The document discusses inertia and how it relates to motion. It defines inertia as the property of an object that resists changes to its motion. It explains that according to Newton's first law, an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Real-world examples are provided to illustrate inertia, such as why seatbelts are important in vehicles.
Electrons, protons, and neutrons are the main subatomic particles that make up atoms. Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus, while protons have a positive charge in the nucleus. Neutrons have no charge. Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. When an object gains or loses electrons through friction or contact with another object, it becomes positively or negatively charged respectively, as gaining or losing electrons leaves the object with an excess or deficit of protons. Charging by contact occurs when a charged object transfers charge to a neutral object they touch.
Heat is thermal energy transferred from a warmer body to a colder one. Temperature is the measure of the amount of heat in a body. There are three main ways heat transfers between objects: conduction through direct contact, convection through the movement of fluids like liquids and gases, and radiation through electromagnetic waves without contact. Heat causes changes in materials like changes of state between solids, liquids and gases, and changes in volume through expansion and contraction as materials heat up and cool down.
This document discusses kinetic energy. It defines kinetic energy as the energy of a moving object or energy in motion. The formula for calculating kinetic energy is provided as KE = 1/2mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity. Examples are given to show how doubling mass doubles kinetic energy, while doubling velocity quadruples kinetic energy. The document also provides an example calculation of the kinetic energy of a 0.10 kg bird flying at 8.0 m/s.
The document discusses key concepts about electrical energy including:
- Atoms are made up of a nucleus surrounded by electrons that carry a negative charge. Protons in the nucleus carry a positive charge while neutrons carry no charge.
- Static electricity occurs when surfaces rub against each other, transferring electrons between them and building up positive or negative charges.
- Electric current involves the flow of electrons along a wire or conductor, which can be measured in amps. Voltage measures the energy supplied by these charges and is measured in volts.
This document discusses how electrical charges work at the atomic level. It explains that atoms are electrically neutral due to having equal numbers of protons and electrons. However, electrons can move between atoms, allowing some atoms to gain or lose electrons and become ions. Materials are classified as conductors or insulators depending on how easily their electrons can move. Electrical charges can be generated through friction, contact between materials, or induction from a nearby charged object without direct contact.
This document discusses electric charges and static electricity. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The proton has a positive charge, the electron has a negative charge, and the neutron is neutral. It also discusses how charges behave, with like charges repelling and unlike charges attracting. Static electricity is generated through friction, such as when a polythene rod is rubbed with wool, transferring electrons from the wool to the rod. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are compared in terms of how they allow electrons to pass through. Earthing and electrostatic induction are also summarized.
The document discusses inertia and how it relates to motion. It defines inertia as the property of an object that resists changes to its motion. It explains that according to Newton's first law, an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Real-world examples are provided to illustrate inertia, such as why seatbelts are important in vehicles.
Electrons, protons, and neutrons are the main subatomic particles that make up atoms. Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus, while protons have a positive charge in the nucleus. Neutrons have no charge. Atoms consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. When an object gains or loses electrons through friction or contact with another object, it becomes positively or negatively charged respectively, as gaining or losing electrons leaves the object with an excess or deficit of protons. Charging by contact occurs when a charged object transfers charge to a neutral object they touch.
Heat is thermal energy transferred from a warmer body to a colder one. Temperature is the measure of the amount of heat in a body. There are three main ways heat transfers between objects: conduction through direct contact, convection through the movement of fluids like liquids and gases, and radiation through electromagnetic waves without contact. Heat causes changes in materials like changes of state between solids, liquids and gases, and changes in volume through expansion and contraction as materials heat up and cool down.
This document discusses kinetic energy. It defines kinetic energy as the energy of a moving object or energy in motion. The formula for calculating kinetic energy is provided as KE = 1/2mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity. Examples are given to show how doubling mass doubles kinetic energy, while doubling velocity quadruples kinetic energy. The document also provides an example calculation of the kinetic energy of a 0.10 kg bird flying at 8.0 m/s.
The document discusses key concepts about electrical energy including:
- Atoms are made up of a nucleus surrounded by electrons that carry a negative charge. Protons in the nucleus carry a positive charge while neutrons carry no charge.
- Static electricity occurs when surfaces rub against each other, transferring electrons between them and building up positive or negative charges.
- Electric current involves the flow of electrons along a wire or conductor, which can be measured in amps. Voltage measures the energy supplied by these charges and is measured in volts.
This document discusses how electrical charges work at the atomic level. It explains that atoms are electrically neutral due to having equal numbers of protons and electrons. However, electrons can move between atoms, allowing some atoms to gain or lose electrons and become ions. Materials are classified as conductors or insulators depending on how easily their electrons can move. Electrical charges can be generated through friction, contact between materials, or induction from a nearby charged object without direct contact.
This document discusses electric charges and static electricity. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The proton has a positive charge, the electron has a negative charge, and the neutron is neutral. It also discusses how charges behave, with like charges repelling and unlike charges attracting. Static electricity is generated through friction, such as when a polythene rod is rubbed with wool, transferring electrons from the wool to the rod. Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors are compared in terms of how they allow electrons to pass through. Earthing and electrostatic induction are also summarized.
The document discusses key concepts about electricity including:
- Electric current is the flow of charged particles in a circuit. It is measured in amperes.
- Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points in a circuit. It drives the electric current and is measured in volts.
- Resistance opposes the flow of current and is measured in ohms. It varies based on the material's properties.
- Ohm's law states the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. Increased resistance decreases current.
1) The document discusses electricity, including static electricity and current electricity. Static electricity is caused by friction which leads to an imbalance of electric charges on two objects. Current electricity refers to the flow of electrons through a closed circuit.
2) A circuit must be present for current electricity to flow, and consists of a generator that supplies energy, conductors like copper wires that allow electricity to flow, electrical components that transform the energy, and switches to open and close the circuit.
3) Static electricity occurs naturally in lightning and when objects are rubbed together, leading the objects to become positively or negatively charged depending on whether they gain or lose electrons.
Electrical energy and power can do work when electric current flows in a closed circuit. Electrical energy is supplied by a source and converts into other forms like heat, light, and mechanical energy when current flows through electrical appliances. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted or consumed and is measured in watts. Being energy efficient and utilizing appliances wisely can help reduce energy costs and conserve energy by gaining higher useful outputs using less electrical input. Safety devices like fuses prevent overheating and potential fires if too much current flows in a circuit.
1. The document discusses Ohm's Law and describes how voltage, current, and resistance are related. It defines key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, direct current, alternating current, series and parallel circuits.
2. Formulas for calculating current, voltage, resistance and power in series and parallel circuits are presented along with examples of using Ohm's Law to solve circuit problems.
3. The document concludes with exercises to test the reader's understanding of concepts covered.
The document discusses different aspects of electric charge including:
1) Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Objects with equal numbers of protons and electrons are neutral, while imbalances lead to electric charges.
2) Charged objects exert electric forces on each other - opposites attract and likes repel. The elementary charge unit is 1 electron or proton.
3) Neutral objects can become polarized when near a charged object, gaining opposite charges on opposite sides and becoming attracted to both positive and negative charges.
Static electricity occurs when objects become electrically charged through the transfer of electrons. Charging occurs when two materials are rubbed together, causing electrons to move from one material to the other. This leaves one material with an excess of electrons and a negative charge, and the other material with a deficit of electrons and a positive charge. The electric charges remain on the surface of the objects until they are given a path to ground or neutralize each other through contact or discharge.
Electricity is the flow of electrons. Static electricity occurs when there is a buildup of electrons on an object without a discharge path, such as through friction. Current electricity requires a closed circuit or conductive path for electrons to flow from a power source through a load. Circuits can be in series, with one conductive path, or parallel with multiple paths. Conductors allow electron flow while insulators do not. Switches open or close circuits to control electron flow.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, with higher temperatures indicating faster particle motion. There are three main temperature scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. Fahrenheit and Celsius are used to measure temperatures experienced in daily life, while Kelvin is used for scientific purposes since it does not have negative values. Heat is transferred between objects through conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction requires direct contact, convection occurs through fluid movement, and radiation transfers heat via electromagnetic waves.
1) Work is defined as the product of the net force acting on a body and the distance moved in the direction of the force. The SI unit for work is the joule.
2) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done. It is measured in watts, which are equal to one joule per second.
3) There are two main types of energy: kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, and potential energy, which is stored energy due to an object's position or composition. The SI unit for both is the joule. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy in an isolated system remains constant.
The document defines and describes several elementary particles and properties of atoms:
- Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that have no known components. They have a mass about 1/1836 that of a proton.
- Protons are positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons determines the element and its atomic number.
- Neutrons have no charge and have a mass slightly larger than protons. Along with protons, they make up the nucleus of atoms.
- The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus and identifies the element. For neutral atoms, it equals the number of electrons.
This document discusses the First Law of Thermodynamics and the transfer of energy between chemical reaction systems and their surroundings. The First Law states that energy is conserved and can be transferred as either work or heat. It defines internal energy (ΔU) as the change in energy of a system, which can be altered by work (w), heat (q), or both. Work is a mechanical transfer of energy while heat is energy transferred between objects upon contact. The document provides examples of defining systems and surroundings, calculating work, and identifying exothermic and endothermic processes.
“HEAT”
Heat is a form of energy that flows from warmer bodies to colder bodies.
It is viewed as a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
The SI unit of heat is joule (J).
Common unit of heat is calorie.
CALORIE the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of one gram of water from the pressure of the atmosphere.
TEMPERATURE
LAYMAN’S TERM
- It is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.
Molecular level
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of these molecules.
Based from our sensory experiences:
“Can we use our senses to determine temperature?”
THERMOMETER
TYPES OF THERMOMETER
The most common type of the thermometer.
THERMOCOUPLE
-two different metals (usually copper and iron) that are twisted together
INFRARED THERMOGRAMS
-a device (camera) that measures the amount of radiant energy given off by an object
TEMPERATURE SCALES
TEMPERATURE SCALES
The document provides information about a grade 8 lesson on electricity. It includes classroom standards, accessing prior knowledge, definitions of key terms, learning objectives, and activities. Students participate in a group activity and discussion after watching a video. The activity aims to explain the relationship between current, voltage and resistance. Formative assessments are given to check understanding. Finally, an assignment is given to create a safety poster or circuit connection project.
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. The net force on an object can be calculated using the formula F=ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate how Newton's second law can be used to calculate the force or acceleration when one variable is known.
Momentum is a characteristic of moving objects related to its mass and velocity. It is calculated by multiplying mass and velocity, with units of kg*m/s. An object's momentum is in the direction of its velocity, and greater momentum means it is harder to stop the object. Both greater mass and velocity result in higher momentum. The total momentum in a system is conserved during interactions and collisions according to the law of conservation of momentum.
This document discusses key concepts around motion and forces including:
1) It defines speed, velocity, and the difference between the two.
2) It explains that unbalanced forces cause changes in an object's velocity or acceleration, while balanced forces do not cause changes.
3) It describes different types of friction including static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction and factors that affect friction.
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material. The charge remains until it is able to move away by means of an electric current or electrical discharge.
Here are some examples of static electricity in our day to day life:
When we walk on a carpeted floor and getting shock when touching a door knob or any other metal object is one of the best examples of static electricity.
Clothes stuck to one another after being in the dryer is another example of static electricity.
Forces can be pushes or pulls and are measured in Newtons. A net force is the combination of all forces acting on an object. An unbalanced net force will cause a change in an object's motion, while a balanced net force will not. Friction and air resistance are types of forces that oppose motion. Gravity is an attractive force between objects that depends on their masses and distance between them. Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration.
The document discusses electricity and magnetism. It explains that electric charges create electric fields and moving charges experience magnetic forces. Charges and electric currents produce both electric and magnetic fields, known as electromagnetic fields. Permanent magnets have their own magnetic fields, and magnetism is the properties and interactions of magnets. Electromagnets are magnets created by electric currents in coils. Electric motors use electromagnets and permanent magnets to convert electrical energy to mechanical motion.
Electrical charges are caused by positive and negative charges from protons and electrons. All objects begin neutral but can become positively or negatively charged by gaining or losing electrons. There are two forces between charged objects - attraction between opposite charges and repulsion between like charges. Charges can be induced through friction, conduction, or induction without direct contact. The triboelectric series ranks materials based on their ability to gain or lose electrons through friction charging.
This document provides information about static electricity and electrostatics. It defines key terms like electrostatic, charges, protons, electrons, and ions. It discusses historical figures like Benjamin Franklin and his contributions. It explains how charging occurs through friction, conduction, and induction. Rules of attraction and repulsion between charged objects are covered. The document also discusses lightning, electric fields, and Coulomb's Law.
The document discusses key concepts about electricity including:
- Electric current is the flow of charged particles in a circuit. It is measured in amperes.
- Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points in a circuit. It drives the electric current and is measured in volts.
- Resistance opposes the flow of current and is measured in ohms. It varies based on the material's properties.
- Ohm's law states the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. Increased resistance decreases current.
1) The document discusses electricity, including static electricity and current electricity. Static electricity is caused by friction which leads to an imbalance of electric charges on two objects. Current electricity refers to the flow of electrons through a closed circuit.
2) A circuit must be present for current electricity to flow, and consists of a generator that supplies energy, conductors like copper wires that allow electricity to flow, electrical components that transform the energy, and switches to open and close the circuit.
3) Static electricity occurs naturally in lightning and when objects are rubbed together, leading the objects to become positively or negatively charged depending on whether they gain or lose electrons.
Electrical energy and power can do work when electric current flows in a closed circuit. Electrical energy is supplied by a source and converts into other forms like heat, light, and mechanical energy when current flows through electrical appliances. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted or consumed and is measured in watts. Being energy efficient and utilizing appliances wisely can help reduce energy costs and conserve energy by gaining higher useful outputs using less electrical input. Safety devices like fuses prevent overheating and potential fires if too much current flows in a circuit.
1. The document discusses Ohm's Law and describes how voltage, current, and resistance are related. It defines key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, direct current, alternating current, series and parallel circuits.
2. Formulas for calculating current, voltage, resistance and power in series and parallel circuits are presented along with examples of using Ohm's Law to solve circuit problems.
3. The document concludes with exercises to test the reader's understanding of concepts covered.
The document discusses different aspects of electric charge including:
1) Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Objects with equal numbers of protons and electrons are neutral, while imbalances lead to electric charges.
2) Charged objects exert electric forces on each other - opposites attract and likes repel. The elementary charge unit is 1 electron or proton.
3) Neutral objects can become polarized when near a charged object, gaining opposite charges on opposite sides and becoming attracted to both positive and negative charges.
Static electricity occurs when objects become electrically charged through the transfer of electrons. Charging occurs when two materials are rubbed together, causing electrons to move from one material to the other. This leaves one material with an excess of electrons and a negative charge, and the other material with a deficit of electrons and a positive charge. The electric charges remain on the surface of the objects until they are given a path to ground or neutralize each other through contact or discharge.
Electricity is the flow of electrons. Static electricity occurs when there is a buildup of electrons on an object without a discharge path, such as through friction. Current electricity requires a closed circuit or conductive path for electrons to flow from a power source through a load. Circuits can be in series, with one conductive path, or parallel with multiple paths. Conductors allow electron flow while insulators do not. Switches open or close circuits to control electron flow.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles, with higher temperatures indicating faster particle motion. There are three main temperature scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. Fahrenheit and Celsius are used to measure temperatures experienced in daily life, while Kelvin is used for scientific purposes since it does not have negative values. Heat is transferred between objects through conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction requires direct contact, convection occurs through fluid movement, and radiation transfers heat via electromagnetic waves.
1) Work is defined as the product of the net force acting on a body and the distance moved in the direction of the force. The SI unit for work is the joule.
2) Power is defined as the rate at which work is done. It is measured in watts, which are equal to one joule per second.
3) There are two main types of energy: kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion, and potential energy, which is stored energy due to an object's position or composition. The SI unit for both is the joule. According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy in an isolated system remains constant.
The document defines and describes several elementary particles and properties of atoms:
- Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that have no known components. They have a mass about 1/1836 that of a proton.
- Protons are positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons determines the element and its atomic number.
- Neutrons have no charge and have a mass slightly larger than protons. Along with protons, they make up the nucleus of atoms.
- The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus and identifies the element. For neutral atoms, it equals the number of electrons.
This document discusses the First Law of Thermodynamics and the transfer of energy between chemical reaction systems and their surroundings. The First Law states that energy is conserved and can be transferred as either work or heat. It defines internal energy (ΔU) as the change in energy of a system, which can be altered by work (w), heat (q), or both. Work is a mechanical transfer of energy while heat is energy transferred between objects upon contact. The document provides examples of defining systems and surroundings, calculating work, and identifying exothermic and endothermic processes.
“HEAT”
Heat is a form of energy that flows from warmer bodies to colder bodies.
It is viewed as a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
The SI unit of heat is joule (J).
Common unit of heat is calorie.
CALORIE the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of one gram of water from the pressure of the atmosphere.
TEMPERATURE
LAYMAN’S TERM
- It is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.
Molecular level
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of these molecules.
Based from our sensory experiences:
“Can we use our senses to determine temperature?”
THERMOMETER
TYPES OF THERMOMETER
The most common type of the thermometer.
THERMOCOUPLE
-two different metals (usually copper and iron) that are twisted together
INFRARED THERMOGRAMS
-a device (camera) that measures the amount of radiant energy given off by an object
TEMPERATURE SCALES
TEMPERATURE SCALES
The document provides information about a grade 8 lesson on electricity. It includes classroom standards, accessing prior knowledge, definitions of key terms, learning objectives, and activities. Students participate in a group activity and discussion after watching a video. The activity aims to explain the relationship between current, voltage and resistance. Formative assessments are given to check understanding. Finally, an assignment is given to create a safety poster or circuit connection project.
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it, and inversely proportional to its mass. The net force on an object can be calculated using the formula F=ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass of the object, and a is the acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate how Newton's second law can be used to calculate the force or acceleration when one variable is known.
Momentum is a characteristic of moving objects related to its mass and velocity. It is calculated by multiplying mass and velocity, with units of kg*m/s. An object's momentum is in the direction of its velocity, and greater momentum means it is harder to stop the object. Both greater mass and velocity result in higher momentum. The total momentum in a system is conserved during interactions and collisions according to the law of conservation of momentum.
This document discusses key concepts around motion and forces including:
1) It defines speed, velocity, and the difference between the two.
2) It explains that unbalanced forces cause changes in an object's velocity or acceleration, while balanced forces do not cause changes.
3) It describes different types of friction including static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction and factors that affect friction.
Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material. The charge remains until it is able to move away by means of an electric current or electrical discharge.
Here are some examples of static electricity in our day to day life:
When we walk on a carpeted floor and getting shock when touching a door knob or any other metal object is one of the best examples of static electricity.
Clothes stuck to one another after being in the dryer is another example of static electricity.
Forces can be pushes or pulls and are measured in Newtons. A net force is the combination of all forces acting on an object. An unbalanced net force will cause a change in an object's motion, while a balanced net force will not. Friction and air resistance are types of forces that oppose motion. Gravity is an attractive force between objects that depends on their masses and distance between them. Newton's second law relates force, mass, and acceleration.
The document discusses electricity and magnetism. It explains that electric charges create electric fields and moving charges experience magnetic forces. Charges and electric currents produce both electric and magnetic fields, known as electromagnetic fields. Permanent magnets have their own magnetic fields, and magnetism is the properties and interactions of magnets. Electromagnets are magnets created by electric currents in coils. Electric motors use electromagnets and permanent magnets to convert electrical energy to mechanical motion.
Electrical charges are caused by positive and negative charges from protons and electrons. All objects begin neutral but can become positively or negatively charged by gaining or losing electrons. There are two forces between charged objects - attraction between opposite charges and repulsion between like charges. Charges can be induced through friction, conduction, or induction without direct contact. The triboelectric series ranks materials based on their ability to gain or lose electrons through friction charging.
This document provides information about static electricity and electrostatics. It defines key terms like electrostatic, charges, protons, electrons, and ions. It discusses historical figures like Benjamin Franklin and his contributions. It explains how charging occurs through friction, conduction, and induction. Rules of attraction and repulsion between charged objects are covered. The document also discusses lightning, electric fields, and Coulomb's Law.
electric charge (3rd q).pptx protons and neutronsMaryAnnFrias3
Electricity is caused by an imbalance of electrons and protons within atoms. Objects become electrically charged through processes like friction, conduction, or induction that redistribute electrons. Friction involves the transfer of electrons between objects in contact, while conduction allows electrons to flow within or between conductive materials. Induction polarizes neutral objects by redistributing opposite charges on each end when near a charged object without direct contact.
Static electricity occurs when there is a build up of electric charge on the surface of a material without the flow of electric current. It results from the transfer of electrons between two materials during friction like rubbing a balloon on hair. This can cause attraction between materials with opposite charges like a negatively charged balloon and positively charged hair. Common examples are rubbing a plastic ruler to attract paper or walking on carpet and touching a doorknob to discharge. Different materials have different tendencies to gain or lose electrons through friction based on their electron affinity.
Static electricity is the buildup of electric charges in one place. During a lab where balloons were rubbed with various materials like wool, the balloons became negatively charged and repelled each other. This was caused by the separation of positive and negative electric charges through rubbing, which transferred negative charges between the balloons and materials. Rubbing causes negative particles to move between objects, leaving one object positively charged and the other negatively charged.
Static electricity is a stationary electric charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It can be created through triboelectric charging when materials are rubbed together, causing electrons to be transferred. This leads one material to gain electrons and become negatively charged while the other loses electrons and becomes positively charged. The interaction between these separated static electric charges is called electrostatics. Common examples of static electricity include attracting scraps of paper to a plastic ruler after rubbing or a balloon becoming negatively charged after rubbing it with wool.
Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It occurs when electrons are transferred between objects through friction, contact, or induction, leaving one object with an excess of electrons (negative charge) and the other lacking electrons (positive charge). Insulators do not allow electron flow and can more easily build up static charges, while conductors allow electron flow and cannot. Grounding neutralizes charges by allowing electrons to flow to or from the earth. Lightning is a natural discharge of built-up static electricity in clouds, traveling jaggedly through the air in search of the fastest path to ground. Lightning rods provide this path to protect buildings.
Electrons can be transferred between objects due to their differing electron affinities. Charging by friction occurs when electrons are transferred between two rubbing objects, such as between hair and a rubber balloon. This leaves both objects with an imbalance of charge - the hair loses electrons and becomes positively charged, attracting the now negatively charged balloon. Charging by induction can also occur when a charged object is brought near a conductor without touching, inducing a charge in the conductor through their interaction.
Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It is caused by an imbalance of electric charges, with materials becoming positively or negatively charged through triboelectric effects. Some key points:
- Rubbing certain materials like plastic or wool can cause the transfer or loss of electrons, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged.
- Insulators resist the flow of electric charges while conductors allow charges to flow easily, which is why conductors cannot build up or maintain a static electric charge.
- Induction occurs when a charged object placed near a neutral conductor causes the separation of the conductor's own charges, producing positive and negative poles.
- Grounding refers
This document defines static electricity and electric charges. It explains that atoms become charged when they gain or lose electrons, making them more positive or negative. Electrons can be easily removed from atoms, while protons are very difficult to remove. Charging occurs through friction, contact, or induction as electrons are transferred between objects. Conductors allow charge to spread evenly, while insulators trap charges on their surface. Grounding neutralizes charged objects by allowing electrons to flow to or from the earth.
Static electricity is a stationary electric charge built up on the surface of materials. It is caused by electrons being transferred between two objects during friction. There are two types of charges - positive and negative. Atoms contain protons which have a positive charge and electrons which have a negative charge. The laws of electrostatics state that like charges repel and unlike charges attract. Materials that allow charge to pass through are conductors, while insulators do not. When a charged object is brought near an uncharged object, the electric field can induce charges in the uncharged object. Some applications of static electricity include electrostatic precipitators, printers, and photocopiers. Grounding neutralizes charged objects by connecting them to the earth.
The document discusses electrical charges, noting that there are two types - positive and negative - and that opposites attract while likes repel. It explains how some materials are more likely to take on or lose negative charges than others according to their placement in the electrostatic series. Various examples are provided to illustrate the concepts of attraction and repulsion between charged objects.
The document discusses electric charges and lightning. It defines electric charges and how they are created through friction between objects. Positively charged objects attract negatively charged objects and like charges repel. Lightning is formed when positive and negative charges build up within storm clouds and discharge through sparks. There are two types of lightning - sheet lightning occurs within a cloud, while fork lightning discharges between clouds or from clouds to the ground/buildings. The document also provides safety tips to prevent lightning injuries.
Static electricity is an electric charge that builds up on the surface of objects. It is caused by an imbalance of electrons between two objects, usually through friction. This can cause attraction between objects. Insulators cannot easily dissipate excess electric charge, allowing them to build up static electricity. Conductors readily distribute excess electrons and cannot build up a static charge as easily. Grounding an object provides a path for excess electric charge to flow to earth and neutralize the object.
Static electricity I Source I Earthing I Static Discharge I Gaurav Singh RajputGaurav Singh Rajput
1. Static electricity is a stationary electrical charge that builds up on the surface of materials. It can be created through friction which transfers electrons between objects.
2. Materials are made up of atoms containing protons, neutrons, and electrons. An imbalance of electrons and protons gives objects a positive or negative charge.
3. Insulators cannot easily discharge a static electric charge while conductors can. Charged objects can induce opposite charges on nearby neutral objects through electrostatic induction.
Static electricity is an electric charge that builds up on a material. Materials can have a positive or negative electric charge depending on whether they have a surplus of positive or negative particles. Like charges repel each other, while unlike charges attract. Static electricity occurs when the normal balance of positive and negative charges is disrupted, causing one material to take on a net positive or negative charge.
This document provides an overview of forces and motion. It discusses the four fundamental forces - strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, and gravitational. It explains how static electricity is caused by an imbalance of electrons on objects. Experiments are described to demonstrate the attraction and repulsion of charged objects. The document also covers electromagnetism, generators, motors, gravity, and Newton's laws of motion. Key concepts include like charges repelling and opposite charges attracting, and that in a vacuum all objects fall at the same rate regardless of mass.
The document contains information about electricity, including how objects become charged through friction or gaining/losing electrons, the forces of attraction and repulsion between charged objects, and different charging processes like conduction and induction. It also provides examples of how static electricity works, such as a balloon becoming negatively charged after being rubbed with hair. The document seeks to explain basic concepts about electricity in an accessible way.
Similar to Friction Conduction and Induction .pptx (20)
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
2. How do you charge an object?
• There are three ways to charge an object:
1. Charge by Friction
2. Charge by Conduction
3. Charge by Induction
3. How do you measure “charge”
• The unit of measure for electrical charge is the
Coulomb (C). In equations it is symbolized by a
“q”
• Eg: q = 900C
• One Coulomb is equal to the charge of 6.25 X 1018
electrons (-) or protons (+).
• That is to say, one Coulomb has 6.25 X 1018
electrons.
4. Charging Objects
• Most objects start out electrically neutral, but by
CHARGING an object you create an imbalance in the
number of electrons and protons; the object is then
charged and is either positive or negative.
• You can charge an object through:
• Friction – the transfer of electrons from one object to the other
• Conduction – by having two objects TOUCH each other and
transfer electrons from one object to the next.
• Induction – By inducing electrons to move from one object to the
other.
5. Charging by Friction
• When two neutral objects are rubbed against each other,
one object may pull electrons away from the other
creating one positive object and one negative object.
6. Electrostatic Series:
All objects begin neutral & can become
positively or negatively charged
A positively charged object has more
positives than negatives
A negatively charged object has more
negatives than positives
7. • Electrostatic series is a list that ranks objects’
ability to take negative charges
Electrostatic Series:
Rubber
Ebonite
Polyethylene
Cotton
Silk
Wool
Glass
Acetate
Fur / Hair
Items at top
take negatives
Items at bottom
lose negatives
8. Your cat rubs against a rubber balloon. What will
be the charge on the balloon? Your cat’s fur?
Rubber
Ebonite
Polyethylene
Cotton
Silk
Wool
Glass
Acetate
Fur / Hair
Rubber
Fur / Hair
Items at top
take negatives
Negatives
Rubber
balloon
becomes
negative
Cat’s fur
becomes
positive
9. In a lab, you take a piece of neutral wool & neutral
polyethylene & rub them together. What will be their
charges?
Rubber
Ebonite
Polyethylene
Cotton
Silk
Wool
Glass
Acetate
Fur / Hair
Wool
Polyethylene
Items at top
take negatives
Negatives
Polyethylene
balloon
becomes
negative
Wool
becomes
positive
10. In a lab, you rub a piece of cotton &
ebonite together. Then you rub a piece
of silk & wool together.
Rubber
Ebonite
Polyethylene
Cotton
Silk
Wool
Glass
Acetate
Fur / Hair
Cotton is +
Silk is -
They
would
ATTRACT
You then bring the charged piece of
cotton & the charged piece of silk
together. What will happen?
+
-
-
+
11. You rub your hair with a balloon.
Explain using words & pictures, why
your hair “sticks up”.
1st Hair & balloon are
both neutral
2nd Rubber balloon takes
negative charges from the
hair. So, balloon becomes
negatively charged & hair
becomes positively charged
3rd Since hair is positive &
like charges repel,
hair sticks up!!!
+
+
++
+
_ _
_
_
_
12. Charging by Conduction
• An object can be charged by touching it with another
object that already has a charge. The resulting object will
then have the same charge but weaker in strength than
the original object.
13. Charging by Conduction
• This image shows how a positive charged object
alters the charge on the globe via conduction.
14. Charging by Conduction
• This image shows how a negative charged object
alters the charge on the globe via conduction
15. Charging by Induction
• Objects do not touch (one is charged, one is neutral)
• Proximity of the charged object causes (induces) the
charges in the neutral object to separate.
16. Charging by Induction
• This image shows how a negative charged object
alters the charge on the globe via induction.
17. Charging by Induction
• This image shows how a positive charged object
alters the charge on the globe via induction.
18. • Two types of charges – positive (+) &
negative (-)
• “Opposites Attract”
• “Like Repel”
• Items at the top of the electrostatic series
list take negative charges
• Only negative charges move
• Three methods to charge an object:
friction, conduction, induction. These three
methods are what cause static
electricity.