Farmscaping Principles 2013 - learn how to properly nest your vegetables among a forest of predators and parasitic insects that will protect your food without using chemicals.
This document provides an overview of common beneficial arthropods for Southeast USA agriculture, including ladybugs, predatory beetles, parasitic wasps, flies, and predatory bugs. It describes 14 types of beneficial insects and provides 1-3 sentences on key identifying characteristics and behaviors of each, emphasizing their role in controlling agricultural pests and ways to encourage their populations through farmscaping and other techniques.
Zebra finches are highly social birds that form long-term pair bonds and live in large flocks in the wild. When housed in captivity, they should be provided with social housing, a varied diet that allows foraging, multiple perches, nesting boxes, outdoor access if possible, and environmental enrichment to support their natural behaviors and prevent welfare issues like feather pecking. Proper husbandry is needed to house them in a way that meets their physical and behavioral needs.
Dung Beetle Benefits in the Pasture EcosystemElisaMendelsohn
Dung beetles play an important role in pasture ecosystems by feeding on manure, using it to provide homes and food for their young, and improving soil structure, nutrient cycling, and forage growth. There are three main types of dung beetles - tumblers that roll dung into balls and bury them, tunnelers that bury balls under or near dung piles, and dwellers that live in dung piles without much digging. Dung beetles benefit pastures by reducing fly populations, breaking the life cycles of gastrointestinal parasites, and making more forage available by completely removing dung piles. Importing additional dung beetle species from other parts of the world can further improve manure recycling in US past
Birds can help control pest insects on farms. When farmers provide habitat for birds near crops, the birds consume more pests. Over 220 bird species in North America eat agricultural insect pests. Birds have different diets and foraging strategies - insect-eating, omnivorous, granivorous - which help reduce different pest types. Factors that harm beneficial bird populations on farms include habitat destruction, climate change, pesticide use, predation by cats, and death from wires or drowning in water troughs. Farmers can take steps to address these threats and better support bird populations that naturally control insect pests.
Insects play several important ecological, economic, and nutritional roles:
1) Ecologically, insects act as decomposers that break down organic material and enrich soil nutrients, and also serve as important pollinators and seed dispersers.
2) Economically, insects produce useful substances like honey, wax, silk and are used as fishing bait.
3) Insects are also a source of food for humans in some areas and provide protein, vitamins and minerals.
Vermicomposting Worms Around the World Making Black Goldx3G9
Vermicomposting is a process using earthworms to break down organic materials into a nutrient-rich fertilizer. There are five essential conditions for vermicomposting - a living environment for the worms (bedding), a food source, proper moisture, aeration, and temperature control. The document provides details on each condition and recommends various methods for setting up vermicomposting in Ghana, such as using a pit or cement bin and specific local worm species, materials, and food sources.
This document discusses several lepidopteran pests that affect crops like cotton and rice. It provides details on the lifecycles, damage caused, and control methods for the following pests:
1. Pectinophora gossypiella (Pink Bollworm), a serious cotton pest whose larvae damage cotton bolls and seeds.
2. Tryporyza incertulas (Yellow Stem Borer), a rice pest whose larvae bore into and feed inside rice stems.
3. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Rice Leafroller), whose larvae feed on rice leaves and cause stripping.
4. Nymphula depunctalis (Rice
This document discusses beneficial insects and their functions. It lists several beneficial insect species, including weaver ants, green lacewings, ladybugs, and honey bees. It then describes how beneficial insects help control other insect populations through predation and parasitism. Additionally, it explains how they contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing dead plant and animal matter. Many beneficial insects also play important roles in plant pollination, weed management, and producing commercial products like honey, silk, shellac and dyes.
This document provides an overview of common beneficial arthropods for Southeast USA agriculture, including ladybugs, predatory beetles, parasitic wasps, flies, and predatory bugs. It describes 14 types of beneficial insects and provides 1-3 sentences on key identifying characteristics and behaviors of each, emphasizing their role in controlling agricultural pests and ways to encourage their populations through farmscaping and other techniques.
Zebra finches are highly social birds that form long-term pair bonds and live in large flocks in the wild. When housed in captivity, they should be provided with social housing, a varied diet that allows foraging, multiple perches, nesting boxes, outdoor access if possible, and environmental enrichment to support their natural behaviors and prevent welfare issues like feather pecking. Proper husbandry is needed to house them in a way that meets their physical and behavioral needs.
Dung Beetle Benefits in the Pasture EcosystemElisaMendelsohn
Dung beetles play an important role in pasture ecosystems by feeding on manure, using it to provide homes and food for their young, and improving soil structure, nutrient cycling, and forage growth. There are three main types of dung beetles - tumblers that roll dung into balls and bury them, tunnelers that bury balls under or near dung piles, and dwellers that live in dung piles without much digging. Dung beetles benefit pastures by reducing fly populations, breaking the life cycles of gastrointestinal parasites, and making more forage available by completely removing dung piles. Importing additional dung beetle species from other parts of the world can further improve manure recycling in US past
Birds can help control pest insects on farms. When farmers provide habitat for birds near crops, the birds consume more pests. Over 220 bird species in North America eat agricultural insect pests. Birds have different diets and foraging strategies - insect-eating, omnivorous, granivorous - which help reduce different pest types. Factors that harm beneficial bird populations on farms include habitat destruction, climate change, pesticide use, predation by cats, and death from wires or drowning in water troughs. Farmers can take steps to address these threats and better support bird populations that naturally control insect pests.
Insects play several important ecological, economic, and nutritional roles:
1) Ecologically, insects act as decomposers that break down organic material and enrich soil nutrients, and also serve as important pollinators and seed dispersers.
2) Economically, insects produce useful substances like honey, wax, silk and are used as fishing bait.
3) Insects are also a source of food for humans in some areas and provide protein, vitamins and minerals.
Vermicomposting Worms Around the World Making Black Goldx3G9
Vermicomposting is a process using earthworms to break down organic materials into a nutrient-rich fertilizer. There are five essential conditions for vermicomposting - a living environment for the worms (bedding), a food source, proper moisture, aeration, and temperature control. The document provides details on each condition and recommends various methods for setting up vermicomposting in Ghana, such as using a pit or cement bin and specific local worm species, materials, and food sources.
This document discusses several lepidopteran pests that affect crops like cotton and rice. It provides details on the lifecycles, damage caused, and control methods for the following pests:
1. Pectinophora gossypiella (Pink Bollworm), a serious cotton pest whose larvae damage cotton bolls and seeds.
2. Tryporyza incertulas (Yellow Stem Borer), a rice pest whose larvae bore into and feed inside rice stems.
3. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Rice Leafroller), whose larvae feed on rice leaves and cause stripping.
4. Nymphula depunctalis (Rice
This document discusses beneficial insects and their functions. It lists several beneficial insect species, including weaver ants, green lacewings, ladybugs, and honey bees. It then describes how beneficial insects help control other insect populations through predation and parasitism. Additionally, it explains how they contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing dead plant and animal matter. Many beneficial insects also play important roles in plant pollination, weed management, and producing commercial products like honey, silk, shellac and dyes.
Pest of poultry and their future precautionsPARUNKUMAR6
Pests of poultry affects production of egg and meat which may be insect or non insects like Lice, Flies, Flea, Bugs and mite. Management activities should be taken like physical, chemical or biological control for effective control of poultry pests.
Companion Planting and Crop Planning - Agricultural Training Institute, Phili...Fairlee3z
The document discusses crop planning for family nutrition, including which crops to plant to provide proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals; when to plant different crops throughout the year; and companion cropping to make efficient use of space and provide benefits from plant interactions. Proper seed collection and storage is also covered to preserve heirloom varieties and ensure a supply of seeds. The summary focuses on the key aspects of crop planning, varieties, timing, companion planting, and seed saving.
This document provides information about mushroom farming. It begins with the structure of mushrooms, including the cap, gills, ring, volva, mycelium, and stem. It then discusses the main types of mushrooms like morels, shiitake, oyster mushrooms and their uses. The life cycle of mushrooms is explained in 5 steps - spore dropping, growth of hyphae, mycelium formation, hyphal knots and pinheads developing into full mushrooms. The document outlines the process of mushroom cultivation including compost preparation in 2 phases, spawning, casing and conditions for pinning and cropping. Finally, it mentions some applications of mushrooms like used as food, bio-transformation, medicinal value for
This document provides information about the ladybird beetle (Coccinella magnifica), including its taxonomic position, morphological description, biology, life cycle, where it can be found, how to attract and conserve it, types of ladybird beetles, alternative foods, and its use in biological control. It describes the beetle's egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. It lists 8 common types of ladybird beetles found in North America and their distinguishing characteristics. It also discusses providing alternative foods and flowering plants to attract ladybird beetles when their normal prey is scarce.
This document discusses predators and prey. It defines predators as animals that hunt and kill other organisms for food through predation. Predators are broadly categorized into classic predators, grazers, and parasites. The document explains that predators play an important role in regulating prey populations and maintaining biodiversity by keeping successful competitor species in check. Prey organisms have evolved various defenses against predation including camouflage, warning colorations, and mimicry. Camouflage allows prey to blend into their surroundings while warning colors and mimicry aim to deter predators by appearing harmful or associated with harmful species.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor | Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference.
This document provides information about common household pests and nuisances, including bed bugs, mosquitoes, wasps, fleas, ticks, spiders, pantry pests, ants, and flies. It discusses identifying the pest, determining if it poses a problem, and selecting appropriate management methods like removing food sources, modifying habitats, or using professional pest control if needed. Precise identification is important for effective management while avoiding potential misidentifications. It emphasizes research-based, non-chemical approaches per Master Gardener guidelines.
The document summarizes the biology and cultivation of Morchella mushrooms. Some key points:
- Morchella, also known as morel mushrooms, are edible fungi prized for their honeycomb appearance and strong flavor.
- They have complex life cycles and form symbiotic relationships with tree roots. Morels fruit in the spring in temperate forests.
- Cultivation methods include using spawn/spore kits to inoculate beds or creating spore slurries to spread on prepared soil.
- False morel mushrooms contain toxins and must be properly identified to distinguish them from edible species.
Insect pest of cattle and their managementEpicGame
This document discusses major insect pests of cattle and their management. It outlines 8 major pests: black flies, horn flies, horse and deer flies, stable flies, cattle grubs, lice, mites, and mosquitoes. For each pest, it describes identifying characteristics, life cycles, impacts on cattle, and recommended management strategies. Management typically involves the use of insecticide applications like permethrin every 2-3 weeks and removing breeding sites or manure to disrupt pest life cycles. The document provides an overview of the key insect pests affecting cattle and guidance on integrated pest management approaches.
Beneficial insects (bugs) are insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered beneficial. In horticulture and gardening; pest control, habitat integration, and 'natural vitality' aesthetics are the desired outcome with beneficial insects.
This document summarizes various types of beneficial predatory and parasitoid insects that help control pest populations. It describes ground beetles, ladybird beetles, hover flies, minute pirate bugs, green lacewings, predatory mites, spiders, mantids, paper wasps, and parasitic wasps. For each type of beneficial insect, it provides details on appearance, life cycle, prey, and effective planting to attract them.
Millipedes are multi-legged arthropods that can have up to 750 legs. They are found around the world in areas with soil, leaves, bark, or rotting wood. Millipedes have a cylindrical body divided into segments and equipped with four legs per segment. They move slowly and have a tough exoskeleton for protection. Some millipedes can release toxic hydrogen cyanide gas as a defense. Large tropical millipedes sometimes make good pets if their diet and care needs are met.
Coccinellids in integrated pest managementAnitha Gorthi
The document summarizes the introduction and establishment of several species of ladybird beetles or Coccinellids for biological control of agricultural pests in India. Some key points:
- Rodolia cardinalis, originally from Australia, was successfully introduced in 1888 to control cottony cushion scale on citrus in California, and was later also released in India in the 1920s/30s to manage the same pest.
- Several other species were later introduced throughout the 1960s-80s including Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Curinus coeruleus to control various pests affecting crops like sugarcane.
- Many introduced species like R. cardinalis and C. coerule
This document provides information on the development and dispersal of predatory mites, specifically phytoseiid and laelapid mites, that are used for biological control. It discusses the life cycles, feeding habits, and commercial use of various predatory mite species, including Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus cucumeris, N. barkeri, and N. californicus. It also describes how some of these species have been successfully used for biological control of spider mites, thrips, and other pests on greenhouse crops like cucumbers.
The document provides information about the life cycle of mosquitoes, which includes four stages:
1. Eggs are laid by female mosquitoes and hatch within 48-72 hours into larvae.
2. Larvae, or "wrigglers", live in water and breathe through a siphon tube. They molt four times over 5-6 days.
3. Pupae, or "tumblers", live at the water surface for 1-4 days until an adult mosquito emerges from the casing.
4. Only female mosquitoes bite to obtain blood meals needed to develop eggs, while males feed on plant juices. Various species have different biting behaviors and flight ranges.
Phytophagous mites are plant-feeding pests that damage crops. Predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae provide effective biological control by voraciously feeding on phytophagous mites like the two-spotted spider mite. Releasing predatory mites like Phytoseiulus persimilis at early signs of an infestation can suppress pest mite populations without the need for pesticides. Proper timing and methods are required to establish predatory mites and allow them to control phytophagous mites in an economical and sustainable manner without the pest mites developing resistance.
The document discusses the sun beetle (Pachnoda marginata), an interesting beetle species that is commonly kept as live food but also has fascinating biology. It has vivid colors and an incompletely understood life cycle involving larvae that eat soil and wood debris. While they are widely available, there is still much to learn about their breeding, behaviors, and environmental needs to ensure their optimal care in captivity. The document provides housing and care recommendations based on current knowledge.
Extent of Losses in Stored Grain Pest and Their Management. Harpreet DandiwalHarpreet Dandiwal
This document discusses various insect pests that infest stored grains and cause economic losses. It describes 14 major storage pests classified as primary pests (internal and external feeders) or secondary pests. For each pest, it provides information on distribution, host range, bionomics (life stages and features), and management approaches like drying grains properly before storage, using clean storage areas, and applying chemicals like fenvalerate or malathion for surface or seed treatment if infestation occurs. The effective management of storage pests requires an integrated approach including sanitation, chemical applications, and proper storage conditions.
This document discusses slugs and snails, which are molluscs that can be agricultural pests. It describes their characteristics, such as being unsegmented and having an open circulatory system. It provides details on common species of snails, like Helix spp. and the giant African snail, and their life cycles. Common species of slugs, such as the common garden slug and black/brown slug, are also described. Slugs and snails can damage a variety of crops by feeding on leaves, stems, fruits and more. They can also spread plant pathogens. Control methods include handpicking, using barriers, and chemical controls with substances like carbaryl and metaldehyde baits or sprays.
This document discusses natural enemies that can be used for biological control of pests. It describes various predators such as ladybird beetles, green lacewings, minute pirate bugs, and syrphid fly larvae that attack pest insects. It also covers various parasitoids like wasps, predatory mites, and syrphid fly adults that either feed on or lay eggs in other insect hosts to the detriment of the host. Finally, it briefly mentions pathogens like fungi and bacteria that can infect and kill pest insects.
Pest of poultry and their future precautionsPARUNKUMAR6
Pests of poultry affects production of egg and meat which may be insect or non insects like Lice, Flies, Flea, Bugs and mite. Management activities should be taken like physical, chemical or biological control for effective control of poultry pests.
Companion Planting and Crop Planning - Agricultural Training Institute, Phili...Fairlee3z
The document discusses crop planning for family nutrition, including which crops to plant to provide proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals; when to plant different crops throughout the year; and companion cropping to make efficient use of space and provide benefits from plant interactions. Proper seed collection and storage is also covered to preserve heirloom varieties and ensure a supply of seeds. The summary focuses on the key aspects of crop planning, varieties, timing, companion planting, and seed saving.
This document provides information about mushroom farming. It begins with the structure of mushrooms, including the cap, gills, ring, volva, mycelium, and stem. It then discusses the main types of mushrooms like morels, shiitake, oyster mushrooms and their uses. The life cycle of mushrooms is explained in 5 steps - spore dropping, growth of hyphae, mycelium formation, hyphal knots and pinheads developing into full mushrooms. The document outlines the process of mushroom cultivation including compost preparation in 2 phases, spawning, casing and conditions for pinning and cropping. Finally, it mentions some applications of mushrooms like used as food, bio-transformation, medicinal value for
This document provides information about the ladybird beetle (Coccinella magnifica), including its taxonomic position, morphological description, biology, life cycle, where it can be found, how to attract and conserve it, types of ladybird beetles, alternative foods, and its use in biological control. It describes the beetle's egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. It lists 8 common types of ladybird beetles found in North America and their distinguishing characteristics. It also discusses providing alternative foods and flowering plants to attract ladybird beetles when their normal prey is scarce.
This document discusses predators and prey. It defines predators as animals that hunt and kill other organisms for food through predation. Predators are broadly categorized into classic predators, grazers, and parasites. The document explains that predators play an important role in regulating prey populations and maintaining biodiversity by keeping successful competitor species in check. Prey organisms have evolved various defenses against predation including camouflage, warning colorations, and mimicry. Camouflage allows prey to blend into their surroundings while warning colors and mimicry aim to deter predators by appearing harmful or associated with harmful species.
by Christopher Philips, Assistant Professor | Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota
Presented at the 2015 Minnesota Statewide High Tunnel Conference.
This document provides information about common household pests and nuisances, including bed bugs, mosquitoes, wasps, fleas, ticks, spiders, pantry pests, ants, and flies. It discusses identifying the pest, determining if it poses a problem, and selecting appropriate management methods like removing food sources, modifying habitats, or using professional pest control if needed. Precise identification is important for effective management while avoiding potential misidentifications. It emphasizes research-based, non-chemical approaches per Master Gardener guidelines.
The document summarizes the biology and cultivation of Morchella mushrooms. Some key points:
- Morchella, also known as morel mushrooms, are edible fungi prized for their honeycomb appearance and strong flavor.
- They have complex life cycles and form symbiotic relationships with tree roots. Morels fruit in the spring in temperate forests.
- Cultivation methods include using spawn/spore kits to inoculate beds or creating spore slurries to spread on prepared soil.
- False morel mushrooms contain toxins and must be properly identified to distinguish them from edible species.
Insect pest of cattle and their managementEpicGame
This document discusses major insect pests of cattle and their management. It outlines 8 major pests: black flies, horn flies, horse and deer flies, stable flies, cattle grubs, lice, mites, and mosquitoes. For each pest, it describes identifying characteristics, life cycles, impacts on cattle, and recommended management strategies. Management typically involves the use of insecticide applications like permethrin every 2-3 weeks and removing breeding sites or manure to disrupt pest life cycles. The document provides an overview of the key insect pests affecting cattle and guidance on integrated pest management approaches.
Beneficial insects (bugs) are insects that perform valued services like pollination and pest control. The concept of beneficial is subjective and only arises in light of desired outcomes from a human perspective. In farming and agriculture, where the goal is to raise selected crops, insects that hinder the production process are classified as pests, while insects that assist production are considered beneficial. In horticulture and gardening; pest control, habitat integration, and 'natural vitality' aesthetics are the desired outcome with beneficial insects.
This document summarizes various types of beneficial predatory and parasitoid insects that help control pest populations. It describes ground beetles, ladybird beetles, hover flies, minute pirate bugs, green lacewings, predatory mites, spiders, mantids, paper wasps, and parasitic wasps. For each type of beneficial insect, it provides details on appearance, life cycle, prey, and effective planting to attract them.
Millipedes are multi-legged arthropods that can have up to 750 legs. They are found around the world in areas with soil, leaves, bark, or rotting wood. Millipedes have a cylindrical body divided into segments and equipped with four legs per segment. They move slowly and have a tough exoskeleton for protection. Some millipedes can release toxic hydrogen cyanide gas as a defense. Large tropical millipedes sometimes make good pets if their diet and care needs are met.
Coccinellids in integrated pest managementAnitha Gorthi
The document summarizes the introduction and establishment of several species of ladybird beetles or Coccinellids for biological control of agricultural pests in India. Some key points:
- Rodolia cardinalis, originally from Australia, was successfully introduced in 1888 to control cottony cushion scale on citrus in California, and was later also released in India in the 1920s/30s to manage the same pest.
- Several other species were later introduced throughout the 1960s-80s including Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Curinus coeruleus to control various pests affecting crops like sugarcane.
- Many introduced species like R. cardinalis and C. coerule
This document provides information on the development and dispersal of predatory mites, specifically phytoseiid and laelapid mites, that are used for biological control. It discusses the life cycles, feeding habits, and commercial use of various predatory mite species, including Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus cucumeris, N. barkeri, and N. californicus. It also describes how some of these species have been successfully used for biological control of spider mites, thrips, and other pests on greenhouse crops like cucumbers.
The document provides information about the life cycle of mosquitoes, which includes four stages:
1. Eggs are laid by female mosquitoes and hatch within 48-72 hours into larvae.
2. Larvae, or "wrigglers", live in water and breathe through a siphon tube. They molt four times over 5-6 days.
3. Pupae, or "tumblers", live at the water surface for 1-4 days until an adult mosquito emerges from the casing.
4. Only female mosquitoes bite to obtain blood meals needed to develop eggs, while males feed on plant juices. Various species have different biting behaviors and flight ranges.
Phytophagous mites are plant-feeding pests that damage crops. Predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae provide effective biological control by voraciously feeding on phytophagous mites like the two-spotted spider mite. Releasing predatory mites like Phytoseiulus persimilis at early signs of an infestation can suppress pest mite populations without the need for pesticides. Proper timing and methods are required to establish predatory mites and allow them to control phytophagous mites in an economical and sustainable manner without the pest mites developing resistance.
The document discusses the sun beetle (Pachnoda marginata), an interesting beetle species that is commonly kept as live food but also has fascinating biology. It has vivid colors and an incompletely understood life cycle involving larvae that eat soil and wood debris. While they are widely available, there is still much to learn about their breeding, behaviors, and environmental needs to ensure their optimal care in captivity. The document provides housing and care recommendations based on current knowledge.
Extent of Losses in Stored Grain Pest and Their Management. Harpreet DandiwalHarpreet Dandiwal
This document discusses various insect pests that infest stored grains and cause economic losses. It describes 14 major storage pests classified as primary pests (internal and external feeders) or secondary pests. For each pest, it provides information on distribution, host range, bionomics (life stages and features), and management approaches like drying grains properly before storage, using clean storage areas, and applying chemicals like fenvalerate or malathion for surface or seed treatment if infestation occurs. The effective management of storage pests requires an integrated approach including sanitation, chemical applications, and proper storage conditions.
This document discusses slugs and snails, which are molluscs that can be agricultural pests. It describes their characteristics, such as being unsegmented and having an open circulatory system. It provides details on common species of snails, like Helix spp. and the giant African snail, and their life cycles. Common species of slugs, such as the common garden slug and black/brown slug, are also described. Slugs and snails can damage a variety of crops by feeding on leaves, stems, fruits and more. They can also spread plant pathogens. Control methods include handpicking, using barriers, and chemical controls with substances like carbaryl and metaldehyde baits or sprays.
This document discusses natural enemies that can be used for biological control of pests. It describes various predators such as ladybird beetles, green lacewings, minute pirate bugs, and syrphid fly larvae that attack pest insects. It also covers various parasitoids like wasps, predatory mites, and syrphid fly adults that either feed on or lay eggs in other insect hosts to the detriment of the host. Finally, it briefly mentions pathogens like fungi and bacteria that can infect and kill pest insects.
Ultraviolet light can be used to detect predator activity on hemlock woolly adelgid without dissecting egg sacs. Under UV light, undamaged adelgids glow blue-white, adelgids damaged by the predator L. nigrinus glow chartreuse as their hemolymph leaks out, damaged eggs glow yellow, and predator frass glows orange. These fluorescent colors allow observation of predator trails and activity patterns over time. Using UV light is a non-invasive method that could help determine if chemical treatments are needed or if biological control by predators is sufficient.
“We have designed our pest problems into our current system of agriculture, so we can also design them out...if we understand ecology better. Thirty plus years of INTEGRATING farmscaping with other farm activities, strategies and resources will be featured, not just a rote list of plants and bugs. Many of the best farmscaping plants are flowers, medicinal herbs, and spices that can supplement and add value to your main crops and can be sold alongside them, like pickling spices (dill, garlic, grape leaves, etc.) for cucumbers. Bring your plant samples, questions, bug samples, or other farmscaping questions...no holds barred! Learn how to work backwards from your pest problems to the beneficials that attack your pests, to the plants and resources that YOUR beneficials need for control, and how these fit more neatly into your production program(s). Work smarter, not harder! Join longtime producer Patryk Battle and entomologist Richard “DrMcBug” McDonald in a lively, FUN, information filled session that will give you new insight into approaches for the NEW and OLD pests we face now. Yes, Carolina, farmscaping can be FUN!”
The document discusses plant insects and their management for gardening. It provides information on the value of insects, their anatomy and life cycles. The majority of insects are harmless and some are beneficial. Only a small percentage are considered pests. The document outlines different types of insect injuries and control methods including cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical approaches. The goal is to help gardeners identify issues and choose effective management strategies that minimize harm.
1) Complex vegetation structure in gardens and landscapes provides shelter and food for many beneficial insects that prey on pest insects. 2) Flowers from plants like dill, fennel, yarrow, and goldenrod attract beneficial insects that control pests. 3) Limiting pesticide use helps beneficial insect populations recover more quickly than pest populations after treatment.
The document discusses 18 different types of beneficial insects commonly found in gardens and landscapes, including assassin bugs, big-eyed bugs, damsel bugs, green lacewings, ground beetles, lady beetles, tiny parasitic wasps, praying mantids, predaceous stink bugs, predatory mites, soldier beetles, syrphid flies, minute pirate bugs, tachinid flies, wasps, and hornets. Many of these beneficial insects prey on pest insects like aphids, caterpillars, beetles, leafhoppers, spider mites, thrips, and their eggs.
Farmscaping is a whole-farm approach to pest management through biodiversity. It involves establishing hedgerows, insectary plants, cover crops, and water reservoirs to attract beneficial organisms like parasitic insects and birds. This increases biodiversity and biological control of pests, while improving farm productivity and sustainability. The document outlines various farmscaping practices like companion planting, trap cropping, and hedgerows. It discusses selecting plants that provide food and habitat for beneficial insects. Implementing farmscaping can reduce pesticide use, save money, and create a safer farm environment.
Once we realized the HWA was native to our own country, our hypothesis was that we would have an analogue for every Chinese or Japanese summer predator. All we have to do is collect and release beetles - and our insectaries are now coming on line locally. This program works. We need to get the word out and expand this program to save as many of the High Country's hemlocks as possible. If we can organize quickly we can still save many hemlocks and all the other plants and animals that depend upon hemlocks for survival. Like trout, wood thrush, crayfish, and other 'cool' creatures.
Co-evolution involves the joint evolution of interacting species that exert reciprocal selective pressures on each other. Symbiosis describes close ecological couplings between species, including mutualism where both benefit, commensalism where one benefits and the other is not harmed, and predation/parasitism where one loses and the other gains. Many species engage in complex co-evolutionary relationships, such as ants cultivating fungi, ants protecting acacia trees, flowers co-evolving with pollinators like bees and hummingbirds, and fish/birds engaging in mutualistic cleaning behaviors. Camouflage also plays an important role in species interactions, with some adopting forms and colors that mimic inedible objects or their surroundings
Insects provide many benefits but can also cause harm. They act as pollinators, decomposers, predators of other insects, and even food for humans and animals. However, some insects are plant pests, damaging crops through feeding, egg-laying, or transmitting diseases. Their symptoms vary based on mouthparts and habits but include curled, distorted, or dropped leaves, flowers, and fruits as well as bored, mined or galled stems, pods and roots. Insect pests also damage stored products and structures.
Companion planting involves growing different plants in close proximity to benefit from their interactions. Some benefits include attracting beneficial insects, repelling pests, fixing nitrogen in the soil, and providing structural support. For example, the "Three Sisters" method of growing corn, beans, and squash together is beneficial as the corn provides structure for the beans to climb, and the beans fix nitrogen that fertilizes both plants. Other examples of beneficial pairings include marigolds, which repel pests and attract predator insects to protect other plants. Proper companion planting techniques can help create a productive, sustainable garden ecosystem.
The document provides information on identifying and managing white grubs, which are lawn pests. It discusses prevention through proper lawn maintenance like mowing height and aeration. It also recommends encouraging natural parasites and predators of grubs. For control, it describes biological options like milky spore disease, beneficial nematodes, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Timing of control is important in late summer or early fall when grubs are most susceptible near the soil surface.
This document provides an overview of weed biology and ecology. It discusses weed seed production and dissemination, factors affecting weed seed germination such as moisture, temperature, light and dormancy. It also covers weed seed longevity, competition between weeds and crops, and thresholds for weed control. Specifically, it notes that a single weed can produce thousands of seeds, seeds have mechanisms to not all germinate at once, and dissemination occurs through various natural and artificial means. Factors like moisture, temperature and light influence germination, while dormancy prevents all seeds from germinating under potentially adverse conditions.
This document provides information on identifying and managing common garden pests like insects and small animals. It discusses integrated pest management strategies like observation, identification, and using biological and cultural controls before resorting to chemical methods. Specific pests covered include aphids, spider mites, squash bugs, earwigs, and more. For small animals, it provides facts on common species like deer, ground squirrels, mice, moles and rabbits as well as non-lethal control recommendations focused on habitat modification and exclusion. The document concludes with additional wildlife and pest management resources.
Gardeners need to understand the scope of plant extinction and how all native animals depend on the evolved species of a given landscape. They need to see the garden more as a habitat than a collection of alien plant "pets". Growing efforts need to consider the food and shelter value of plants to birds and the insects they eat. Features the work of Doug Tallamy and the Habitat Network.
This document discusses the importance and complexity of plants. It notes that plants are more than objects for human use, are responsible for atmospheric composition and mass extinctions, and are the basis for all life. While humans have altered most of the planet's terrain, plants can communicate, defend themselves, and change their environment without needing humans. The document advocates learning about local native plant communities and their relationships with other species. It suggests gardening with native plants to support biodiversity and providing habitat for insects and birds.
Companion Planting - Master Gardeners, University of Rhode IslandKailis35k
This document discusses the benefits of companion planting, where certain plants are grown together because they enhance each other's growth and/or help control pests. Specifically:
- The "Three Sisters" system of the Native Americans - corn, beans, and squash - works because the corn supports the beans, the beans fix nitrogen for both, and the squash shades the soil to suppress weeds.
- Other examples given are marigolds to control nematodes, garlic/onions/herbs to repel insects from other plants, and attracting beneficial insects that prey on pests by planting flowers like dill and carrots.
- Research in South Africa found that intercropping sorghum with leg
IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.
This newsletter from Maypop Hill Nursery discusses creating a garden that provides food for caterpillars and the birds that eat them. It recommends native plants that caterpillars use as hosts, such as milkweed and violets. The newsletter explains that caterpillars are an important food source for baby birds and lists trees and shrubs that attract large moth caterpillars. Pruning bushes and trees can encourage new growth that attracts more insects. The garden is also home to lizards that eat moths and rodents like chipmunks and squirrels that forage for food.
Companion Planting - URI Master GardenersKailis35k
Companion planting involves growing different plant species together in order to benefit from their interactions. Certain plants grown together can help deter pests, fix nitrogen in the soil, attract beneficial insects, and enhance soil and environmental conditions. Some key points from the document:
- Plants influence soil chemistry, microorganisms, and compete with other plants for space. Some secrete chemicals that benefit or harm neighboring plants.
- Historically, Native Americans developed the "Three Sisters" system of planting corn, beans, and squash together that provided mutual benefits.
- Home gardeners have rediscovered companion planting as it does not require specialized equipment.
- Cover crops can fix nitrogen, deter weeds, and
Companion Planting Made Easy - Organic GardeningFairlee3z
This document provides an introduction and overview of companion planting. It discusses how companion planting works by creating diversity in the garden and using plant combinations that attract beneficial insects, repel pest insects, enrich the soil, or act as trap crops. The document then provides tips for getting started with companion planting and growing a companion garden. It concludes with a plant-by-plant guide that provides allies, enemies, and growing guidelines for various plants commonly used in companion planting, such as asparagus, basil, beans, and beets.
Companion Planting Made Easy - High Plains Food BankFairlee3z
This document provides an introduction to companion planting, explaining how it works and how to get started. Companion planting involves combining certain plants together for benefits like improving soil, repelling pests, attracting beneficial insects, or acting as a decoy for pests. Diversity is important to avoid monocultures that are vulnerable to pests. Some plants fix nitrogen, others repel insects, and some attract beneficial insects that prey on pests. The document recommends starting with combinations that have proven effective and provides a plant-by-plant guide to get started with companion planting.
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
Kitchen gardening beneficial insects ad other biological control 5 By Mr Al...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Kitchen gardening beneficial insects ad other biological control 5 By Mr Allah Dad Khan Agriculture Consultant KPK Pakistan In Training of Kitchen Gardening
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
Beneficial Garden Creatures and Companion PlantingKailis35k
This document discusses beneficial garden creatures and companion planting techniques. It describes many insects that act as natural predators to control pests in the garden, including ladybugs, lacewings, soldier beetles, hoverflies, and more. It also discusses planting flowers and herbs that attract these beneficial insects or repel pest insects. The document provides examples of plant combinations that work well for companion planting, such as basil repelling tomato hornworms and marigolds driving away cabbage moths.
Beneficial Garden Creatures and Companion Planting
Farmscaping Principles CFSA13
1. Farmscaping & Bugtusslin’: Integrated Parasite/Predator/Pathogen Management & Strategies for
Encouraging Beneficial Insects in the Field or “if you plant it, they will come”. www.drmcbug.com.
Start With: Pyramid of Soil, plants, insects – all levels need to be healthy first.
Farmscaping – Dr. Robert BUGG - Deliberate use of specific plants and landscaping techniques to attract and
conserve “Beneficials”. Feed your bugs – Dr. McBug’s Applied Farmscaping Principles: I) Increase plant
species diversity, II) Increase plant structural complexity, III) Increase time available for colonization and IV)
Decrease distances beneficials must travel. & V) Take advantage of insect behavior.
⇒ I. Increase plant (and thus insect) species diversity - Farmscaping is part of a Multiple Redundant
Systems (MRS) approach – MRS is a form of disaster preparedness – triple redundancy is desirable for plants
and insects. So you want “guilds” of food plants and natural enemies to protect your plants to achieve
BRACKETING (having a natural enemy for every life stage of the pest(s)). This is why we list more than 10
beneficial food plants per season – and, more than one natural enemy attacking each life stage is better, too. Less
can lead to breakdowns during times of stress or drought.
Pest
Stage Egg
Ladybugs
Imported Syrphids
Cabbage- Lacewings
Worm
Trichogr.
Larva 1
Braconids
Ladybugs
Syrphids
Lacewing
Japanese
Beetle
Nematodes
(Hb),
Milky
spore
Carabids
Nematodes
Larva2
Same
As
Larva
1
Larva3
Assassin
Bugs,
Carabid
Stink
Bug
Tiphia,
Nemas,
Milky
Spore
Larva4
Same
As
Larva
3
Larva5
Pupa
Adult
Paper
Ptero
Dragonfly
Wasps
Pupa,
Robber
Bugs,
Bugs,
Fly
Carabid Carabi Spiders
Beetles
ds
No
None
TachinidSuch
Istocheta
Stage
aldrichi
Tiphia
No
vernalis
Such
Nemas
Stage
Milky
Spore
[Table 1. Example listing for Imported Cabbageworm and Japanese beetle of more than one natural
enemy/life stage, thus achieving Guilds of Natural Enemies for each life stage. Japanese beetle needs more
natural enemies for each life stage.] Next, you ensure you have the plants for the beneficials @ each stage.
II. Increase plant structural complexity. By having plants that have complex leaves and intricate growing
patterns, you can create more surface area, and thus more niches for your beneficials in which to hide and live.
“Stack and Pack’ your farmscaping plants. However, specific plants can attract specific beneficials – example:
fennel is great for attracting parasitic wasps, syrphid flies, and ladybugs. So one plant can bring in a guild of
beneficials. Overwintering sites for beneficials - It turns out that many beneficials make cocoons and hibernate
in or very near the plants where they find their hosts. Recent research has shown that yarrow and comfrey are also
excellent overwintering plants for parasitic wasps.
III. Increase time available for colonization and reproduction by beneficials – Have something blooming all
the time - by starting with early spring blooming plants like crocus, daffodils, mustards, radishes, etc., and
progressing through the season until late fall and then overwintering plants, you can get more generations of
beneficial insects than normal, and get high population levels of beneficial insects earlier than ecosystems that
lack early- and late-season farmscaping plants. Flowers are prime food & mating sites for wasps, flies, and other
beneficials. Important to have a well fed, mated female beneficial! Green House – use to Jump-start garden areas.
IV. Decrease distance beneficials have to travel to protect your crop. “Lots of clumps of food plants spread out
over an area are much better than one big clump.” Consider Dispersion indices for insects when foraging –
“Insect Specs”:
Low DispersionMedium Dispersion (forage
High Dispersion (forage >
(Stay in field)
1/4 mile)
1/4 mile)
Ground Beetles (Carabids)
Most Parasitic wasps
Syrphids – Hover Flies
Ladybeetles (when happy)
Predatory Wasps – Paper
Dragonflies, Tachinid Flies
Smaller Parasitic Wasps
Predatory Bugs
Larger Parasitic Wasps
⇒ V. Take advantage of insect behavior. Entrainment – (entomologists– Joe Lewis really opened up this
field) have discovered that insects (especially parasitic wasps and flies) can perform associative learning, so if you
get insects (especially young ones) happy in their environment, they will “tune in” to a particular pest. A good
way to do this for a predator or parasite is to release it on or nearby the intended prey.
2. ⇒ Anticipate Pest Problems – Think Ahead - Insects are Messengers – Pest insects should be recognized as
messengers (what happens in Rome to the bearers of bad news?). Figure out the message behind the problem.
Encourage the right beneficial insects to be there when needed them to attack the pests.
⇒ 1) What % of the area should be planted in farmscaping plants? - “Lots of clumps of food plants spread
out over an area is much better than one big clump”; somewhere between 1% and 5%, usually, and these can be
roadways, ditches, river banks, pond banks, etc. They don’t have to take up crop space unless the fields are big.
⇒ 2) Nectar – liquid sugar food + vitamins for beneficials. Nectar is critical for optimum performance of many
beneficials. Many beneficials will lay over 3-fold more eggs if properly fed. Example: Parasitic wasps egg
laying capacity – poorly fed – 30 eggs; if she is well fed, over 300 high quality eggs. Some of the best plants you
can have for this purpose are those in the wild carrot family (also known as Umbellifera), such as dill, fennel,
tansy, queen Anne’s lace, caraway, coriander, parsnip, etc.
⇒ 3) Extra-Floral Nectaries (EFN) – nectar glands that are not associated with flowers. Peonies, Sweet
potatoes, bachelor buttons, all have extrafloral nectaries. Beneficials use these EFNs as important food sources.
⇒ 4) Pollen - Is an alternative form of protein. Once again, many plants in the wild carrot family can provide
pollen. Another good pollen producer is the corn plant. Syrphid flies need pollen to lay eggs.
⇒ 5) Extremes-Frost/Flooding/Drought/Stress – These systems can also fail! In drought years insects from all
over will come to your area and can overwhelm a system. A late frost can kill some of your best farmscaping
plants, and you will respect dandelions again. Be ready with backups additional insects, ladybugs/lacewings, Bt,
soaps, diatomaceous earth. Finally,
⇒ 6) Your Design Decisions Mantra: I. Encourage Biodiversity of plants/insects; II. Encourage Structural
Complexity. III. Increase Time Available for beneficials to colonize your bioislands; IV. Decrease distances
beneficials need to travel. V. Take Advantage of Insect Behavior! - Ask yourself – will this design increase
complexity and diversity? If so, you are probably making a good decision. Remember that insects are part of the
web of life in your garden or farm. The beneficial insect complex is not only composed of parasitic wasps, and
flies, predatory beetles, lacewing larvae, ladybugs and so on, but ALSO the pollinators, antagonists/competitors
that occupy and compete for space and food with potential pests, and finally the saprophytes and decomposing
insects that help complete the food cycle back to the soil so the cycle can start again. And remember, “If you
plant it, they will come....” For further information on Farmscaping, go to my web site (www.drmcbug.com) and
click on the farmscaping and beneficials/pests navigation bar. Also see ATTRA’s Farmscaping publication at
their website (www.attra.ncat.org). The gist of this message is that, just like us, beneficial insects need sources of
food and shelter in order to stick around. You can weave “web of life” in your garden/farm by planting specific
plants that attract specific beneficials. Also, by thinking ahead and anticipating the types of pest problems you
might have, you can encourage the right beneficial insects to be there when you need them to attack the pests.
Our motto is: “If you plant it, they will come. Or, I will buy them (beneficials) once and have them here forever
after...”
FARMSCAPING - Top Plants for Beneficials (see photos/text on website)
Spring: brassicas, ground ivy, wild mustards, Tulip poplar, vetches, pussy willow, yarrow, umbels parsley/parsnip/coriander/fennel, buckwheat, clovers, mints, Norway Maple, grains, peonies, borage.
Summer: mints, wild carrots- cow parsnip, tansy, bronze fennel, smartweed-Vietnamese Cilantro, Jerusalem
artichoke, kenafe, sweet potato, borage, smartweed, bachelor buttons.
Fall: Patrina, Autumn joy sedum, vetches, chrysanthemum (Pacifica), tansy, bronze fennel, Queen Anne’s
Lace/other wild carrot family plants, garlic chives, Goldenrod,
Winter: yarrow, comfrey and some of the last broccoli for overwintering on/underneath.
Top Beneficials (see photos/text on website & handout “DrMcBug’s Insect Specs”)
1. Ladybugs 2. Ground Beetles/Lightning bugs. 3. Parasitic Wasps. 4. Flies-Parasitic/Predatory 5.Predatory Bugs
6. Lacewings 7. Predatory Beetles. 8. Spiders 9. Mantids. 10. Dragonflies/Damselflies
Common Pests that we can control (see photos/text on website & handout “DrMcBug’s Insect Specs”):
1.Squash Vine Borer. 2. Flea Beetles. 3. Cabbage Pests. 4. Whiteflies. 5. Aphids. 6.Plant-feeding bugs. 7.
Colorado Potato Beetles. 8. Spider Mites. 9. Cucumber beetles. 10. Japanese beetles. 11. Mexican Bean
Beetles and Squash Beetles. 12. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid.
Good luck and keep on farmin’! “If you plant it, they will come....”