated
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEOL JEM
2100) with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
observations were conducted after a classical sample
preparation. A small amount of grease was placed on
a carbon coated sample grid and immersed for
several minutes in hexane to remove its base oil. It
was then dried for 15 minutes in an oven at 30° 40°C.
2.3. Viscometer (HAAKE Rheovisco RV20)
This experimental investigation employed a
commercial
rotational
viscometer,
HAAKE
Rheovisco RV20. The instrument consists of the base
unit of Rotovisco RV20, the Rheocontroller RC20
which acts as an interface between the computer and
Rotovisco RV20, and the measuring system M5
utilizing a cone and plate configuration. A HAAKE
circulator provides precise temperature control for
the samples. The operation principle of the
instrument is illustrated in Fig 1.
After placing the grease sample in the gap
between the cone and the stationary plate, the cone is
driven to rotate at programmable speeds by a DC
motor with a feed back loop for accurate speed
control. The rotation of the cone leads to a uniform
shear rate in the sample. The resistance of the sample
to flow gives rise to a very small distortion in a
torsion bar, mounted between the motor and the
driven shaft. This distortion is detected by a
transducer. Signals proportional to the speed and the
torque are respectively transmitted to the control unit
for processing. A flow curve plotted as shear stress
vs. shear rate, which indicates the flow characteristics
and is regarded as the rheological ‘fingerprint’ of the
sample, is obtained. With a carefully designed test
scheme, much more information about the sample’s
rheological properties can be collected.
Out of consideration for thixotropy, the test
procedure should include a set holding time with the
aim of degrading the thixotropic structure after
measuring the flow curve from zero to a
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predetermined maximum shear rate, and then
measuring a flow curve back to zero shear rate. If a
hysteresis exists between the ascending and
descending curves, the substance can be referred to as
thixotropic and the area between the curves
corresponds to the extent of thixotropy.
In the rheological measurements of grease
with a cone and plate configuration there may be
some anomalous phenomena such as slip at the wall,
fracture and flow disturbance, which make the
experimental results unreliable and should be avoided
as much as possible.
Observations showed that slip at the wall
begins to appear at shear rates lower than about 10 s -1
and becomes greater when the applied shear rate
decreases. For a shear rate greater than 10 s-1, the
contribution of slip at the wall to the total strain
becomes low compared with viscous deformation [9].
A characteristic of a measurement exhibiting slip at
the wall is that the flow curve will shift if measured
with a different sensor system geometry. It has been
demonstrated to be a quick and efficient method for
judging the presence of slip flow to measure the same
sample under constant conditions with different
sensor systems [10].
Fracture occurs systematically when the
shear rate increases [9]. When a free surface forms in
the grease film at the edge of the gap, the effective
radius of sheared grease is reduced; as a result, the
calculated shear stresses are erroneously low. The
magnitude of the reduction in grease radius can be
estimated from the size of the undisturbed annulus
around the periphery of the grease film after
withdrawing the cone from the plate [11]. It seems
that when the angle and radius of the cone is small
(i.e. the gap is narrow), the influence of fracture on
the measurements is tolerable.
The flow disturbance is caused by the
normal stress and inertia of the sample. It is
negligible when the cone angle is small enough; the
shear rate is not very high and the elasticity of the
sample is not very significant [12].
In this investigation, the cone radius was 10
mm; the cone angle was 1°; another cone angle of 5°
was employed for examining the validity of the test
results. In addition, the tested grease was
experimentally verified without significant elastic
effect. The flow disturbance can therefore be
neglected. Furthermore, the test was schemed and
carried out with discretion. All the results were
examined carefully to detect the influence of slip and
fracture. Only those which were apparently not
disturbed are presented here.
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3. Alaa Mohamed et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1126-1131
www.ijera.com
2.5 Dropping Point
The dropping point is the temperature at
which the grease passes from a semisolid to a liquid
state under the conditions of the test. The test shows
the end point of a softening process under static
conditions [14].
Dropping point indicates the upper
temperature limit at which grease retains its structure,
not the maximum temperature at which grease may
be used. They are not thinned in a uniform way, they
get softer dependent on the thickener type. For the
determination of the operating temperature of the
grease, the oxidation of the base oil and the
destruction of the thickener but not the dropping
point are more relevant (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1: The principle of HAAKE Rheovisco RV 20
2.4 Penetration and Consistency
The most important feature of grease is its
stiffness or consistency. For oils the viscosity is
measured to assess oil fluidity. For greases the
penetration or the consistency indicates whether the
grease is softer or more solid or stiff. Grease
consistency depends on the type and amount of
thickener used and the viscosity of its base oil.
Grease’s consistency is its resistance to deformation
by an applied force. For use greases the consistency
is measured by a Penetrometer as shown in fig. 2
with a quarter cone. The penetration is used as an
identifier and provides information whether it can be
pumped by a central lubrication system or used for a
certain application [13].
2.5.1 Test Principle
A small sample volume of approximately
0.5 g is filled into a nipple has an associated
thermometer. The test unit is heated until a drop is
formed on the bottom opening of the nipple. The
drop, consisting of a thickener and oil will fall into
the test tube. The temperature, at which the drop
formation starts, is recorded as "dropping point". The
test unit operates up to 300 °C.
2.4.1 Test Principle
2 g of the grease sample is filled at room
temperature into a standard beaker. The tip of a
standardized double cone touching the surface. Over
a 5 second period how deep the cone penetrates into
the grease is measured. Soft greases will have higher
penetrations than hard greases.
Fig. 3: Measurement of the dropping point
Fig. 2: Penetrometer
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III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Structural Characterization of Carbon
Nanotubes
High resolution
transmission
electron
microscope (HRTEM) image of CNTs shown in Fig.
4 show the presence of different structures in the
sample and the average size of the nanoparticles is
about 10 nm in diameter and 1-25 µm in length.
Figure 5 shows the SEM image of CNTs
dispersed in lithium hydroxystearate (soap) fiber. It
can be seen that there is no apparent aggregation of
CNTs, indicating that the CNTs could be well
dispersed in lithium grease, and it can be observed
that the microscopic structure of lithium grease
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4. Alaa Mohamed et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1126-1131
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presents a more regular and homogeneous
network structure, with long fibers, which confirm
the rheological stability.
Fig. 4: HRTEM images of CNTs
Fig. 5: TEM image of grease with (a) base grease
(b) 0.5 % (c) 1 % (d) 2 %
3.2. Rheological Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes as
an Additives on Lithium Grease
Many models are available to describe
rheological properties of lithium grease such as;
Bingham model, Herschel - Bulkley model, Casson
model, Bauer model, Balan model, Papanastasiou
model, Dorier and Tichy model.
The
rheological
results
from
the
measurements with the cone and plate rheometer, that
are shown in figures 6 and 7 represent the effect of
carbon nanotube additives on lithium grease with
shear stress and viscosity.
Figures 6 and 7 give the shear stress and
apparent viscosity as a function of shear rate for
lithium grease alone and that containing different
concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 wt. %) of CNTs. It
can be seen that the shear stress and apparent
viscosity of the lithium grease containing 2 wt. %
CNTs are much higher and more stable than that of
pure lithium grease at all shear rates. At this point,
the shear stress and apparent viscosity could be
increased by 67.3 % and 81.8 %, respectively. The
shear stress of base grease and the grease containing
CNTs become larger with the increase of shear rate
and with the increase of the percentage of carbon
nanotube additives on lithium grease.
The apparent viscosity of base grease and
the grease containing CNTs becomes larger with the
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5. Alaa Mohamed et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1126-1131
decrease of shear rate and increases with increasing
the percentage of carbon nanotube additives on
lithium grease. These experiments were carried out
under stationary conditions, to avoid thixotropic
behavior. Therefore, the result indicates that all the
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samples show a large shear thinning behaviour. At
low strain rates, the values of apparent viscosity
follow quite well the classification found for the yield
stress.
140
base
0.5% CNTs
1% CNTs
2% CNTs
3% CNTs
Shear stress (Pa)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Shear rate (1/s)
3.5
4
4.5
5
Fig. 6: Shear stress of the grease samples
Apparent viscosity (Pa.s)
250
base
0.5% CNTs
1% CNTs
2% CNTs
3% CNTs
200
150
100
50
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Shear rate (1/s)
3.5
4
4.5
5
Fig. 7: Apparent viscosity of the grease samples
3.3 Penetration and Consistency
The consistency of the grease characterizes
its ability to be deformed in an application. The
consistency is grouped in NLGl classes from 000 to
6. If the used grease penetration is compared to the
fresh grease, following information can be gathered:
1. The penetration will be higher if there is by
water or other liquid contamination
2. The grease will be softer if it is sheered by
mechanical stress in a bearing. This destroys the
soap structure and shears its long fibered
components.
3. The penetration is lower and the grease gets
harder if it contains less base oil and more
thickener. This may happen if base oil is lost by
bleeding out because of vibrations or if it is
vaporized by high temperature or oxidation.
Penetration and Consistency of CNTs added
into lithium grease is the same of base grease,
because thickener gives grease its characteristic
consistency not additives. Therefore, the results
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indicating that the CNTs as an additive not an effect
of base grease.
3.4 Dropping Point
The dropping point only indicates whether
grease is running at a specific operating temperature.
The maximum operating temperature for a grease
should be always far below the dropping point
temperature. The base oil type and the thickener will
determine how far below the dropping point the
operating temperature can be. Usually the dropping
point should be at least 50 °C higher than the
operating temperature.
Dropping point of CNTs added into lithium
grease could be increased 25% at 2 wt. %. Therefore,
the results indicating that the CNTs as an additive are
effective in improving the dropping point of base
grease.
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6. Alaa Mohamed et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1126-1131
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
According to the above results and
discussion, the conclusions can be summarized as:
1. CNTs were successfully synthesized by electric
arc discharge method. The synthesized CNTs
have an average diameter of 10 nm and could be
well dispersed in lithium grease.
2. A rheological characterization, including
apparent viscosity, shear stress and shear rate
was carried out at different concentrations of
CNTs. The grease response was studied at
constant temperature and time, which led to a
real mechanical spectroscopic investigation.
3. The microstructure of lithium grease at the
different concentrations was confirmed by
scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results
indicated that the microscopic structure of the
lithium grease presents a more regular and closer
network structure with long fibers, which
confirms the rheological stability.
4. CNTs as an additive are effective in improving
the dropping point of base grease about 25%.
5. The optimum percentage of the CNTs in the
grease composites was 2 %.
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
www.ijera.com
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