An Insight Into QoS Techniques

An Insight Into The Qos Techniques
The following paper gives an insight into the QoS Techniques. It will first introduce the concept
of Quality of Service. Then it will provide an understanding about the important of QoS in
today's computer networking world followed by discussion of various new QoS techniques
being researched and implemented.
As the name goes QoS deal with the overall performance of a system or a computer network.
Since it is in regards to the service being, provided we are mainly concerned with the
performance factor as seen by the users of our system or the network [6]. Here the idea is to
measure and improve several aspects of network service like transmission rate, bit rate, error
rate, jitters, network availability etc. [6] A plus would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a continuous ongoing research on QoS procedures that can be
deployed in various different network type, An RSVP technique for resource allocation is
implemented by using the parameterized approach, Unlike packet switched network, some
circuit switched network does not need special QoS procedure as the mechanism are
implemented in the core protocol definitions, some even implement the alternative of providing
high load to the network so that the estimates are based on peak time traffic and would work well
in all conditions, Some QoS mechanisms are defined in the protocols, Some services also
implement mobile QoS techniques, While some others will set definitive standards which require
QoS mechanisms for its fulfillment, Thus irrespective of the way it is implemented QoS is an
important networking attribute.

2. Adaptive multi–polling scheduler for QoS support of video
Transmission in IEEE 802.11e WLANs
2.1 Introduction
The paper contains the information about hybrid coordination function controlled channel access
(HCCA) for the rigorous QoS provision. In that, a fixed transmission opportunity (TXOP) is
allocated by the station so that it is competent for constant bit rate streams. A dynamic TXOP
assignment algorithm known as adaptive multi–polling TXOP scheduling algorithm (AMTXOP)
for supporting video traffics over Wi–Fi networks.
2.2 IEEE 802.11e HCCA
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Frame Relay and Leased Lines Essay
Frame Relay and Leased Lines
In networking there are many options in having data transferred from one location to another. Two
of which include frame relay and leased lines. Frame relay is a communication method that transfers
data by dividing information into packets and sending them over a virtual network. Frame relay is a
difficult process to understand and to accomplish. Leased lines, however, is the permanent
connection between two stations. Leased lines are simpler to understand and do not take a lot of
effort to achieve.
According to Computer Networks, frame relay came into existence to overcome the complex
protocols caused by slow telephone lines, and expensive computers. Today, telephone lines are fast
and inexpensive, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Switched virtual circuits also can provide "bandwidth–on–demand" meaning that when the line is at
its peak carrying information more bandwidth can be made available. Also switched virtual circuits
allow charges for connection to be made only for what the customer uses, unlike leased lines where
you have to pay a flat rate (828–829).
In the May 1999 issue of "Computerworld", a trading company decided to change its networking
architecture. DCH (Da Chong Hong), in the past, used a multiple leased line architecture consisting
of over 50 separate lines (See Figure 1). Figure 1 proves the fact that when transferring data between
multiple sites, frame relay decreases the amount of lines that need to be leased. DCH knew it had to
change its architecture to keep up with data rate technological advances. DCH decided to switch to a
networking architecture that consisted of ATM and frame relay. This venture saved DCH over
$129,000 per year. ATM is another form of a packet–switching data communication method.
One problem with transferring information over a frame relay network is the fact at times the
network can become congested. The LAN Times Encyclopedia of Networking reports the fact that
"when a frame relay network becomes congested, frames are arbitrarily discarded". The end nodes
are responsible for retransmitting the message frames or either they can be discarded permanently if
the customer wants them to (387). Frame relay also

The Evolution of TCPIP and The Internet Essay
The Evolution of TCPIP and The Internet The Evolution of TCP/IP (and the Internet)
While the TCP/IP protocols and the Internet are different, their evolution are most definitely
parallel. This section will discuss some of the history.
Prior to the 1960s, what little computer communication existed comprised simple text and binary
data, carried by the most common telecommunications network technology of the day; namely,
circuit switching, the technology of the telephone networks for nearly a hundred years. Because
most data traffic transmissions occur during a very short period of time, circuit switching results in
highly inefficient use of network resources. In 1962, Paul Baran, of the Rand Corporation, described
a robust, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The original ARPANET gave life to a number of protocols that were new to packet switching. One
of the most lasting results of the ARPANET was the development of a user–network protocol that
has become the standard interface between users and packet switched networks; namely, ITU–T
(formerly CCITT) Recommendation X.25. This "standard" interface encouraged BBN to start
Telenet, a commercial packet–switched data service, in 1974; after much renaming, Telenet is now a
part of Sprint's X.25 service.
The initial host–to–host communications protocol introduced in the ARPANET was called the
Network Control Protocol (NCP). Over time, however, NCP proved to be incapable of keeping up
with the growing network traffic load. In 1974, a new, more robust suite of communications
protocols was proposed and implemented throughout the ARPANET, based upon the Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP). TCP and IP were originally envisioned
functionally as a single protocol, thus the protocol suite, which actually refers to a large collection of
protocols and applications, is usually referred to simply as TCP/IP. The original versions of both
TCP and IP that are in common use today were written in September 1981, although both have had
several modifications applied to them (in addition, the IP version 6, or IPv6, specification was
released in December 1995). In 1983, the DoD mandated that all of their computer systems would
use the TCP/IP protocol suite for

Computer Networks And Its Impact On The World
WAN Technologies Paper
Naomi Woolford–Drakes
Wilmington University
Data Communications and Networking
IST 7040
Salb, James A WAN Technologies Paper
Over the last decade, the way we perceive computer networks in the world has drastically changed
because of things such as remote access, web–based applications and wireless devices. Additionally,
businesses networks around the world can be accessible virtually anytime from anywhere through
assets such as Cloud Computing or virtual private networking (VPN). Today's technology has been
the savior to some of the world's biggest problems in education, agriculture, transportation, Health
Care and many more avenues and the main reason is because of the expansion and diversity of the
Wide Area Network (WAN) networks. Wide Area Network (WAN) technologies has provide many
ways to accelerate and optimizing business processes and procedures through Point–to–Point
topology, Packet Switched, and Circuit Switched WAN protocols, circuits and types. The
assortments of available WAN services and its costs usually depends on the geographical region and
the available provider. A WAN is comprised of several computer networks linked together usually
through or over the Internet and it's used to connect other types of networks for businesses,
campuses or government together such as Local Area Network (LAN) and its rudimentary
equipment are a station and a node. (White, 2016)
To begin, the Point–to–Point Protocol (PPP) is a protocol

Pt1310 Lab Review
Review R17. With a length of 1000 km, a rate of 10 Mbps, and a packet size of 1 kB, the sender
finished transmitting before the first bit of the packet reached the receiver. With a length of 10 km, a
rate of 1 Mbps, and a packet size of 500 bytes, the first bit of the packet reached the receiver before
the sender was finished transmitting. R23. Application layer–applications and their application–level
protocols reside here Transport layer– transports application–level messages between application
endpoints Network layer–moves network–layer packets from one host to another Link layer– routes
a datagram through a series of routers between the source and destination Physical layer–moves the
individual bits ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a. distance/ propagation speed dprop= m/s b. packet size/ transmission rate dtrans=L/R c. End–to–
end delay= dtrans + dprop = (m/s) +(L/R) d. The last bit is on the link, just leaving Host A. e. The
first bit is still on the link being propagated. f. The first bit is already at Host B. g. dtrans= (120
b/56000bps) = (3/1400) s = (m/ (2.5*(10^8 m/s)) (250,000,000 m/s) *(3/1400 s) = 535,714.285714
m P8. a. 3000000 b/ 150000 b= 20 users supported b. p=.1 c. (120 choose n) *(.1n) *(.9120–n) 20 d.
1–∑(120 choose n)*(.1n)*(.9120–n) n=0 P10. End–End Delay=(2*dproc)+(L/R1)+(L/R2)+(L/R3)+
(d1/s1)+(d2/s2)+(d3/s3) End–end delay= (2*.003 s) + 3* (12000b/2000000b/s) +
(5000000m/250000000m/s)+(4000000m/250000000m/s)+
(1000000m/250000000m/s)=.006s+.018s+.02s+.016s+.004s= 64 ms The end to end delay is 64 ms.
P13. a. First packet waits 0 s, second waits L/R s, third waits 2L/R s. n packet waits (n–1)L/R. n–1
∑ kL/R= L(n–1)/2R is the average queuing delay. K L(n–1)/2R

Pros and Cons of Packet and Circuit Switching.
Question:
What is Circuit and Packet Switching? Also Write Pros and Cons of Packet & Circuit Switching.
Answer:
Circuit Switching:
Circuit switching was the first early era technique used in communication networks because it is
quite simple, easy and enough to carry analog signals. The main example of its use in the telephone
system, but it is also used in the core network and the core of the internet in the form of
SONET/SDH. In circuit switching, the transmission medium is mostly divided into the channels
using the FDM(Frequency Division Multiplexing), CDM (code division Multiplexing) or Time
division Multiplexing. A circuit is established the carry the information from source to the
destination. The signaling method is used to create a circuit. This signaling method only carries and
control the information, and considering the overhead. Overhead is the most important part in the
circuit switching. It is assumed that the signaling and per–circuit state manage to make the circuit
switches are very difficult and hard to design, operate and the configuration also.
Circuit switching brings a direct physical connection between two nodes such as telephones or
computers. In order to create the direct connection by the many links it is necessary that each link or
node to be simultaneously free at all. Thus the average utilization of the all resources of the nodes
must be low if Evaluation of Telecommunication Switching systems the probability of demand for
connection is

The Internet : The History Of The Internet
History of the Internet Chances are you know someone right now that was alive before the internet
was even in the works. In just thirty four years the internet has advanced further than anyone ever
expected it to. The internet is everywhere and being in things such as computers, phones, tablets,
televisions and many other pieces of technology, it has an endless amount of uses. Before the
internet, news would not travel as fast and less things were known about the world and the people in
it. During the early age of the computer, computers were expensive to produce and operate, and
were separated by distance and purpose, forcing a single person who wanted to access multiple
functions and information to physically travel to a site where multiple computers were located. The
internet which in its early stage was known as ARPANET was created by the US Department of
Defenses Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The concept of ARPANET was first thought
of in 1962 when a man by the name of J.C.R. Licklider who attended MIT wrote a series of memos
in August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He imagined a world wide system, all of
which was connected by computers where everyone could quickly access data and programs from
any site at any time. His idea very was much like the Internet of the world we live in now. Licklider
was the first head of the computer research program at ARPA, starting in October 1962. While at
ARPA he convinced his successors, Bob Taylor,

A Brief Note On Children And The Internet
Vina Loraine Nabor
E.S.L 363
December 10, 2015
Term Paper
Children and the Internet
The Internet has transformed the ways of communicating and learning ways of the prior years.
Electronic mail, also known as ?email,? has existed ever since the Internet was invented, to send
messages from one computer to another. One remarkable invention was the Project Gutenberg of
1971 which is about placing books and documents in a public domain that can be accessed
electronically for free. The Internet is a channel for interaction and collaboration of different
individuals using the computer or any advanced technology that is being used nowadays regardless
of the geographical location of an individual. According to research, the Internet was first used ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In school, the basic things haven?t changed a lot but due to advanced technology, there have been
many additional resources a student can use. Today, most of the students rely more on the Internet
than on books. However, books are more reliable than the other information found on the Internet.
With just one snap, the Internet gives students variety of information to be analyzed and to have a
better understanding of a certain topic. The way of learning today became more challenging and
appropriate for more advanced minds of the young generations. The Internet has contributed to the
growth of today?s society because it allows students to have new learning resources that are more
interesting and give students the opportunity to gain from others? knowledge and experiences.
Through its development, the Internet provides different benefits that will help the students and
children with their academic standings if it is used correctly at home and in school. According to the
U.S Department of Education, statistics shows that ninety–three percent of the schools in the United
States have access to the Internet but the ratio of the students to computers was 5.3 to 1. Children
who are fortunate to have easy access to the Internet often take the opportunity to learn for granted.
On the other hand, children who are struggling to access the advanced technology tend to take all
the

Essay on Review of Janet Abbate's Inventing the Internet
Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, 1999, 258 pages
Janet Abbate's Inventing the Internet explores the history of the Internet as "a tale of collaboration
and conflict among a remarkable variety of players." (3) Abbate's writing concentrates on the
Internet's development through social and cultural influences. The book explores the evolution of
the Internet from ARPANET to global networks. The Internet's expansion has existed within an
interworking web of innovators; government and military, computer scientists, graduate students,
researchers, cable and phone companies, network users, etc. The details given by Abbate affirm the
book's claim that the Internet was not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fourth considers the shift made, From ARPANET to Internet approaching defense and research.
The fifth section covers The Internet in the Arena of International Standards. The final section,
Popularizing the Internet, shows the beginning of the wide spread of the Internet but before Internet
connectivity becomes popular at the personal level. All things considered, the book states the
expansions in Internet history between 1959 and 1991, with some proceedings to 1994. The author's
study of the Internet's genesis makes systematic links between the technological development and its
organizational, social, and cultural environment. There are many available histories on the Internet,
in print and online. Most are well–documented information on technology and its history. Some
mention the fundamental concepts of communication, information, and knowledge. Abbate's work,
however, goes beyond ordinary facts and her findings are most revealing. The beginning of the
Internet is well known. It was a United States Defense research program named ARPANET. The
internal structure of ARPA that reared the network development during its first years is not as well
known. Inventing the Internet explains how the little agency was created in 1958 to respond to the
Soviets' successful launch of the world's first artificial satellite. ARPA did not own a laboratory.

How The Internet Has Transformed The Ways Of Communicating...
The Internet has transformed the ways of communicating and learning ways of the prior years.
Electronic mail, also known as "email," has existed ever since the Internet was invented, to send
messages from one computer to another. One remarkable invention was the Project Gutenberg of
1971 which is about placing books and documents in a public domain that can be accessed
electronically for free. The Internet is a channel for interaction and collaboration of different
individuals using the computer or any advanced technology that is being used nowadays regardless
of the geographical location of an individual. According to research, the Internet was first used in
the year 1969 by the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) to run on packet
switching technology for the computers in Stanford and UCLA for the first time, and was later
developed by different research groups.
In the past, during the time when the Internet has not yet existed, studying was mostly concentrated
on learning from books and teachers. Students relied on books for references and conducted
interviews to know the opinions of others. They used encyclopedias, dictionaries, different thesis
papers and magazines as their primary source of other information. Before, students needed to go to
the library to borrow books as their reference, but nowadays, students don't have to go to the library
to look for different references because they can use the Internet to find answers and examples that
can help

Network-Based Network Essay
1. Introduction
As the number of modules in Systems–on–Chip (SoCs) increases, bus based interconnection
architectures may prevent these systems to meet the performance required by many applications. For
systems with intensive parallel communicat–ion requirements buses may not provide the required
bandwidth, latency, and power consumption. A solution for such a communication bottleneck is the
use of an embedded switching network, called Network–on–Chip (NoC), to interconnect the
modules in SoCs. NoCs design space is considerably larger when compared to a bus–based solution,
as different routing and arbitration strategies can be implemented as well as different organizations
of the communication infrastructure.
A network–on–chip is composed of three main building blocks. The first and most important one are
the links that physically connect the nodes and actually implement the communication. The second
block is the router, which implements the communication protocol. The last building block is the
network adapter (NA) or network interface (NI). This block makes the logic connection between the
cores and the network, since each core may have a distinct interface protocol with respect to the
network.
A communication link is composed of a set of wires and connects two routers in the network. Links
may consist of one or more logical or physical channels and each channel is composed of a set of
wires. A NoC link has two physical channels making a full–duplex connection between

Advantage And Disadvantage Of 3g
NETWORK EVOLUTION in 3G / 4G
Abstract: During the 20th century, the key technology was information gathering, processing and
distribution. This total technology will depend based on the network systems. Which are nothing but
grouping of systems that should be controlled by a server. In business and home applications,
mobile users and in all social issues the networks are used . To enhance the benefits of these
networks, we are introducing 3G systems. The aim of the 3G security architecture is to improve on
the security of 2G systems.3G systems have additional standards like EDGE and CDMA rather than
older systems. It has a high quality voice and video services but has limited in coverage area. Now
introducing the 4G technologies to full fill the limitations of 3G.
Introduction:
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Faster data connectivity.
2. Uninterrupted video streaming on phones.
3. Video calls and big MMS.
4. Good for data intensive applications.
5. Downloading games and songs is much faster.
Benefits of 3G
High Quality Voice Service:
The quality of voice–falls under 3G will be much higher compared to 2G services.
Enhanced content Service:
3G users can download full music files, full movie files and other files at high speed.
Mobile Broadband:
3G user can use his handset for high speed internet any time any where (where connectivity is
available).
Video Services:
3G user can enjoy the video call facility where in both the caller and the receiver will be able to see
each other while speaking if both have 3G services and 3G enabled handsets.
Mobile TV:
3G users can watch TV programs of different video channels as per his liking while on the movie.
Applications of 3G

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Hence, there are some applications in 3g
1. Mobile TV.
2. Video on demand.
3. Video conferencing.
4. Telemedicine.
5. Location–based

The Label Switching And Mpls Is A Technique That Enables...
Multiprotocol label switching or MPLS is a technique that enables the labeling of packets in such a
way that facilitates network traffic and the tracking of that packet across different routers along a
network. As a technique, moreover, it is differentiated from a specific service, so that in essence
MPLS can be utilized in the delivery of different kinds of services, including virtual private
networks on IP, Ethernet, and optics–based services. The fundamental idea is that information about
a packet in a network is saved in a kind of tag or label, known as the FEC or the forwarding
equivalence class. This FEC is a sequence of bits that is attached to the packet. From there, routers
within a network access a lookup table whenever it handles a packet, and that lookup table contains
information on how to deal with the packet based on its FEC. This is a boost for network efficiency
because in traditional IP networks, the router has to do an analysis of the packet header, and
therefore make decisions on how to deal with the packet after an analysis step. This is a bottleneck,
because the decision on what to do with the packet is done by each and every router. What happens
is that the packet, once within the network, is tagged, and that label corresponds to an action in the
lookup table or index, from which the table then goes on to give the packet a fresh FEC. The
distinction power that this technique provides for different kinds of packets allows MPLS
implementations to then

Essay about NT1230 Chapter 7 Questions
NT1210
11/13/2013
Chapter 7
1. A user of a home telephone picks up her phone and makes a telephone call to a friend's home
telephone in another part of town. Which of the following is likely to be true about this call?
A. It uses a single pair of wires on the local loop at each end of the call
2. Which of the following are services that telcos have offered as WAN services over the years?
A. Switched analog circuits
B. Dedicated digital circuits
3. This chapter claims that IP routers work well as devices that connect to many different types of
interfaces, including LANs and WANs. Which of the following answers list the reasons why routers
do well in this role?
A. Routers have much faster CPUs and can do the hard work to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Which of the following answers lists other physical parts that the customer will need for that sites
installation of the T1 leased line?
B. A serial cable
8. A telco customer has a T1 leased line between two sites, called sites A and B. the telco has several
switches between sites A and B that use T3 trunks. These switches use the T3 trunks along with
time–division multiplexing (TDM) to create the leased line from site A to B. which of the following
answers is true about how TDM works in this design?
C. The switches map the T1 customer lines to one of 28 different frequencies in the T3 trunks
9. A telco network has TDM switches in the CO, ready to support T1 leased lines to customer sites.
Two such switches have a single T3 trunk connecting the two switches, set aside to support T1s that
run just between those two CO switches. Which of the following answers best describes the number
of customer T1s the telco can support with these switches and the trunk?
C. 28
10. A customer ordered a full T1 leased line between two sites. The telco implemented that leased
line in its network using the T–carrier technology discussed in this chapter, with DS1, DS2, and DS3
lines plus switches that use time–division multiplexing (TDM) logic. Into which of the following
general WAN categories does this service fit?
B. Packet switching
11. A telco customer orders a leased line

Introduction And Definitions Of Internet Usage
CHAPTER –1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction and Definitions
Internet usage has skyrocketed in the last decade, propelled by web and multimedia applications.
While the predominant way to access the Internet is still cable or fiber, an increasing number of
users now demand mobile, ubiquitous access whether they are at home at work or on the move. For
instance, they want to compare prices on the web while shopping at the local department store,
access Internet "navigation" aids from their car, read e–mail while riding a bus or hold a project
review while at the local coffee shop or in the airport lounge. The concept of wireless, mobile
Internet is not new. When the packet switching technology, the fabric of the Internet, was introduced
with the ARPANET in 1969, the Department of Defense immediately understood the potential of a
packet switched radio technology to interconnect mobile nodes in the battlefield. Consequently, the
ad hoc protocols must self–configure to adjust to environment, traffic and mission changes. What
emerges from these characteristics if the vision of an extremely flexible, malleable and yet robust
and formidable network architecture. Because of its mobile, non–infrastructure nature, the ad hoc
network poses new design requirements. The first is self–configuration (of addresses and routing) in
the expression of mobility. At the function level, ad hoc network users typically communicate and
collaborate as teams. These applications thus require efficient group

Mobile Telephone Call : A Mobile Device Essay
Mobile telephone call: A mobile device initiates a call by sending the number of the called device on
the preselected setup channel. In this process, the the mobile device firstly checks whether the setup
channel is idle by examining information that comes from the BS channel. If it finds that the setup
channel is idle, the mobile device may transmit the information of number to the BS. The BS then
sends the request to the MTSO.
Mobile device paging: The MTSO then tries to complete the connection to the called mobile device.
In this process, the MTSO sends a paging message to certain BSs by examining the mobile number.
Each BS sends the paging message on the setup channel, including the information of number.
Telephone Call connected: The called mobile device monitors the setup channel and finds its
number in the paging message. And then it responds to the BS, which transmits the response to the
MTSO. The MTSO sets up a connection between the calling and called BSs. And then the MTSO
tries to find an available traffic channel within each BS's cell. If the MTSO find available traffic
channel, it will notify each BS, which in turn notifies the mobile devices. The two mobile devices
tune to their respective assigned channels.
Call in connection: When the connection is maintained between two mobile devices, voice or data
signals are exchanged between the two mobile devices, through their corresponding BSs and the
MTSO.
Handover: If a mobile device moves out of the scope of one

Software Defined Networks Essays
Abstract Software defined networking is a new concept that redefined the current network device
architecture and the way they behave. Due to the exponential growth of the Internet and services
attached to this worldwide infrastructure, a number of issues have cropped up in modern day
networks. This paper discusses a few of these limitations and how the software defined networking
approach tries to alleviate them. OpenFlow, released in the year 2008, is a commercially viable
implementation of this concept that is being well received by the networking industry at large. The
paper also discusses the OpenFlow protocol, its implementation and the challenges facing its
widespread acceptance 1. Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because, to implement any change to the network policies, the network engineers have to
reconfigure each device individually to ensure a consistent set of access, security and QoS
parameters. Further, with the evolution of Internet and enterprise data centers, the nature of data
circulating on the Internet has also undergone a tremendous change. Data transfer in the form of
video and audio is increasing at a tremendous pace[2]. Moreover, different sources of data (e.g.–
mobile, tablet PCs) have placed considerable pressure on modern networks. The current capacities
of network switches do not support the transfer of these mass amounts of data. Moreover, with
advent of social media, amount of data generated on websites such as Facebook and LinkedIn has
reached humungous levels. As this demand for dynamic and unpredictable data grows, more and
more devices have to be added to existing networks and configured accordingly. The need of the
hour is to regulate networks centrally and as a whole rather than configure individual network
devices and gain more control to achieve flexibility in existing networks. 3. Software Defined
Networking Software defined networking is a concept born out of the need to control network
devices centrally, wherein the service offered by a device is decoupled from the device in a way that

Essay about Ntc 362 Week 5 Individual Assignment
Final Paper
NTC/362
Introduction
Kudler Fine Foods has established that they want to design a WAN to tie three different locations
together and make the internal network in each store a Wireless Local Area Network. Then, they are
requesting Voice Over Internet Protocol to each multi store network. Various protocols make all this
happen. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol are the foundation of data transfer. TCP is
the protocol that the internet, email and ftp highly rely on. Without TCP/IP there would be no
internet, email or FTP. Two other protocols designed to process packets throughout the network are
X.25 and Frame Relay. For this scenario Frame Relay will be used so I will not provide a brief
description about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Frame Relay does have some draw backs such as error checking packets. This can be a huge deal if
there is a lot of traffic on the network because it will not detect corrupt packets. Which means
individual packets could be lost when transmitted. Frame Relay relies on the end station to send the
SYN/ACK back. If a SYN/ACK does not come back then the Frame Relay protocol will just drop
the frame. From each individual router a T1 line will be used to help reach the desired bandwidth
from server to a switch. From this point you will have to use leased lines which will affect the
budget of the project. With the implemented plan, the goal was to keep the desired bandwidth and
allow room for growth.
Latency, Jitter, Response Time
I also targeted the area of Latency. With all the users connected to the router and the router
transmitting data to the switch and then so forth until it reaches its destination, there is going to be a
degrade in Latency. Three variables that will keep this network maintained and keep the desired
processing speed and bandwidth are Latency, Jitter, and Response Time. Latency has already been
discussed however, Jitter can resemble Latency somewhat. Jitter will occur when packets pass
through the network nodes with varying latencies. This usually occurs when the bandwidth is maxed
out or is low and the network path needs to be manipulated. Response Time deals with the
individual components and the amount of time it takes for them to respond giving the

The Telecommunication Act Of 1996 Essay
ASSIGNMENT 1
Student Name: Rohan Jain
Student CWID: A20378201
1. US Telecommunication Act of 1996
● The Telecommunications Act of 1996 represented the beginning of a new era in Internet, cable TV
and Telecommunications regulations in the United States. It was sanctioned by the U.S. Congress on
February 1, 1996 and signed by President Bill Clinton on February 8, 1996.
● This was the first major change in the telecommunications regulations since the original 1934
Telecommunications Act since it was the first time that the Internet was included in broadcasting
and spectrum allotment. The main purpose of law was to stimulate competition in
telecommunication services by removing regulatory barriers to entry
● Telecommunication Act of 1996 has successfully met its three goals:
1. Boost of Local Markets: In 1996, Americans had access to only single local telephone network
but in today's world, FCC reports that more than 90% of Americans have access to at least 6
different Telecommunication facility providers( telephone company, cable operator, mobile
operators).
2. Increased Competition in Long Distance: In 1996, there were only 4 Network Carriers but now
Americans have access to at least 11 Network Carriers providers which is three times more than in
2005.
3. Universal Service: Have allowed provision of basic local service to the widest possible number of
customers and have proved to be cost–effective.
● "ILEC" is Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier and "CLEC" is Competitive

Voice Of Voice Over Internet Protocol
Abstract
When Voice over Internet Protocol was being introduced, it was perfectly engineered to work using
the existing model and infrastructure without bearing huge cost. VoIP uses Internet Protocol to
connect, transmit and terminate the calls. Most of the industry is using VoIP services to connect their
offices locally, in different cities and in different countries. VoIP enables User/client to place a
telephonic call to their offices/friends/families. This paper will focus on how VoIP works and what
are the security concerns. Also the industry's concern about Quality of Service (QoS) and will
discuss about threats in general.
Introduction
IP is used for data communication and for "Voice Dialogue" exchanged between two parties, is also
carried on the same data network. Data network could be a private network (Local offices within a
city or many cities in the same country/region and also using IPLC's to connect other
countries/continents) or on Internet by creating Hard/soft VPN tunneling in between the offices. In
general discuss it is considered on the Internet only but it being used by creating point to point
connect using Wireless or only data connectivity between two office. Using Internet to transmit VoIP
traffic is very inexpensive as compared to Local data connectivity or using your IPLC. Phone calls
are placed using VoIP over any kind of data connectivity. The simplest way of VoIP communication
is, when both the parties can receive and make calls using internet.

Where Wizards Stay Up Late
Where Wizards Stay up Late
In Where Wizards Stay up Late, the Origins of the Internet, Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon explore
the beginnings of the Internet. The authors show us how it was a computer–engineering firm that
produced the original prototypes for "Arpanet," and how several very intelligent men made the
Internet possible. The book is excellent in that it brings to the limelight many important people that
played an important role in devising the Internet. In other words, therefore, this book is a history as
well as a work of drama. It tells a very intriguing story of how the computer technology for the
Internet was devised. In many respects, it is very much a "behind–the–scenes" kind of documentary.
When thinking about the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is how the Internet was discovered.
The two authors follow the story from the conception of the idea of "packet switching" in the early
1960s to the creation and development of the Internet. We see how one idea led to another and how
the intelligent people around the circumstances influenced the developments.
Overall, the book tells us about the people involved the making of the Internet. Through the efforts
of these geniuses, we see that the work on the "Arpanet" and Internet, as in the rest of the field of
computing, was a team effort, with contributions from many individuals and organizations. And, as
stated earlier, this effort also had much government support. Thus, many people and institutions
were responsible in the making of this incredible instrument of computer technology.
In the end, while Lyon and Hafner give us an entertaining story regarding how the Internet was
discovered, we are still left wondering about what effect the Internet is actually having. True, we see
all of the hard work that occurred behind the scenes in the making of the Internet in this book, but
now the question must be asked: where does the Internet take us? This is a very important question
in the context of where technology takes our culture, and takes humanity in general. Indeed, every
piece of technology has an effect on the people within the culture. There is, after all, certain political
and social consequences to the progress in technology. In his essay "Do

Integrated Services Digital Network ( Isdn )
Before we get into the discussion, let's briefly introduce some of the technologies used in WANs and
the different characteristics of each one:
Point–to–point links
A so called point–to–point link (Fig. 2.0) provides a pre–established WAN communication path
from the user's location trough a telephone company's network, also known as the carrier. For this
kind of line, the carrier dedicates pairs of wire and hardware to that line only. This kind of circuits
are priced depending on bandwidth needed and distance to be covered.
(Figure 2.0 – Point–to–point link)
Circuit Switching
Work like a normal telephone line. Data connections can be started when needed and terminated
when the communication is over. An example of circuit switching is called Integrated Services
Digital Network (ISDN). When a router receives data that's intended to go to a specific remote site,
the switched circuit (Fig. 2.1) is initiated with a specific circuit number for that particular network.
As soon the two networks that are trying to connect get the authentication done, it is possible to
transfer data. When data transmission is over, the communication gets terminated.
(Figure 2.1 – Switched Circuit)
Packet Switching
Here users share common carrier resources (Fig. 2.2). This is a more cost effective solution
compared for example to point–to–point lines. The carrier can make more efficient use of its
infrastructure. Connections into the carrier's network are shared between many customers and

Disadvantages Of Wireless Technology
No doubt, in last few decades technologies involved in the communication systems have been
developed exponentially along with attractive features and facilities. Wireless communication
system is one of the biggest inventions of the century and its developments can be processed in
diﬀerent terms of generation having approx. 10 years for each one. At every step of each generation
is to provide to link with persons at every corner of globe with set of quality services. Today we are
in Fourth Generation; it is categorized based on its characteristic services and features like
transmission signals, data transmission rate, bandwidth frequency and nature of the services
provided. First generation (1G) is introduced in 1980, so each generation had been comes at the end
of every decade. First generation used analog signals, circuit switching and FDMA with 30 kHz
channels occupying the 824MHz 894MHz frequency band .First generation supports only voice
transmission .The data was not reliable; there were interrupted communication and few other
problems in First Generation [1]. Second Generation (2G) technology was established in 1990,
which used digital signals for transmission and two digital modulation schemes TDMA and CDMA
with circuit switched network . Second Generation uses the existing radio spectrum to provide the
services. It was developed to overcome the previous generation's drawbacks, and to have data and
voice transmission. But this generation also has few drawbacks like

What Is Packet Data Switching And Why Is Packet Switching...
Chapter 1
1. To what aspects of networking does data communications refer?
Data communications refers to the transmission or conveyance of the data between two or more
computers with the selection of a medium through which it is transmitted.The physical connection
between networked computing devices is set up using a cable media or wireless media.For example
an electronic mail send to another person in a different location.
2. What is Packet data switching and why is packet switching relevant to internet ?
Packet data switching is the way of dividing data into small chunks called pockets and treated each
packet individually and then send to the destination.And then clubbing everything into the same
original message.Packet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a sender uses the stream paradigm and always sends 1024 bytes at a time,what size blocks can the
internet deliver to a receiver?
Stream paradigm does not implement any assurance for block sizes.So it is fully dependent on each
and every individual transfer.
2. If a sender wants to have copies of each data block being sent to three recipients,Which paradigm
should the sender choose?
In this case of multiple recipient transfer it is appropriate to use the message paradigm.This because
it allows multifold communication.
3. Give the general algorithm that a connection oriented system uses?
Algorithm for the connection oriented system
a) Setting up connection between two groups. b) Exchange information. c) Terminate the
connection.
4. List the step a client uses to contact a server after a user specifies a domain name for the server.

Initiate after the server is running
Retrieve the server name from user
With the DNS,decode name to IP address
Point out that the service uses port N
Contact server and interact.
5.Once a socket is created,how does an application reference the

Where Wizards Stay Up Late
Where Wizards Stay up Late
Where Wizards Stay up Late, the Origins of the Internet. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon walk us
through the beginnings of the Internet. The authors will talk about how a computer–engineering firm
produced the first prototypes of the "Arpanet," and how a group of men made the Internet as we
know it today. It tells the intriguing story of how the technology for the Internet was devised. In
many respects, it is very much a "behind–the–scenes" kind of documentary.
When thinking about the Internet, one always appears to assume that the development of computer
technology has been driven by a few giants of the industry. Indeed, we always assume that it is the
big people that made it. And yet, the truth is very different. The authors show us how many of the
developments surrounding the Internet were brought about with the support and often the leadership
of the government. Indeed, it was the government funding that made a lot of these realities possible.
Thus, this is basically a case study of what the development of networking achieved.
In the book, we encounter the process of "packet switching," which is a technique in which a digital
message is broken up into smaller "packets" that can be routed separately through a network to their
destination. This is how the Internet was discovered.
The two authors follow the story from the conception of the idea of "packet switching" in the early
1960s to the creation and development of the Internet. We see how one

The Importance Of End Systems
In today's society networking is pivotal structure in the way information is transferred and received
between people. In the business world we need to send information to people to at fast rates to meet
user satisfaction. Imagine places like wall street that is the mecca of business that constantly send
information back and forth to get the right information to keep investor aware or up to date on a
forever changing stock market. Picture one the biggest libraries in america the library of congress in
washington dc that has network structure to accommodate millions of people that commute and use
resources such online biography and web capabilities every day. For system like this to exist we
depend on a common network layer that is used all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the second and third layer of osi model it is called data link and network link. Data link is
packaging data into frames and transmitting those frames on the network and performing the error
detection correction by uniquely identifying the network devices with an address, and handling the
flow control. Data link layer has two sub layer which is called media access control which is know
as the computer unique identifier to which the network is assigned The mac address comes with a 48
bit address that is assign to it devices network interface card/.Second sub layer is llc which stand for
logic link control, which is know as the multiplex functions that is process of over media access
control To provide a means of exchanging data between end users across a MAC–controlled link or
a collection of LANs interconnected by MAC–level bridges. Layer 3 switching is another example
of fragment–free switching. Up to now, this discussion has concentrated on switching and bridging
at the data link layer Layer 2 of the Open System Interconnection OSI model. When bridge
technology was first developed, it was not practical to build wire–speed bridges with large numbers
of high–speed ports because of the manufacturing cost involved. With improved technology, many
functions previously implemented in software were moved into the hardware, increasing
performance and

Tim Wu's Summary
Tim Wu is the writer of The Master Switch in which he describes a systematic cycle that technology
companies go through from when they first start to what they are now. This process starts with a
fresh company who remains in a free and open state, but as the government becomes more involved
in the companies' activities, they start to be more government controlled. Then for the company to
remain in power over their respective industry, they buy out smaller companies who are trying to
create competition. This Cycle of being free changing to government control then monopolization is
what Tim Wu considers the Cycle. Although this idea has been seen for companies such as AT&T,
Tim Wu argues that the same process will go forth with the Internet. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
TCP checks packets for errors and submits requests for re–transmissions if any are found" (TCP/IP).
If TCP were not used data would have to be sent through one centralized pathway of data
transmission. If this pathway were to be lost, data transmission would have to stop and wait for it to
open again. TCP creates a network of multiple pathways for data to flow which allows for seamless
and uninterrupted data transmission. There are too many devices that rely on the internet and by
limiting their ability to transfer data easily using packet switching and TCP/IP would lead to
frustration, inconveniences, and outrage by the

How The And Start Right From The Beginning Here Essay
I'm going to try and start right from the beginning here. When we think of data communication
nowadays, we think of digital information. We live in a world where technology is so abundant, that
we couldn't possibly imagine what life would be like without it. I'm not talking about having to
write letters, or use the telephone exchange, I'm talking about the beginning. Before there was data
communication, there was simply communication. So much about our evolution is unknown, that
we can't simply piece together the entire history of communication, but we as humans today do have
a brief understanding of how our species learnt to communicate, and how this has shaped our world
today. One of the first methods of communication (besides verbal) was paintings. Painting (or
drawing in general) is one of the earliest methods of communication, and is still very prominent to
this day. The act of turning thoughts or ideas into a physical representation develops in humans at a
very young age, and is the main form of communication used by babies up until they can speak. In
my person opinion, painting isn't a the best form of communication today, as writing is far easier to
understand. Painting is useful if you wish to convey your ideas through the use of metaphors, but the
practicality of using it today as a direct method of communication is limited. The next big
advancement in communication was the development of writing. Writing was developed in two
stages. The first forms of writing were

Frame-Relay
.
Unit 3
Kaplan University
IT530
Professor Jeffrey Robinson
August 20, 2013 Abstract
In this discussion we look at some of the history around frame–relay. We then look at some of the
equipment necessary to create the frame relay connections, as well as how the connections work
both logically and physically. Some limiting factors are discussed as well as committed information
rates, burst rates, an error handling. Some of the positive aspects of frame–relay are identified along
with some options for the future of WAN technologies.
Frame–Relay
Operating at the physical and datalink layers of the OSI model, frame relay is a high–performing
WAN protocol. It was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows frame–relay to provide a low cost of ownership while adhering to standards and
internetworking with other services. A highly reliable WAN may be achieved through frame–relay
and a good service level agreement (SLA) from the provider.
Frame–relay can be thought of as a simple principle because it allows the higher–level protocols to
deal with many of the problems. Although, it can include optional features such as congestion
notification and signaling mechanisms. Ideally, a committed information rate (CIR) is selected that
best meets the needs of the customer. This is the maximum burst rate, which when exceeded can
cause the frames to be discard eligible (DE). In reality, the nature of frame–relay allows all bits to be
discard eligible, but the error correction is handled by the upper layers. Some configurations allow
speeds to burst above the CIR, but never more than the physical capacity of the circuit. The DLCI is
the connection identifier for the PVC in the connection oriented datalink protocol that is frame–
relay. By switching variable length frames, statistical multiplexing is achieved. Even though frame–
relay may be susceptible to traffic delays it can still be optimized for delay sensitive traffic such as
voice over IP.
Because the frame–relay path is known, it is used to connect the customer premises equipment
(CPE) to the frame–relay switch. The LMI keep alive signaling happens

An Open Public Network / Environment Essay
Introduction Virtual is something that is not real, but can be produced by computer imaging. So
when you have a VPN, it is considered to be private interaction with two or more devices. The way
that these two or more devices can communicate with one another is through the use of the Internet
wish is a public network and not private. So the communication that takes place between two or
more devices is virtual but not physical form. Private the meaning of is to keep something hidden
like a secret from others, or in this case from the public. Although two or more devices are able to
communicate with one another on an open public network/environment, there will be no third party
who can disturb this communication. Since a third party in unable to disrupt there communication it
is also unable to receive the information that is being exchanged between the two communicators. A
network is terminal nodes and links that make it possible for two computes or other devices
electronically pass data to each other along data connections. These computers and devices are able
to communicate with one another via cables and wires, so in turn a VPN is a network. It also has the
ability to transmit data long distances very productively and smoothly with no problem. VPN has
been associated with remote connectivity services in the past such as the (PSTN), Public Switched
Telephone Network. This network is starting to be coupled with IP networks. In the past IP network
enterprises had broadband

4g Mobile Advantages And Disadvantages
4G: The Fourth Generation: The fourth generation of mobile telecommunication technology is 4G
the short form of Fourth generation, succeeding 3G. It allows users to connect anytime, anywhere,
anyhow.
 HISTORY:
The first generation of mobile communications started with the Advanced Mobile Phone Systems
(AMPS), which was an analogue system regarded as 1G. Then came GSM and CDMA–one (pretty
much regarded as 2G) and then to UMTS and EV–DO, which are 3G technologies. The latest
technologies for 4G are LTE (from the 3GPP group) and 802.16m (from the IEEE). In the case of
802.16m, the candidate for 4G is also known as Wireless MAN Advanced, or WiMAX2. LTE
progresses through versions known as releases. The latest release that qualifies as being 4G is ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 ADVANTAGES OF 4G MOBILE NETWORKS:
The most obvious advantage of the 4G mobile network is its amazing speed. Increased bandwidth
leads to much faster data transfer speed, which is especially advantageous for mobile devices. Users
of the 4G network get the advantage of superior, uninterrupted connectivity, especially for advanced
tasks such as video chats and conferences. The younger generation of mobile device users can
stream music, videos and movies at a much faster rate and can also easily share information online.
4G networks offer much more coverage than other systems such as Wi–Fi, which forces users to
depend upon hotspots in each area you visit. Since 4G offers a coverage of 30 miles and more, users
would be assured of complete connectivity at all times.
One of the biggest problems with Wi–Fi networks is that of online security which is especially true
for mobile devices. 4G networks offer complete privacy, security and safety. It is very beneficial for
corporate establishments and business persons, who hold sensitive information on their respective
mobile

Mis589 Wk4 Mini-Case Mega Corp
MIS589_WK4_Mini–case–MegaCorp_PC
Questions:
MegaCorp is a large manufacturing firm that operates 5 factories in Dallas, 4 factories in Los
Angeles, and 5 factories in Albany, New York. It operates a tightly connected order management
system that coordinates orders, raw materials, and inventory across all 14 factories. What type of
WAN architecture and WAN service would you recommend? Why?
Recommendations:
When designing a WAN, numerous factors must be considered. Organizations attempting to connect
multiple factories or offices and remote personnel must take into account a number of variables that
will impact overall costs and network functionality. When designing and implementing wide area
networks (WANs) that integrate voice, video, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So therefore, based off the information provided, I would recommend a packet switched
architecture, or more specifically a Frame relay with a CIR 45 Mbps WAN service. Frame Relay is
packet switched data link layer protocol that handles multiple virtual circuits using High–Level Data
Link Control (HDLC) encapsulation between connected devices. (Cisco, 2005) In many cases,
Frame Relay is more efficient than X.25 and generally less expensive than ATM. Also the data
provided does not suggest that MegaCorp specifically has needs for the extensive QoS information
that ATM provides that would enable the setting of very precise priorities among different types of
transmissions such as high priority for voice and video and lower priority for email. If the company
were a consulting firm with a high propensity for needs on bandwidth because of video
conferencing or high bandwidth requiring applications then perhaps ATM architecture with a T1 or
T3 WAN service might be more suitable. Even though MegaCorp is a large manufacturing firm
recommending Ethernet services might prove to be too expensive of a proposal as well and thus
causing us to lose the project. The cost associated to having each factory connected by fiber optic
cables to the provider's city wide MAN backbone plus the cost of the Ethernet switch might not be
justified by the company's bandwidth needs.
Sources:
AT&T. (2014). Frame Relay; Frame Relay: A Viable

Nt1310 Unit 4
Suneel Pasupuleti Student Id 1460391 Home work 1 Problem 3 a)As per given Application Working
Module we have to use Circuit Switched Network for this Application.because as per given data
application needs long time connection and a good bandwidth.if we used Packet switching we have
to face some data loss and packet trafficking because there is no end to end connection between
source and destination.so the best network is Circuit Switched Network for this given Application.
b)if we are using Circuit Switched method for Above given Application there will be no need of
congestion control.where there exist so many links available in network and each link will give good
bandwidth.so we dont need any type of Congestion control. Problem 10 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
as per our logic discussed above the General Expression for Throughput transmission rate is
min{Rs,Rc,R/M}. Problem 31 a) Message from Source to Destination ==> 8*10^6 bits Given
Transmission Rate from source to Destination ==> 2 MBPS ==> 2*10^6 bits per second time
needed to send message from source to switch ==> 8*10^6/2*10^6 = 4 seconds as said in the
problem if we are considering Storage and forward switching then there will be total 3 switches
where total transmission time will be 3*4 = 12 seconds b) here we have to find time required to send
first packet from source to first packet switch. Where message is segmented into 800 packets. Each
part is 10000 bits time required for first packet to reach from source to first packet switch
10*10^3/2*10^6=0.005 seconds c) as per we solved in problem section b the first segment packet
takes time to reach first switch is 0.005 while to reach destination switch is 3*0.005=0.015 we have
to calculate time required for last pocket to reach destination = 0.015+799*0.001 =4.01

The Positive Side Of The Internet
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT 1
Right from the inception of the Internet in 1969, there has been a drastic increase in its growth. Over
the years the world has become more and more dependent on the internet due to its ease in
accessibility, reduced cost and tons of information in all fields. As there are two sides to coins, there
are two sides to this both positive and negative with respect to its impact on people. The positive
side to the internet with reference to Dr.Leonard Klienrock lecture at infocom 2006 is that it has
removed the barrier in between the people, increased the speed of interaction and reduced cost of
receiving access to the technology. This has increased to a larger extent in the past 9 years; from
receiving a data speed from 50kbps to 1Gbps or maybe beyond is a noticeable example of
advancement in the Internet. The internet was basically invented to transfer resourceful information
among a group of researchers. Over the years humans have begun looking at it in a different angle
which has made it a part of our lives. The internet has affected the people personal, economic and
social life profoundly. An example more than 1.5 billion people (apart from the rest use the
internet)as of today use Facebook which surely proves two things, one nearly 25% of the world's
population have access to the internet and two, 25% of the people can interact with each other with
just a click. The internet has brought people under one roof and made the world smaller. The other
name I

Wan Network Design For A Company Essay
1. Case Study It's a project on WAN network design for a company which is five year old and have
multiple branches. It's a IT& Electronics company located in Auckland named eServe. I am working
for this company from last six months as a IT technician. The company have multiple branches in
other cities as well. They provide software and hardware related services to their clients and mainly
concern with apple (Mac Book, iMac, phone) products. The company have three branches in
wellington, Christchurch and Hamilton cities. All these branches are controlled by main head
quarter located at Newmarket (Auckland).But the system is not well they are working on old
documentary level .Each branch has their own databases. They keep all the record of their clients
and part lists individually. They provide online email communication and Chat facility to their
clients. But the problem is each branch provides these services individually and it's difficult for main
head quarter office to collect that latest information. They want to make a centralize control for all
these branches. Moreover they are using a software system for stock entry and part order lists this
also needs to be centralized on a common file server. Because they are paying to more to hire staff
for each branch .Because need to manage the stocks and payments individually. But at this stage
they want to reduce the staff and make a centralize control from their main branch. They want a
perfect online connectivity between

What is VolP? Essay
CONTENTS
1. Introduction: What is VoIP?
2. Circuit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction: What is VoIP?
VoIP stands for 'V'oice 'o'ver 'I'nternet 'P'rotocol, popularly known as IP telephony. As the term says
VoIP tries to let go voice (mainly human) through IP packets and, in definitive through Internet.
Thus Voice–over IP (VoIP), is the transmission of telephone calls over a data network like one of the
many networks that make up the Internet. While you probably have heard of VoIP, what you may
not know is that many traditional telephone companies are already using it in the connections
between their regional offices.
Let us learn about VoIP and the technology that makes it possible. We'll talk about VoIP's major
protocols, about the various services provided and the low–cost, often free software that allows you
to take advantage of them.
But first, let's discuss the fundamental problem with existing telephone networks –– namely, their
reliance on circuit switching.
2. CIRCUIT SWITCHING
Circuit

Computer Science and Technology
TMC1254 Communication and Computer Network Semester 2 2013/2014 Switching 1 Learning
Unit Objectives Understand the concept of switching. Understand and able to differentiate between
different types of switching. 2 How many connection per device? 3 Introduction A network is a
set of connected devices How to connect them for communication? – Using mesh topology but
wasteful – Used switching Switched network consists of a series of interlinked nodes, called
switches (temporary connection btw 2 or > devices) 4 Switched network 3 Simple Switching
Network 6 Taxonomy of switched networks 7 Circuit Switched Networks Three Phases
Efficiency Delay 8 9 CIRCUIT–SWITCHED ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a packet–switched network, there is no resource reservation; resources are allocated on demand.
22 A datagram network with four switches (routers) 23 Example: Routers 24 Characteristics
of Datagram Network No scheduled processing time for each packet Resources are allocated on
demand Each packet is treated independently of all others Done at the network layer Referred as
connectionless network (packet switch does not keep information about the connection state) No
setup and teardown phases Each switch has routing table (for forwarding packet to correct
destination) 25 Routing table in a datagram Network A switch in a datagram network uses a
routing table that is based on the destination address. The destination address in the header of a
packet in a datagram network remains the same during the entire journey of the packet. 26 Issues
in datagram networks Efficiency – better than circuit–switched network – Resources are allocated
only when there are packets to be transferred Delay – Greater delay – Each packet experience a wait
at a switch before it is forwarded – Not all packets in a message necessarily travel through the same
switches, the delay is not uniform for the packets of a message 27 Delay in a datagram network 28
Virtual–circuit networks Addressing Three Phases Efficiency Delay 29 VIRTUAL–CIRCUIT
NETWORKS A virtual–circuit network is

Career Episode : India Bsc ( Base Station Controller )...
CAREER EPISODE – 1
MTNL India BSC (Base Station Controller) traffic migration
CE 1.1 Introduction:–
Duration : Jan 2008 – June 2008
Geographic Location : Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India
Position Held : Engineering Student (College project)
In final year of my bachelor's degree I got the opportunity to work with MTNL (Indian
Government's owned telecom company) on BSC (Base Station Controller) migration as part of
training and project. The migration involved both the circuit switched as well as packet switched
part.
MTNL was set up by the Government of India to upgrade the quality of telecom services, expand
the telecom network, and introduce new services and to raise revenue for telecom development
needs of Indias key metros with services ranging from 2G, 3G, LTE to high speed broadband
services.
CE 1.2 Background and Nature of the Work:
CE 1.2.1 Introduction:
As a telecommunication engineering student I studied and came to know that there are two basic
technologies in mobile phones on which our wireless network is based on. These are: CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access ) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications).
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services.
My project of migrating call traffic of BSC was based on GSM technology. After getting familiar
with the

Docomo Case Essay
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Strategic Innovation 1231.3635.01
Case Questions: (1) How did DoCoMo create distinctive value at low cost? How did DoCoMo
combine the strength of the mobile phone and the PC–Internet? How did the value curve of
DoCoMo's i–mode differ from those of the mobile phone and PC–internet? (2) Where and how did
i–mode create new buyer utility? What is i–mode's business model? (3) How did NTT DoCoMo
make profits out of its i–mode service? (1) DoCoMo broke "Red Ocean" by ignoring the technology
race and price competition in highly crowded voice–based market. The industry has reached a
maturity stage and by taking a Breakaway positioning approach DoCoMo succeeded to reposition a
mature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Later games platform introduction was also based on strategic alliance with Sun. * In order to
overcome organizational hurdles that might have blocked the blue ocean, DoCoMo took the
Organization Separation approach, created a dedicated project and staffed it with leaders recruited
from outside (the unthinkable move for Japanese culture) DoCoMo reconstructed market boundaries
and created a new market between the PC–internet market and the cell phone by combining their
strengths: * Mobile strengths: Voice–based services, gadget positioning that was so popular for
Japanese market, small size of the phone, mobility and everywhere access, cheap but well designed
device were available by using the same improved DoCoMo's product as a baseline platform and
only adjusting it to support non–voice data communication offering. * PC–Internet strengths: access
to variety of information and entertainment content avoiding the limited radio bandwidth constraint,
answering the emerging customer need for communication, information, knowledge and
entertainment were possible * by improving the Network – Packet based telecommunication and *
by supporting c–HTML format which allows integration with all content providers The value curve
compares performance/value across various factors of competition: * Mobile phones value curve
concentrated on high mobility, ease–of–use, weight,

An Insight Into QoS Techniques

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