Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil (2014)
This report describes the legal and administrative framework of Net Metering and distributed generation in Brazil, giving an overview on business opportunities for installing solar PV systems. It shows the current market profile for PV and then develops business models for enabling policy options such as Energy Auction Systems and Net Metering. Challenges and further developments are discussed.
Overview of solar power generation in indiaBinit Das
-Overall Indian solar capacity addition target vs. current progress
-Current competitive landscape in solar power generation in India
-Typical timeline / milestones for ground-mounted solar project implementation (incl. activity-wise phasing)
-Usual EPC supply chain for ground-mounted solar project
-Key EPC / implementation risks and other key challenges faced by solar developers in India
-Typical risk mitigation measures and key success factors
More Meralco customers are adopting net metering, with over 200 customers in 2015 growing to 392 currently. The number of installations increased 7% month-to-month as the cost of solar panels decreases. Under net metering, electricity users with renewable energy systems up to 100kw can sell excess power they generate back to the grid. The government is also discussing making it more attractive for building owners to install solar panels on rooftops in business districts to help reduce power requirements. This could provide significant relief for the country's power supply if implemented in Makati and Manila. While still being planned, no financing mechanisms have been identified yet.
Photovoltaic market and industry trends 2020 IEA PVPSLeonardo ENERGY
Recording at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnHWR6e_8lw
This webinar will address the key drivers of the PV market and industry in the coming years based on the Trends 2020. Gaëtan Masson, Operating Agent of IEA PVPS Task 1, will look at the past developments and future scenarios, from a global market development point of view to some key price evolution features. From social aspects of PV, collective and decentralised self-consumption policies to floating PV, this webinar will browse the global landscape of PV development.
Izumi Kaizuka, deputy chair of the IEA PVPS Task 1, will present the trends of the PV Industry. The production of polysilicon, ingots, wafers, PV cells and modules have been growing with the growth of the PV market. The gap between manufacturing capacity of PV module and the demand contributed to the recent price reduction thus resulted in lower LCOE of PV power. Across the value chain, the PV upstream sector makes efforts to improve efficiency, output and reliability. Further progress of cost reduction is expected. In the downstream sector, players are also applying various methods to reduce LCOE.
Solar Energy Installation Outlook US | Power Sector | Aranca Articles and Pub...Aranca
The total power generation capacity installations every year in the US has expanded significantly, led majorly by solar energy sources. PV installation capacity is expected to expand at a four-year CAGR of around 48% over 2013-16.
New IEA Bioenergy task on Flexible Bioenergy and System IntegrationIEA-ETSAP
The document discusses a new IEA Bioenergy task on flexible bioenergy and system integration. The task aims to define flexible bioenergy, categorize bioenergy technologies by flexibility potential, and identify promising concepts for supporting low-carbon energy systems. It will also examine drivers and bottlenecks for flexible bioenergy adoption, and actions needed to accelerate flexible solutions. The task involves four working packages on flexible concepts, implementation acceleration, system requirements, and collaboration. It aims to provide guidance and recommendations through 2021 to help integrate flexible bioenergy into energy systems with high shares of variable renewable energy.
How China become Solar PV manufacturing hub ?Ashish Verma
China became the largest solar PV manufacturing country due to growing global demand for solar equipment combined with domestic policies promoting solar manufacturing. By 2008, China had become the largest PV manufacturer globally due to economies of scale and lower production costs. Government policies included subsidies, low-interest loans, tax breaks and more to develop the domestic solar industry. This contributed to a global oversupply that drove down prices, though it also increased solar adoption worldwide.
This document provides an introduction and guide to solar power generation in the United Arab Emirates. It discusses the importance of solar energy as a renewable solution to growing energy demands. It then explains how solar photovoltaic panels work to convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The document outlines the various components of solar power systems, including panels, charge controllers, batteries, and inverters. It also compares different solar technologies and their applications. Overall, the document aims to provide context and practical considerations for installing solar power systems in the UAE.
Vietnam is pursuing an "energy turnaround" by increasing renewable energy sources like wind and biomass while continuing to rely on coal power. New feed-in tariffs in 2014 aim to promote wind and biomass, helping diversify energy sources. Vietnam has significant potential for renewable energy but has relied heavily on coal and plans to triple coal power capacity by 2020, though some projects are delayed. The country also has plans for natural gas, nuclear, and transmission grid expansion to try to meet fast-growing energy demand.
Overview of solar power generation in indiaBinit Das
-Overall Indian solar capacity addition target vs. current progress
-Current competitive landscape in solar power generation in India
-Typical timeline / milestones for ground-mounted solar project implementation (incl. activity-wise phasing)
-Usual EPC supply chain for ground-mounted solar project
-Key EPC / implementation risks and other key challenges faced by solar developers in India
-Typical risk mitigation measures and key success factors
More Meralco customers are adopting net metering, with over 200 customers in 2015 growing to 392 currently. The number of installations increased 7% month-to-month as the cost of solar panels decreases. Under net metering, electricity users with renewable energy systems up to 100kw can sell excess power they generate back to the grid. The government is also discussing making it more attractive for building owners to install solar panels on rooftops in business districts to help reduce power requirements. This could provide significant relief for the country's power supply if implemented in Makati and Manila. While still being planned, no financing mechanisms have been identified yet.
Photovoltaic market and industry trends 2020 IEA PVPSLeonardo ENERGY
Recording at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnHWR6e_8lw
This webinar will address the key drivers of the PV market and industry in the coming years based on the Trends 2020. Gaëtan Masson, Operating Agent of IEA PVPS Task 1, will look at the past developments and future scenarios, from a global market development point of view to some key price evolution features. From social aspects of PV, collective and decentralised self-consumption policies to floating PV, this webinar will browse the global landscape of PV development.
Izumi Kaizuka, deputy chair of the IEA PVPS Task 1, will present the trends of the PV Industry. The production of polysilicon, ingots, wafers, PV cells and modules have been growing with the growth of the PV market. The gap between manufacturing capacity of PV module and the demand contributed to the recent price reduction thus resulted in lower LCOE of PV power. Across the value chain, the PV upstream sector makes efforts to improve efficiency, output and reliability. Further progress of cost reduction is expected. In the downstream sector, players are also applying various methods to reduce LCOE.
Solar Energy Installation Outlook US | Power Sector | Aranca Articles and Pub...Aranca
The total power generation capacity installations every year in the US has expanded significantly, led majorly by solar energy sources. PV installation capacity is expected to expand at a four-year CAGR of around 48% over 2013-16.
New IEA Bioenergy task on Flexible Bioenergy and System IntegrationIEA-ETSAP
The document discusses a new IEA Bioenergy task on flexible bioenergy and system integration. The task aims to define flexible bioenergy, categorize bioenergy technologies by flexibility potential, and identify promising concepts for supporting low-carbon energy systems. It will also examine drivers and bottlenecks for flexible bioenergy adoption, and actions needed to accelerate flexible solutions. The task involves four working packages on flexible concepts, implementation acceleration, system requirements, and collaboration. It aims to provide guidance and recommendations through 2021 to help integrate flexible bioenergy into energy systems with high shares of variable renewable energy.
How China become Solar PV manufacturing hub ?Ashish Verma
China became the largest solar PV manufacturing country due to growing global demand for solar equipment combined with domestic policies promoting solar manufacturing. By 2008, China had become the largest PV manufacturer globally due to economies of scale and lower production costs. Government policies included subsidies, low-interest loans, tax breaks and more to develop the domestic solar industry. This contributed to a global oversupply that drove down prices, though it also increased solar adoption worldwide.
This document provides an introduction and guide to solar power generation in the United Arab Emirates. It discusses the importance of solar energy as a renewable solution to growing energy demands. It then explains how solar photovoltaic panels work to convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The document outlines the various components of solar power systems, including panels, charge controllers, batteries, and inverters. It also compares different solar technologies and their applications. Overall, the document aims to provide context and practical considerations for installing solar power systems in the UAE.
Vietnam is pursuing an "energy turnaround" by increasing renewable energy sources like wind and biomass while continuing to rely on coal power. New feed-in tariffs in 2014 aim to promote wind and biomass, helping diversify energy sources. Vietnam has significant potential for renewable energy but has relied heavily on coal and plans to triple coal power capacity by 2020, though some projects are delayed. The country also has plans for natural gas, nuclear, and transmission grid expansion to try to meet fast-growing energy demand.
Energy Efficiency Asia 2008 - The Energy Efficiency Coalitionreeep
Horst Biedermann is talking about REEEP and the Energy Efficiency Coalition which is an initiative by REEEP to fill the gap between the Energy efficiency potential and Implementation
Ecodesign Directive: Six reasons why Building Automation should be included i...Leonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* The savings potential from BACS means 15-22% reduction of the total energy consumption in EU buildings
* Accelerated BACS uptake would improve EU's energy independence by 3 to 5 percentage points
* Those savings are highly cost-effective, with benefits being 9 times higher than costs
* A reduction of 260 to 419 million tons of CO2 reduces Europe’s emissions from fuel combustion by 8-13%
The document presents budget allocation charts for energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Morocco. It summarizes the country's energy situation, key technologies for efficiency and renewables, and the methodology used to create budget allocation charts. The charts show the additional energy savings and costs of various technologies, helping policymakers identify the most effective options to maximize energy savings or minimize costs. Specifically, the charts indicate technologies with the highest savings and most cost-effective options to guide policy decisions.
Industrial Solar Rooftop System Installation Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Industrial Solar Rooftop System Installation PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The purpose of this presentation is to reduce annual electricity bill costs by shifting to solar energy. By using this solar power plant PPT visuals, you can showcase the energy consumption analysis of the manufacturing plant. Present issues and challenges related to the solar system with the help of a ready-to-use PPT complete deck. After that, depict the solutions to counter energy issues using a content-ready solar system for industry PowerPoint layouts. Highlight the renewable technologies that the industry can adopt and cost overview of different technologies. You can also depict the application of the solar system and illustrate various solar PV integration model workflow. The slides also explain permissions and regulatory key considerations required before project implementation. Power plant details, along with project description and specifications, are also included in our PPT slideshow. Showcase decision-making checklist for the solar project by using the installation of renewable energy PPT infographics. Depict estimated cost for the solar project, implementation schedule, PV operational and maintenance plan, etc., by incorporating professionally designed solar rooftop system PPT slide deck. https://bit.ly/2SSa2bt
This document provides a roadmap for Washington State's energy policy with a focus on distributed generation and combined heat and power. It establishes a vision for increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency through 2050. Key policy recommendations include streamlining permitting for renewable projects, implementing output-based emissions standards, expanding net metering capacity and establishing clean energy standard offer programs. The roadmap also discusses increasing combined heat and power utilization and developing energy storage policies.
EU Basks in Solar Glory - UK and Germany Energy Breaks Records!Hope Small
Not what you would call the sunniest countries!Britain and Germany have broken records for generating
solar electricity in the last few weeks, according to new industry figures.
Germany generated over half its electricity demand from solar for the first time ever on 9 June, and
the UK, basking in the sunniest weather of summer during the longest days of the year, nearly doubled
its 2013 peak solar power output at the solstice weekend.
France, Italy, Denmark and other countries are also believed to have generated record amounts in
June.
Source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/23/uk-and-germany-break-solar-power-records
The document summarizes India's solar power sector as of November 2012. It details India's total installed power capacity breakdown which includes 25,858 MW from renewable sources. Solar power capacity reached 1,044 MW, a growth from 3 MW in 2008-09. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission aims to achieve grid parity by 2022 and has set targets to install 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022. Phase 1 of the mission from 2010-2013 saw the installation of over 1,100 MW of grid solar power projects.
High Efficiency - A Green Revolution In Dc PowerEltek
This document discusses how adopting more efficient DC power systems can help reduce electricity usage and carbon emissions for telecommunications companies. It notes that DC power systems, which convert AC to DC, are a major source of energy consumption due to inherent inefficiencies. Modern rectifiers used in these systems have improved and can achieve efficiencies over 90%, but further gains are possible. Adopting higher efficiency rectifiers, like 92% efficient models, can significantly reduce power losses and associated costs. For a sample 8,000W system, 92% rectifiers provide a 21.7% reduction in losses compared to 90% rectifiers. This equates to annual energy and cost savings, as well as reduced CO2 emissions.
The presentations aims to explain the outlook for Solar PV for 2017.
The key trend is the falling demand from China which would lead to an overcapacity in the module manufacturing space eventually leading to a lower pricing power.
The document summarizes the activities of the Czech RE Agency, a non-governmental organization that supports renewable energy development in the Czech Republic. The agency is involved in projects related to research and development, promotion, education and training on renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics. It also creates maps and databases to track renewable energy installations across the country and analyzes legislation and incentives to further renewable energy adoption.
Solar News from around the world for week 2 of June 2021Rohit Arora
Weekly Solar News updates from around the world.
with world's biggest solar expo event in Shanghai this week,
we have a lot happening in the solar industry.
80+ Solar News from India, China, Australia, USA, Europe, Africa, and much more.
The document discusses the emergence of hybrid renewable energy systems as solar power becomes more cost competitive with wind. Hybrid systems that combine solar, wind, and energy storage are positioned to lead the scaling up of renewable electricity generation due to improved reliability and cost savings. Demonstration projects around the world are testing hybrid systems, with examples including large solar plants integrated with battery storage, wind farms with battery storage, and solar-wind hybrid plants. Hybrid systems offer advantages over traditional renewable plants like lower generation costs, higher reliability, and increased operational flexibility.
System price on electricity DAM market of Nord Pool during 7 - 13 Feb 2022 stood at average of 79,5 (-21,2% to 31 Jan - 6 Feb 2022 at 100,9 EUR MWh). OTE Market DAM price - 163,2 EUR during 7 - 13 Feb 2022 (-4% to 31 Jan - 6 Feb 2022 at 169,7 EUR). Ukraine’s OREE DAM IES price stood at average 60,7 EUR MWh during 7 - 13 Feb 2022 (-4,5% to 63,59 during 31 Jan - 6 Feb 2022).
The Grüner Strom-Label criteria are surveyed by an independent institute. GUTcert ensures that all criteria are assessed in an objective way and all requirements are met. The certification is based on a detailed criteria list that was developed by energy experts and that is constantly examined and revised by the supporting associations. The Grüner Strom-Label seeks to establish more transparency and orientation in the complex green electricity market.
S.1.b Building Energy Pre Certification ServiceSUNSHINEProject
In 2012, the Municipality of Ferrara, Italy signed up to the Covenant of Mayors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020 through increased energy efficiency and renewable energy. One action is the SUNSHINE project, which aims to implement an automatic building energy pre-certification service using open geodata to estimate building energy performance at large scale. The municipal departments were involved in modeling geodata on building energy properties. A mobile app was also created to check the accuracy of building properties like age, use, heights during on-site audits.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of public aid to renewable energy sources on employment in Spain. Key points:
1) European policies dating back to 1997 have provided broad public support to renewable energy production, with the goal of creating "green jobs." Spain is considered a leading example of this approach.
2) The study finds that for every renewable energy job created in Spain, 2.2 jobs were destroyed elsewhere in the economy on average. Some renewable technologies destroyed even more jobs per megawatt installed.
3) Spain spent over $571,138 to create each green job, and the programs resulted in over 110,500 jobs being destroyed elsewhere. High electricity costs also drove some energy-int
The document discusses Germany's Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) and the country's transition to green energy, known as the "Energiewende." It provides the following key points:
- The EEG established feed-in tariffs for renewable energy sources for 20 years, helping grow renewable electricity generation in Germany from 17% in 2000 to 32% in 2015.
- Biogas production increased significantly under the EEG but new regulations in 2016 ended guaranteed tariffs, shifting support to a tendering model. This threatens the future of existing biogas infrastructure without new revenue streams.
- Germany aims to obtain 80-95% of its electricity from renewables by 2050, requiring continued innovation in green technologies
Solar News worldwide for week 4 june 2021 - Solar Projects, Solar Funds, hydr...Rohit Arora
Welcome to SolarOcta, our weekly & Monthly news series on the latest megaprojects in Solar Industry, New Policies, New Tenders, New startups, New announcements, and a lot more.
#SolarWeekly
This document is a resume for Ghassan Gaffar Mohamed. It summarizes his career experience working in banking and business development roles in Dubai, UAE over the past 12 years. It outlines his skills and responsibilities in positions as a business development manager, branch manager, operations officer, and clerical roles. His experience includes sales, customer service, operations management, and regulatory compliance. He holds a BBA from Ajman University in UAE and is currently seeking new opportunities with over 12 years of banking experience in the UAE.
This document defines and explains various cost concepts including: total fixed costs, average fixed costs, total variable costs, average variable costs, total costs, average total costs, and marginal costs. It discusses the differences between fixed and variable costs. Typical total, average, and marginal cost curves are shown and explained. The document also covers economies and diseconomies of scale, and internal and external economies.
Energy Efficiency Asia 2008 - The Energy Efficiency Coalitionreeep
Horst Biedermann is talking about REEEP and the Energy Efficiency Coalition which is an initiative by REEEP to fill the gap between the Energy efficiency potential and Implementation
Ecodesign Directive: Six reasons why Building Automation should be included i...Leonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* The savings potential from BACS means 15-22% reduction of the total energy consumption in EU buildings
* Accelerated BACS uptake would improve EU's energy independence by 3 to 5 percentage points
* Those savings are highly cost-effective, with benefits being 9 times higher than costs
* A reduction of 260 to 419 million tons of CO2 reduces Europe’s emissions from fuel combustion by 8-13%
The document presents budget allocation charts for energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Morocco. It summarizes the country's energy situation, key technologies for efficiency and renewables, and the methodology used to create budget allocation charts. The charts show the additional energy savings and costs of various technologies, helping policymakers identify the most effective options to maximize energy savings or minimize costs. Specifically, the charts indicate technologies with the highest savings and most cost-effective options to guide policy decisions.
Industrial Solar Rooftop System Installation Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Industrial Solar Rooftop System Installation PowerPoint Presentation Slides. The purpose of this presentation is to reduce annual electricity bill costs by shifting to solar energy. By using this solar power plant PPT visuals, you can showcase the energy consumption analysis of the manufacturing plant. Present issues and challenges related to the solar system with the help of a ready-to-use PPT complete deck. After that, depict the solutions to counter energy issues using a content-ready solar system for industry PowerPoint layouts. Highlight the renewable technologies that the industry can adopt and cost overview of different technologies. You can also depict the application of the solar system and illustrate various solar PV integration model workflow. The slides also explain permissions and regulatory key considerations required before project implementation. Power plant details, along with project description and specifications, are also included in our PPT slideshow. Showcase decision-making checklist for the solar project by using the installation of renewable energy PPT infographics. Depict estimated cost for the solar project, implementation schedule, PV operational and maintenance plan, etc., by incorporating professionally designed solar rooftop system PPT slide deck. https://bit.ly/2SSa2bt
This document provides a roadmap for Washington State's energy policy with a focus on distributed generation and combined heat and power. It establishes a vision for increasing renewable energy and energy efficiency through 2050. Key policy recommendations include streamlining permitting for renewable projects, implementing output-based emissions standards, expanding net metering capacity and establishing clean energy standard offer programs. The roadmap also discusses increasing combined heat and power utilization and developing energy storage policies.
EU Basks in Solar Glory - UK and Germany Energy Breaks Records!Hope Small
Not what you would call the sunniest countries!Britain and Germany have broken records for generating
solar electricity in the last few weeks, according to new industry figures.
Germany generated over half its electricity demand from solar for the first time ever on 9 June, and
the UK, basking in the sunniest weather of summer during the longest days of the year, nearly doubled
its 2013 peak solar power output at the solstice weekend.
France, Italy, Denmark and other countries are also believed to have generated record amounts in
June.
Source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jun/23/uk-and-germany-break-solar-power-records
The document summarizes India's solar power sector as of November 2012. It details India's total installed power capacity breakdown which includes 25,858 MW from renewable sources. Solar power capacity reached 1,044 MW, a growth from 3 MW in 2008-09. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission aims to achieve grid parity by 2022 and has set targets to install 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022. Phase 1 of the mission from 2010-2013 saw the installation of over 1,100 MW of grid solar power projects.
High Efficiency - A Green Revolution In Dc PowerEltek
This document discusses how adopting more efficient DC power systems can help reduce electricity usage and carbon emissions for telecommunications companies. It notes that DC power systems, which convert AC to DC, are a major source of energy consumption due to inherent inefficiencies. Modern rectifiers used in these systems have improved and can achieve efficiencies over 90%, but further gains are possible. Adopting higher efficiency rectifiers, like 92% efficient models, can significantly reduce power losses and associated costs. For a sample 8,000W system, 92% rectifiers provide a 21.7% reduction in losses compared to 90% rectifiers. This equates to annual energy and cost savings, as well as reduced CO2 emissions.
The presentations aims to explain the outlook for Solar PV for 2017.
The key trend is the falling demand from China which would lead to an overcapacity in the module manufacturing space eventually leading to a lower pricing power.
The document summarizes the activities of the Czech RE Agency, a non-governmental organization that supports renewable energy development in the Czech Republic. The agency is involved in projects related to research and development, promotion, education and training on renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics. It also creates maps and databases to track renewable energy installations across the country and analyzes legislation and incentives to further renewable energy adoption.
Solar News from around the world for week 2 of June 2021Rohit Arora
Weekly Solar News updates from around the world.
with world's biggest solar expo event in Shanghai this week,
we have a lot happening in the solar industry.
80+ Solar News from India, China, Australia, USA, Europe, Africa, and much more.
The document discusses the emergence of hybrid renewable energy systems as solar power becomes more cost competitive with wind. Hybrid systems that combine solar, wind, and energy storage are positioned to lead the scaling up of renewable electricity generation due to improved reliability and cost savings. Demonstration projects around the world are testing hybrid systems, with examples including large solar plants integrated with battery storage, wind farms with battery storage, and solar-wind hybrid plants. Hybrid systems offer advantages over traditional renewable plants like lower generation costs, higher reliability, and increased operational flexibility.
System price on electricity DAM market of Nord Pool during 7 - 13 Feb 2022 stood at average of 79,5 (-21,2% to 31 Jan - 6 Feb 2022 at 100,9 EUR MWh). OTE Market DAM price - 163,2 EUR during 7 - 13 Feb 2022 (-4% to 31 Jan - 6 Feb 2022 at 169,7 EUR). Ukraine’s OREE DAM IES price stood at average 60,7 EUR MWh during 7 - 13 Feb 2022 (-4,5% to 63,59 during 31 Jan - 6 Feb 2022).
The Grüner Strom-Label criteria are surveyed by an independent institute. GUTcert ensures that all criteria are assessed in an objective way and all requirements are met. The certification is based on a detailed criteria list that was developed by energy experts and that is constantly examined and revised by the supporting associations. The Grüner Strom-Label seeks to establish more transparency and orientation in the complex green electricity market.
S.1.b Building Energy Pre Certification ServiceSUNSHINEProject
In 2012, the Municipality of Ferrara, Italy signed up to the Covenant of Mayors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020 through increased energy efficiency and renewable energy. One action is the SUNSHINE project, which aims to implement an automatic building energy pre-certification service using open geodata to estimate building energy performance at large scale. The municipal departments were involved in modeling geodata on building energy properties. A mobile app was also created to check the accuracy of building properties like age, use, heights during on-site audits.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of public aid to renewable energy sources on employment in Spain. Key points:
1) European policies dating back to 1997 have provided broad public support to renewable energy production, with the goal of creating "green jobs." Spain is considered a leading example of this approach.
2) The study finds that for every renewable energy job created in Spain, 2.2 jobs were destroyed elsewhere in the economy on average. Some renewable technologies destroyed even more jobs per megawatt installed.
3) Spain spent over $571,138 to create each green job, and the programs resulted in over 110,500 jobs being destroyed elsewhere. High electricity costs also drove some energy-int
The document discusses Germany's Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) and the country's transition to green energy, known as the "Energiewende." It provides the following key points:
- The EEG established feed-in tariffs for renewable energy sources for 20 years, helping grow renewable electricity generation in Germany from 17% in 2000 to 32% in 2015.
- Biogas production increased significantly under the EEG but new regulations in 2016 ended guaranteed tariffs, shifting support to a tendering model. This threatens the future of existing biogas infrastructure without new revenue streams.
- Germany aims to obtain 80-95% of its electricity from renewables by 2050, requiring continued innovation in green technologies
Solar News worldwide for week 4 june 2021 - Solar Projects, Solar Funds, hydr...Rohit Arora
Welcome to SolarOcta, our weekly & Monthly news series on the latest megaprojects in Solar Industry, New Policies, New Tenders, New startups, New announcements, and a lot more.
#SolarWeekly
This document is a resume for Ghassan Gaffar Mohamed. It summarizes his career experience working in banking and business development roles in Dubai, UAE over the past 12 years. It outlines his skills and responsibilities in positions as a business development manager, branch manager, operations officer, and clerical roles. His experience includes sales, customer service, operations management, and regulatory compliance. He holds a BBA from Ajman University in UAE and is currently seeking new opportunities with over 12 years of banking experience in the UAE.
This document defines and explains various cost concepts including: total fixed costs, average fixed costs, total variable costs, average variable costs, total costs, average total costs, and marginal costs. It discusses the differences between fixed and variable costs. Typical total, average, and marginal cost curves are shown and explained. The document also covers economies and diseconomies of scale, and internal and external economies.
31 July Independent Traveller Nosy Be 2Adrian Rorvik
The document summarizes the author's exploration of the Nosy Be islands off Madagascar. It describes some of the places he visited, including 293 On Komba lodge, Sakatia Lodge with its beautiful reefs for diving, and Tanikely Marine Reserve with good snorkeling and seeing turtles. It also mentions guides who helped with activities like forest hikes and spotting wildlife. Throughout, it provides scenic descriptions of the islands and emphasizes the natural beauty and laid-back culture.
TEMA:Región Ancash -Distrito de Huari
FECHA: 12 de junio del 2016
AUTORA: Silvia Rocío Blas Cadillo
CONTENIDO: comidas típicas, danzas, festividades, mi distrito Huari.
atractivos turísticos, su historia, fauna ancashina, flora ancashina, atractivos turísticos de ancash, gráfico estadístico, tabla sobre la población huarina, vídeo sobre la región ancash
This document provides an overview of systems analysis and design. It discusses the roles of systems analysts, the systems development life cycle which includes 7 phases from identifying problems to implementation and evaluation, and tools used in analysis and design such as CASE tools and object-oriented analysis. It also covers methodologies like rapid application development, extreme programming, and alternatives to the traditional systems development life cycle.
This document provides a review of marriage in England over time. It discusses how understandings of marriage have changed from being primarily an economic and social institution to one based more on love and personal commitment. It reviews key legal and cultural changes like the introduction of civil marriage and the legalization of same-sex marriage. While marriage rates have declined, attitudes toward the institution have remained mixed as cohabitation has risen as an alternative. The document examines how marriage is now understood through legal, social, religious and cultural lenses and explores how demographic trends show marriage has become more stratified socioeconomically.
The document describes a stay at Auberge Clermont, a bed and breakfast located on a 10 hectare farm in the Franschhoek valley of South Africa. It offers a variety of luxury accommodation options surrounded by vineyards, orchards, and gardens. The property produces its own wine and olive oil. The reviewer enjoyed delicious meals at restaurants in the area and the decadent breakfasts at the B&B. Auberge Clermont provides a relaxing getaway surrounded by nature.
Breve descripción de los incendios en las edificaciones y sus metodos de desalojos y a que se deben las reacciones para que se incendie una edificacion
Renewable energy employment reached an estimated 7.7 million jobs in 2014, an 18% increase from the previous year's estimate. Solar PV accounted for the most jobs with 2.5 million, followed by liquid biofuels with 1.8 million jobs and wind power with over 1 million jobs. China had the most renewable energy jobs of any country with an estimated 3.4 million jobs, driven primarily by strong solar PV, wind, and solar heating and cooling industries.
Renewable energy employed an estimated 7.7 million people worldwide in 2014, an 18% increase over the previous year's estimate. Solar PV was the largest employer with 2.5 million jobs, led by China with 1.6 million solar PV jobs. Liquid biofuels employed nearly 1.8 million globally, while wind power employment crossed 1 million jobs for the first time. For the first time, IRENA also estimated large hydropower to support approximately 1.5 million direct jobs. China, Brazil, the United States, India and Germany remained the top countries for renewable energy employment.
The document discusses Brazil's energy sector and the need for a sustainable energy policy. It analyzes the electric, petroleum, and natural gas sectors in Brazil. The results point to adopting a new energy policy heavily based on renewable energy like wind and solar to replace plans for large hydroelectric dams, fossil fuels, nuclear power, and other non-renewable sources. The policy would help avoid environmental and social problems while promoting sustainable development.
WEC 2011 Jim e Mariotoni (Versão Final 2011)Jim Naturesa
This document discusses Brazil's national energy efficiency programs and how they have been impacted by the country's economic situation. It provides an overview of Brazil's National Electricity Conservation Program (PROCEL) and its main results from 1986-2005. It also discusses the Energy Efficiency Investment Programs run by ANEEL, Brazil's energy regulatory agency. The economic downturn in Brazil beginning in late 2008 negatively impacted investment in energy efficiency projects as companies cut costs. However, signs of recovery in mid-2009 led to renewed interest in financing for new equipment purchases. The document argues Brazil needs stronger government support and industrial policies to encourage energy efficiency innovations in businesses.
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IEA Technology roadmap solar photovoltaic energy 2014 Andrew Gelston
This document provides a summary and update of the International Energy Agency's 2014 technology roadmap for solar photovoltaic energy. It envisions solar PV providing up to 16% of global electricity by 2050, compared to 11% in the 2010 roadmap. Significant cost reductions have already been achieved, with further reductions possible through targeted research and development. Large-scale integration of variable solar PV will require measures to ensure grid stability and flexibility. Clear and predictable policy support is needed to continue driving down costs and overcoming non-economic barriers to deployment in order to achieve the roadmap's vision.
Why Policy Matters - Renewable Energy Market Momentum at Risk - June 2015Scott Clausen
The U.S. has implemented policies that have successfully attracted hundreds of billions of dollars in private investment to the renewable energy sector. This investment has enabled rapid scaling of the industry and significant cost reductions. However, continuing uncertainty around policies like the PTC and ITC is jeopardizing future investment and growth in the renewable energy sector by making long-term planning difficult. Extending these policies would provide certainty and allow the U.S. renewable energy momentum to continue.
Solar power global market-outlook-2018-2022Luiz Cruz
This document provides an overview and outlook of the global solar power market from 2018-2022. Some key points:
- In 2017, global solar capacity additions nearly doubled wind additions, with solar installing almost 3 times as much capacity as gas and coal, and 9 times as much as nuclear.
- Solar costs and prices continued to decline significantly in 2017, with a world record low solar power price of 2.34 US cents/kWh in Saudi Arabia.
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- The report forecasts continued strong growth in the
Towards a sociology of energy and globalizationAlina Gilmanova
The document analyzes the development of Brazil's solar photovoltaic (PV) industry in the context of globalization and interconnectedness with global renewable energy markets. It discusses how Brazil has significant solar potential but a historically small PV sector. However, recent Brazilian government policies aim to promote more PV investments and establish domestic PV manufacturing. The policies include incentives like net metering and auctions that have led to rapid growth in small-scale PV installations. The government also provides loans for auction winners who purchase domestically assembled PV panels, incentivizing local PV factories despite their higher costs compared to imported Chinese panels. The article frames Brazil's emerging PV industry within the global context and discusses how nation states promote domestic renewable industries to position their
Auroville has been active in renewable energy generation since the early years, starting with windmills for water pumping and stand-alone solar PV systems with battery banks. In 2012 Auroville pioneered rooftop grid-connected solar energy by proposing to the Tamil Nadu Government that pilot projects may be undertaken in Auroville with grid-connectivity.
:: CAPITAL RENOVABLE :: "Smart Energy Solutions"
--- 2014 Brochure -_________________________________________________
Capital Renovable is a company dedicated to the
development, construction and operation of projects for
generation and sale of electricity based on nonconventional
renewable energy (NCRE).
HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL CAN MAKE THE ENERGY SECTOR SUSTAINABLE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to demonstrate how the government of Brazil can make the energy sector sustainable in order to collaborate in the fight against global warming and to bequeath the existing energy resources in the country to future generations. According to the International Energy Agency, oil, natural gas and coal are the energy sources most responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the world, the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In Brazil, the energy sector is responsible for 21% of greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity sector in Brazil has 19.7% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (natural gas, petroleum derivatives and coal and derivatives) and 2.2% of energy sources based on nuclear power plants. In turn, Brazil's energy matrix as a whole has 53.3% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (oil and derivatives, natural gas and mineral coal) and 1.3% are energy sources based on nuclear power plants. For Brazil's energy sector to be sustainable, all these energy sources based on fossil fuels and nuclear power plants must be replaced by renewable energy sources (hydro, solar, wind, tidal, wave, biomass and hydrogen).
This document provides a detailed comparison of energy efficiency obligation schemes in Brazil and France. It summarizes the history and key aspects of Brazil's Utilities Energy Efficiency Program, which obligates electric utilities to invest 0.5% of revenues in energy efficiency projects. It describes how the program is monitored and evaluated, and presents data on investments and estimated energy savings from 1998-2011. Overall, the program has invested $1.74 billion and achieved estimated annual energy savings of over 1.54 GWh and peak demand reductions of 542 MW.
Final solar generation vi full report lr (1)Naman Kumar
This document provides an overview of solar photovoltaic electricity and its growth potential worldwide. Some key points:
- Global PV installations grew to nearly 40 GW in 2010, exceeding forecasts, with investments of over 50 billion euros. Nearly 2 million individual PV systems are now installed worldwide.
- Modelling shows that with strong policy support, PV could provide 688 GW by 2020 and 1,845 GW by 2030, contributing up to 12% of electricity in some regions and around 9% of global needs by 2030.
- The benefits of scaling up solar include clean and sustainable electricity worldwide, new jobs, and avoiding billions of tonnes of CO2 emissions annually by 2050. Key policies like feed-
EERE’s FY2017 Renewable Power Budget Webinarmaryvin
The document discusses the FY 2017 budget request for the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). It outlines major national energy goals and EERE's strategic planning drivers. The budget summary table shows requested funding increases for solar energy, wind energy, and water power technologies. Specific initiatives highlighted include offshore wind demonstration projects, technologies to enable larger wind turbines, and the HydroNEXT program to lower costs of new hydropower facilities.
Professor Vittorio Chiesa believes that without incentives, renewable energies are not economically sustainable due to their higher costs compared to conventional energy sources. He warns that incentive schemes need to gradually decrease as technologies advance and costs reduce. Abrupt changes can damage industries, as seen in Spain's solar sector. While a green energy bubble is possible if incentives suddenly stopped worldwide, environmental issues will likely support green energy growth. Promoting both a variety of technologies and distributed generation can help avoid bubbles. Energy efficiency is also important but undervalued currently. Renewable energy sectors and energy efficiency components industries seem promising for the future provided incentive schemes continue and energy efficiency priorities increase.
This document summarizes information from a workshop on solar PV in Bangladesh. It discusses the country's solar industry trends, including projected capacity growth scenarios. It also compares Bangladesh's potential for rooftop solar to Vietnam's installation rates. Several challenges to rooftop solar adoption are outlined, such as net metering policies and perceptions of high costs. Recommendations include the need for local partners and offering energy services beyond basic installation. The presenter discusses new business models like peer-to-peer solar microgrids and opportunities in electric vehicle charging infrastructure.
The document discusses the potential for solar and wind energy to power the future of the Philippines. It notes that a single wind turbine can power 600 homes and that solar power is the most abundant energy source on Earth. It outlines the Philippines' goals of reaching 3 GW of solar capacity by 2022 and challenges such as high upfront costs. However, incentives like tax breaks and priority grid access could help overcome challenges to the renewable transition.
Evaluation of the photovoltaic generation potential and real time analysis of...Arq Taciana Muller
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the photovoltaic generation potential and real-time analysis of a photovoltaic panel installed on a building in southern Brazil. The study found that the 16.5 m2 photovoltaic panel produced an average of 11.0 kWh per day and had a module efficiency of around 12.6%. Solar radiation and daylight data from 2007-2012 were used to analyze the solar potential and compare to the panel's power generation. The panel was installed at an angle of 24 degrees, which modeling software had indicated would provide the most uniform radiation throughout the year for that location.
Similar to Framework assessment for_the_photovoltaic_opportunities_in_brazil (20)
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
1. Framework Assessment for the
Photovoltaic Business Opportunities
in Brazil
Developed by:
BSW-Solar
eclareon GmbH
To:
Agência de Cooperação
Técnica Alemã – GIZ
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Berlin, 31st of July 2014
2. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
2
Framework Assessment for the
Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
Study about the solar market and business environment for installing solar PV
systems in Brazil
Developed by:
Authors
Bianca Barth, Jörg Mayer (BSW-Solar)
Natascha Trennepohl, Robert Brückmann (eclareon GmbH)
Developed for: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ) GmbH
Project: PROFREE II, GIZ Brazil
Program No.: 12.2478.1-001.00
Coordination: Peter Krenz (GIZ/IDEAL)
Dr. Johannes Kissel (GIZ)
Berlin, 31 July 2014
Legal Information
1. All indications, data and results of this study have been compiled and cross-checked most
carefully by the author(s). However, mistakes with regard to the contents cannot be precluded.
Consequently, neither GIZ nor the author(s) shall be liable for any claim, loss, or damage
directly or indirectly resulting from the use of or reliance upon the information in this study, or
directly or indirectly resulting from errors, inaccuracies or omissions in the information in this
study.
2. Duplication or reproduction of all or parts of this study (including transfer to data storage
media) and distribution for non-commercial purposes is permitted, provided that GIZ are named
as the source of information. Other uses, including duplication, reproduction or distribution of all
or parts of this study for commercial uses, require the written consent of GIZ.
3. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
3
eclareon
eclareon GmbH
Giesebrechtstraße 20
10629 Berlin
Germany
www.eclareon.eu
Contact:
Natascha Trennepohl
Senior Project Manager, Policy Department
Tel. +49 (30) 88 66 74 000
Fax +49 (30) 88 66 74 010
nt(at)eclareon.com
BSW-Solar
Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e.V.
Friedrichstrasse 78
10117 Berlin
Germany
www.solarwirtschaft.de
Contact:
Jörg Mayer
Managing Director
Tel. +49 (30) 29 777 88 51
Fax +40 (30) 29 777 88 99
mayer(at)bsw-solar.de
4. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
4
Table of Contents
Description of the Project....................................................................................................... 5
1. Energy Matrix and Deployment of Solar PV in Brazil.......................................................... 6
1.1. Overall Market Profile.................................................................................................. 6
1.2. Share of Renewable Energy Sources.......................................................................... 6
1.3. Regulatory Framework ................................................................................................ 9
1.4. Institutional Framework ............................................................................................... 9
1.5. Current Market for Solar PV in Brazil......................................................................... 10
2. PV Business Models for PV Enabling Policy Options....................................................... 13
2.1. Energy Auction System - National Level.................................................................... 13
2.2. ANEEL Resolution 482/2012 – Net Metering............................................................ 22
2.3. General Challenges................................................................................................... 31
3. Further Developments and Next Steps ............................................................................ 34
4. Summary ......................................................................................................................... 36
5. References ...................................................................................................................... 38
Annex I. Interviewed Experts ............................................................................................... 41
Annex II. Relevant Legal Documents................................................................................... 41
5. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
5
Description of the Project
Solar PV is about to reach grid parity in most countries located close to the
equator. At the same time more and more governments allow and promote both
large-scale and decentralized grid-connected PV applications.
The project ENABLING PV aims at contributing to the sustainable deployment
of solar PV in Brazil by exploring the new potential within the ANEEL Resolution
482/2012 (RN 482/2012), which for the first time established a compensation
scheme (net metering) for distributed generation, as well as by analyzing the
energy auctions for large size systems. The compensation scheme was
introduced in 2012 and a specific solar PV auction at national level was
announced in mid-2014, enabling new business models and the possibility to
reduce consumer electricity bills by using electricity produced on-site.
To this end, this first report describes the legal and administrative framework of
the above-mentioned policy options, creating a favorable business environment
for installing solar PV systems in Brazil.
This project also aims at strengthening cooperation and knowledge transfer
between relevant stakeholders and international investors in Brazil and
Germany.
6. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
6
1. Energy Matrix and Deployment of Solar PV in
Brazil
1.1. Overall Market Profile
Brazil has experienced an impressive economic and demographic growth in the
past decades. This growth is expected to continue in the next years, impacting
on electricity consumption rates. The PDE 2022, the ten-year energy plan
published by the government, estimates that electricity consumption (excluding
self-consumption) will grow from 466,5 TWh in 2013 to 672 TWh in 2022 (PDE
2022, 2013:42), requiring investments on the diversification of the energy matrix
and driving the utilization of the high potential for renewable energies.
The electricity tariff is calculated considering acquisition costs, costs for the use
of the transmission and distribution systems, as well as technical losses, and
taxes and charges. The tariff also varies depending on the geographic area and
the distribution company. For example, the tariff for the residential sector varied
in 2013 from R$ 22ct/kWh (approx. 7€ct/kWh) to R$ 52ct/kWh (approx.
17€ct/kWh) (ANEEL, 2013). For the industry sector, the tariff in 2014 varies
from R$ 15ct/kWh (approx. 5€ct/kWh) to R$ 44ct/kW/h (approx. 14€ct/kWh).
The Federation of Industries of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN) estimates
that approximately 35% of the electricity tariff for the industry sector is
composed of taxes and other charges (FIRJAN, 2014).
1.2. Share of Renewable Energy Sources
According to the Brazilian National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL), the
country’s total installed generation capacity is around 130 GW (ANEEL, 2014a,
as of 20 August 2014). Brazil has vast hydro-electric resources and accounts
for more than 60 hydro-electric facilities with installed capacities of at least 100
MW. Twenty-three of these facilities have installed capacities greater than 1,000
MW. Together with Paraguay, Brazil operates by some measures the world’s
7. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
7
second largest hydro-electricity complex, the Itaipu facility on the Paraná River,
with a capacity of 14,000 MW. The remaining electricity generated in Brazil
comes mostly from coal and gas-fired thermoelectric plants (REEEP Policy
Database). This centralized energy system with a strong dependency in one
energy source in high transmission losses is the vulnerable point of the
Brazilian energy market. As of February 2014, reservoir levels in the Southeast
and Central West regions of the country were at roughly half expected levels for
the time of year, resulting in 6,260 MW of additional thermal capacity that had to
be activated for permanent production even outside peak hours (REEEP Policy
Database). Consequently, the higher production costs of those peak-load
generation plants resulted in an increase of average electricity generation costs.
Subsequently, Brazil faces the need to diversify its electricity supply and to
follow a more decentralized approach in energy production.
Figure 1: Installed capacity in 2012. Source: PDE 2022, 2013:100.
In the next years, approximately 36 GW resulting from hydro, thermo, wind and
solar projects currently under construction and already authorized are expected
to be added to the system (ANEEL, 2014a). Hydro plays a central role in the
electricity system, accounting for more than 87 GW. Nonetheless, the
participation of wind, biomass and solar has increased in the past years through
national policies and programs supporting the diversification of the energy
71%
4%
14.5%
2% 1.5%
7%
Installed Capacity in 2012
Hydropower Small hydro plants Thermo power Nuclear Wind Biomass
8. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
8
system, such as the programs "PROINFA" and "Light for All" (Luz para Todos)
created in the early 2000s.
The PROINFA1
(Program of Incentives for Alternative Electricity Sources) was
established in 2002 to support the electricity generated by wind, biomass, and
small hydro installations and with the goal to equally increase their participation,
achieving a total of 3.3 GW new installed capacity2
. Due to its design and local
content rules, the program drove the development of the wind industry in the
country. Furthermore, it is estimated that the program created 150 thousand
new jobs (PROINFA, 2014).
The program "Light for All" started in 2003 with the goal of bringing electricity to
10 million people in rural areas3
. The initial target was achieved in 2009 and the
government estimates that 439.000 new jobs were created. The program has
been extended and supports individual generation systems and systems with
decentralized generation (e.g. among others, solar PV) in remote areas (PLT,
2014).
It is true that PV installations so far have played a minor role in terms of
installed capacity in Brazil. There are currently 164 operating projects, totaling
12.287 kW (ANEEL, 2014a, as of 20 August 2014). Considering the country’s
advantageous solar irradiation conditions (up to 2.400 kWh/m2
/year), solar is
still an underrepresented energy form in the overall energy mix.
However, according to the Brazilian Energy Research Company (EPE), despite
no binding target in the national energy strategy, the perspectives for an
increase of the participation of solar energy in the next years are positive and
specific energy auctions4
might act as a booster for the development of the
technology and the industry in the country. This perspective is also shared
among project developers working in the field, considering the dynamics of the
market.
1
For more details on PROINFA see Law 10.438/2002 and Decree 5.025/2004.
2
According to Eletrobras, the state company responsible for trading the power generated by installations
under the program for the first period of 20 years, 119 projects, totaling 2.6 GW, were implemented by
December 2011.
3
For details on the new phase (2011-2014) of the Luz para Todos program see Decree 7.520/11.
4
The Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) published on 6 June 2014 the guidelines for another
energy auction and it will be the first time that solar PV will not compete with other technologies, such as
wind and biomass. For more details see section 2.
9. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
9
1.3. Regulatory Framework
The main regulatory framework of the electricity sector in Brazil changed after
the energy crises in 2001-2002 and a new model to attract long-term private
investments was introduced by Law 10.848 of 15 March 2004. This new model
mainly focuses on energy auctions organised by the federal government to buy
electricity and to ensure that the energy demand of distribution companies is
fulfilled.
In addition to Law 10.848/04, Decree 5.163 of 30 July 2004 and its
amendments5
detailed the main rules for the generation and sale of electricity.
In Brazil, it is possible to sell electricity under the regulated market, known as
ACR (Ambiente de Contratação Regulada) and composed by producers and
distributors of energy, as well as under the free market, known as ACL
(Ambiente de Contratação Livre) and composed by producers, distributors, and
free consumers6
. This study focuses on the framework of the regulated market.
1.4. Institutional Framework
In terms of formulation of national policies and guidelines, the National Council
of Energy Policy (CNPE) works at a macro level and advises the president
whereas the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) is responsible for planning,
monitoring and implementing policies, being the competent authority to set
guidelines and grant concessions in the energy sector. Working closely with the
Ministry, the Monitoring Committee of the Electricity Sector (CMSE), the
National Energy Agency (ANEEL), and the Energy Research Company (EPE)
play important roles in the energy sector. The CMSE monitors the continuity
and security of electricity supply, ANEEL is a federal agency regulating and
supervising activities in the electricity sector and in charge of promoting the
energy auctions whereas EPE supports the government with the planning and
5
Decree 5.163/04 has been amended a few times and amendments related to energy generated from
renewable sources were mainly introduced by Decree 6.048 of 27 February 2007.
6
Free consumers are defined by Arts. 15 and 16 of Law 9.074 of 7 July 1995 and shall have a
consumption ≥ 3MW.
10. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
10
implementation of policies and is in charge of assessing trends in energy supply
and demand (ABRADEE, M2).
Finally, the National System Operator (ONS) coordinates the Brazilian National
Interconnected System - SIN (i.e. generation, distribution and transmission
agents7
) and the Electric Energy Trading Chamber (CCEE) conducts the energy
auctions for buying and selling energy and manages the contracts under the
free and the regulated markets (Araujo et. al., 2013).
1.5. Current Market for Solar PV in Brazil
Up to the year 2012, the use of photovoltaics in Brazil has encompassed mainly
small-scale isolated systems in areas without connection to the national
transmission network (SIN). Although there are no official figures for the off-grid
PV segment, the Brazilian Solar Industry Association’s (ABSOLAR) Executive
Director Rodrigo Lopes Sauaia estimates approximately 30 MW of cumulative
off-grid PV capacity currently installed in Brazil. The off-grid market growth has
been steady during the last decade, mainly due to the aforementioned "Light for
All" program and its predecessors. Even after this program will be finished,
which is expected to happen in 2014, there will still be some demand for off-grid
PV systems, especially in the northern regions of the country, replacing or
complementing the fossil fuel-based generation at remote locations that are not
directly connected to the national integrated electric grid. In addition, there are
also auctions to purchase electricity from isolated systems based on the
provisions of MME Ordinance 600/2010 and ANEEL Resolution 1.733 of 20
May 20148
.
According to the numbers presented by ANEEL at the seminar “Energia +
Limpa 2014”9
and as shown in figures 2 and 3, as of April 2014, there were 120
solar PV systems installed under the new net metering scheme, with a total
installed peak capacity of 1.99 MWp, resulting in an average size of 16.6 kWp
per installation. Several studies had already announced the possible economic
7
There are 77 transmission system operators and 63 distribution system operators in Brazil (Abradee).
8
For further information see:
http://www.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/editais_geracao/documentos_editais.cfm?IdProgramaEdital=130#
9
The Seminar was organised by the Ideal Institute in May 2014 in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil.
11. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
11
viability of PV systems in the Brazilian residential sector before the introduction
of the net metering regulation (Holdermann et al. 2013).
Figure 2: Total installed power under the net metering scheme in Brazil. Source: ANEEL, 2014
Figure 3: Number of accumulated PV-connections under the net metering scheme in Brazil.
Source: ANEEL 2014
According to EPE, distributed rooftop solar power generation is already
competitive with traditional electricity sources in some areas of the country
(EPE, 2012). With the introduction of the net metering by ANEEL Resolution
482 in 2012, the outlook for small-scale PV systems is relatively positive. Based
on the new regulation and as shown in figure 4, EPE is forecasting up to 1432.2
MW of cumulative installed capacity by 2022 (Preiser et al. 2014). As mentioned
before, specific energy auctions10
might act as a booster for the development of
10
The Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) published on 6 June 2014 the guidelines for another
energy auction and it will be the first time that solar PV will not compete with other technologies, such as
wind and biomass. For more details see section 2.
12. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
12
the technology and the industry in the country, especially with respect to the
segment of large-scale ground-mounted PV systems.
Figure 4: EPE Market projections for PV capacity installed under the Net-Metering Scheme in
Brazil. Source: Preiser et al. 2014
1,4 2,8 5,6 11,2 22,4 44,8
89,6
179,2
358,4
716,8
1,4 4,2 9,8 21 43,4
88,2
177,8
357
715,4
1432,2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
InstalledPV-capacity(MW)
Annual installed capacity (MW) Cumulated capacity (MW)
13. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
13
2. PV Business Models for PV Enabling Policy
Options
2.1. Energy Auction System - National Level
2.1.1. Main Description
Energy auctions are currently the main procurement mechanism used to
acquire electricity in the regulated market in Brazil. Auctions offer the
opportunity to explore an energy potential through a long term agreement,
usually 20 to 30 years, which might vary depending on the source. With regards
to parts involved and broadly describing their roles, distribution companies have
a demand for energy, the government sets the guidelines and supervises the
bidding procedure, and generation agents offer a certain amount of electricity.
The features of the auctions slightly vary depending on whether existing
installations or new ones are target. Auctions for existing installations (Leilão de
Energia Existente) aim at buying energy generated by power plants already
under operation, which shall deliver the contracted electricity in the same or
subsequent year of the auction. For these installations, the investments have
already been amortized and the maximum price set by the government (i.e. the
Ministry of Mines and Energy) to start the auction is usually lower than the price
set for new installations.
Auctions for new installations (Leilão de Energia Nova) aim at buying energy
from power plants that will be built and deliver the contracted electricity within 3
to 5 years. For these installations, the maximum price set by the government to
start the auction is usually higher.
In addition, auctions can also be used to adjust the system in case of
differences between the forecast made by distribution companies and demand
(Leilão de Ajuste), as well as to contract surplus of energy and reinsure
continuity of supply (Leilão de Reserva) or have a focus on renewable sources
(Leilão de Fontes Alternativas). In general, auctions are technology-neutral, but
they might be divided in sections with selected sources competing among each
14. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
14
other (e.g. wind, solar and biomass) or they can be technology-specific,
meaning that only projects from the same technology will compete with each
other. So far, only one technology-specific auction for solar has taken place in
Brazil (in the State of Pernambuco). Nonetheless, a technology-specific auction
a with solar not competing with other technologies has been scheduled at the
federal level to take place on October 31st 2014. For this auction, 400 solar
projects requested their registration at EPE, totaling more than 10GW (EPE,
2014d).In addition, at the state level, it has also been reported that the State of
Minas Gerais is planning to launch a specific tender for solar in late 201411
.
2.1.2. Regulatory Framework
As mentioned in the beginning, the trade of electricity between parts of the
Brazilian National Interconnected System (SIN) is mainly regulated by Law
10.848/04 and Decree 5.163/04 and its amendments.
In addition, the Ministry of Mines and Energy has the competence granted by
Art. 87 of the Federal Constitution to issue supplementary instructions to
achieve the provisions of laws, decrees and regulations. In the context of
energy auctions, MME Ordinance 21 of 18 January 200812
set important
provisions related to the registration procedure for energy auctions. In addition,
MME Ordinance 236 of 30 May 201413
is of especial relevance for solar PV
generation projects as it set the rules for the first energy auction at national level
with solar PV not competing with other renewable sources and will be referred
to in this report as the "Solar-Auction".
Besides the Ministry, the energy agency ANEEL has the competence to issue
supplementary rules for the implementation of the provisions mentioned in
Decree 5.163/04 (Art. 75 Decree 5.163/04). In fact, ANEEL is responsible for
preparing the auction notice document (Edital de Leilão) and the corresponding
contracts for the purchase and sale of electricity (Art. 20 Decree 5.163/04) that
11
The rules for the tender have not been published yet, but it has been reported in the press that the
installation will have to be located in the state (Lagôa, 2014).
12
Ordinance 21/08 repealed Ordinance 328/05, which had standardized the procedures to register at
ANEEL and at EPE in order to take part in auctions.
13
MME Ordinance 236 of 30 May 2014 was amended by MME Ordinance 320 of 9 July 2014, which
postponed the date of the auction from October 10th to October 31st, 2014.
15. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
15
are signed after the bidding process is completed. The Energy Research
Company (EPE) also plays an important role in the auction system in the
assessment and registration of technical projects as summarized below.
2.1.3. Main Stages for Project Development
a. Administrative and Technical Registration (Habilitação Técnica)
In order to participate in the energy auctions, all projects - including new ones
and expansion of older installations - have to firstly be registered at ANEEL,
which has up to 30 days to issue the registration certificate. This certification
allows the project developer to request relevant licenses (e.g. environmental
permit) from federal, state and municipal agencies (Articles 1 to 3 MME
Ordinance 21/08).
In the sequence, once the ordinance regulating an energy auction is published
in the official journal (i.e. Diário Oficial da União), a period is set (usually 1
month14
) for entrepreneurs to require the registration for their projects at EPE,
which will conduct a technical evaluation of the project. In the auction scheduled
to take place on October 31st, 2014 (Leilão de Energia de Reserva), it will be
the first time at national level that solar will not compete with other technologies.
A detailed list of documents that need to be submitted to EPE when requesting
for the registration of the project is provided in Article 5 of MME Ordinance
21/08, which includes, among others, the proof of right to use the project site,
permission to access distribution and transmission networks, and environmental
permits.
In case of solar projects, it is also necessary to present a certificate of
solarimetric data and a certificate of annual energy production (Certificação de
Produção Anual de Energia), which estimates the average generation of the PV
installation in a certain period. Both certificates shall be issued by an
independent certifying company, which cannot be a shareholder or be involved
14
This period can be extended and exceptions might apply and a few documents might be accepted for
evaluation even when handed after the initial deadline for registration. See Art. 5
o
, § 4
o
MME Ordinance
21/08.
16. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
16
in the development of the project. Additionally, this certifying company and its
staff members15
have to be registered at the Federal Council of Engineering
and Architecture (CREA). In addition, procedures and calculation method for the
certificates must comply with national and international standards (EPE, 2014c).
According to project developers, EPE conducts a carefully assessment of
project proposals. Initially, the main issues faced by the analysts from EPE
when analysing project proposals were related with no compliance with the
proof of land right and the lack of technical quality of the project. For solar
projects, so far EPE has not required a history of continuous measurements of
global horizontal and direct normal irradiation at the project site. However, from
2016 onwards measurements for at least twelve consecutive months will have
to be handed in order to register a project (Art. 6-B MME Ordinance 21/08).
During the registration procedure, EPE can notify the agent to correct
incomplete documents, disqualifying the project if the problem is not solved
within the stipulated time period. The project can also be disqualified with a
written justification if it does not meet the technical requirements. EPE can also
require additional information. After the registration procedure is completed,
EPE sends a list of enabled projects and the calculation of the marginal cost
reference for the auction to the Ministry of Mines and Energy (Articles. 7 to 13
MME Ordinance 21/08).
In sum, the administrative and technical registration for an energy tender
usually consists of the following steps:
REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION AT ANEEL RES-E producer requests for registration at the
National Agency for Electric Energy (ANEEL) prior
to participating in an energy auction
REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE ISSUED ANEEL has up to 30 days to issue a certificate
15
The responsible staff members need to be qualified and have the required certification to perform their
activities, as for example the ART (Anotação de Responsabilidade Técnica) and the CAT (Certidão de
Acervo Técnico) issued by the Regional Council of Engineering and Architecture (CREA). The national
standards are set for example by INMETRO (quality control) and ABNT (technical standards), For more
information see EPE, 2014c.
17. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
17
REQUEST FOR ISSUANCE OF RELEVANT
LICENSES AND DOCUMENTS
RES-E producer requests the issuance of relevant
licenses (e.g. environmental permit) to federal,
municipal, and municipal agencies
REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION AT EPE RES-E producer requests at the Energy Research
Company (EPE) the registration of a project to take
part in an energy auction
EPE EVALUATION PROCESS EPE assesses the technical proposal and might
notify the RES-E producer to provide additional
information or disqualify the project
LIST OF ENABLED PROJECTS EPE sends to the Ministry of Mines and Energy a
list of projects enabled to take part in the auction
Diagram 1: Administrative and Technical Registration.
b. Bidding Process and Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
The next phase is the bidding process conducted by the Electric Energy Trading
Chamber (CCEE), a separate legal entity under the supervision of ANEEL (Art.
2, § 11 of Law 10.848/04). The Chamber works through an online platform and
the bidding procedure is divided in two phases with the price as the relevant
criterion and no additional quality criteria is relevant at this point. In the first
phase, a descending price clock for biddings takes place and in the second
phase, a pay-as-bid round starts16
(Barroso et. al., 2014).
Once the bidding phase is completed, the system proportionally distributes the
energy lots between the distribution companies. In regular energy auctions (i.e.
Leilão de Energia Existente and Leilão de Energia Nova), demand is calculated
based on the growth expectations of distribution companies.17
In auctions to
secure the supply of energy (Leilão de Reserva), the government sets the
demand and the energy contracted is used to increase the reserve margin of
the system (Barroso et. al., 2014:3). Winners of the bidding process (i.e. project
developers) sign a contract to sell the electricity to the distribution companies.
16
The main design elements of auctions are kept, but prior to each auction, the guidelines ruling the
tender are published at CCEE's website.
17
Distribution companies report their current and future needs to purchase electric power to the Ministry of
Mines and Energy.
18. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
18
The power purchase agreement signed in the regulated market is called
CCEAR (Contrato de Comercialização de Energia no Ambiente Regulado) and
has to be registered at the CCEE (Art. 56 Decree 5.163/04). The types of PPAs
that are signed can focus on quantity of electricity (kWh) or availability of supply
(kWp). Agreements for quantity of supply have a fixed amount of electricity that
needs to be delivered by the producer at a given price. Agreements for
availability of supply foresee a fixed remuneration to the producer (irrespective
of what is generated) and are usually used for hiring thermoelectric plants
(ABRADEE, M6).
In sum, the bidding process and the signature of a power purchase agreement
usually consist of the following steps:
REGISTRATION AT THE CCEE Project developers register at the CCEE for the
online auction
ONLINE AUCTION CCEE manages the auction divided in bidding
phases. In the end the winners are presented and
the system proportionally distributes the energy lots
between registered distribution companies
POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENT The winners of the auction sign contracts with all
distribution agents that participated in the auction
Diagram 2: Bidding Process and Power Purchase Agreement.
In the "Solar-Auction" scheduled to take place in October 2014, the power
purchase agreement will cover a period of 20 years and the beginning of supply
shall be October 2017. Nonetheless, producers may anticipate the start of
commercial operation provided that distribution and transmission systems are
also concluded for operation (Art. 2o
, § 5o
MME Ordinance 236/14).
However, differently from the provisions in MME Ordinance 132/2013, which
foresaw that the producer is entitled to receive the payment even without
delivering the contracted electricity in case the access to the transmission
network was not available18
on agreed time, the new MME Ordinance clearly
provides that the producer is not entitled to receive the payment in case of
18
In case the producer was not responsible for the unavailability.
19. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
19
unavailability of distribution and transmission networks (Art. 2o
, § 6o
MME
Ordinance 236/14).
c. Funding of Projects
Projects can be financed through national and international funds. The Brazilian
National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) provides
financial programs for projects focusing on the production of renewable energy
and has already financed several projects in the wind sector19
.
BNDES recently released conditions for a specific funding program to support
projects from auctions conducted in 2014 in the regulated market. 20
The bank
also published the new methodology for accreditation and calculation of the
local content requirement for modules and photovoltaic systems.21
As the
industry is still not well established in the country and a high request for local
content in the initial moment could hamper its development, the new
methodology does not consider the nationalization index based on weight and
value of the equipment (as it is the case in other programs), but instead requires
a progressive nationalization of specific components, aiming to incentivize the
development of the local manufacturing capacity. According to the bank, the
new rules offer flexible alternatives to nationalization and reward a higher
national content.22
Through the new program, companies headquartered in
Brazil and legal entities under public law are eligible and the financial rules are
based on the general guidelines of the traditional programs BNDES Finem and
the Climate Fund.23
19
Between 2003 and 2012, the bank approved almost R$ 10 billion (approx. € 3 billion) for financing wind
projects, totaling approx. 4GW of installed capacity. In 2013, R$ 3.6 billion (approx. € 1 billion) to finance
wind projects was approved (Melo, 2014).
20
For more information on the specific funding program for solar projects see:
http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Areas_de_Atuacao/Infraestrutura/Energia_Eletrica/L
eilao_Energia/energia_solar_2014.html.
21
The new methodology for accreditation of equipments is available at:
http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Ferramentas_e_Normas/Credenciamento_de_Equip
amentos/credenciamento_fotovoltaicos.html
22
See:
http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Institucional/Sala_de_Imprensa/Noticias/2014/Energ
ia/20140812_energiasolar.html.
23
The Climate Fund is one of the instruments of the National Policy on Climate Change and was
established in 2009 through Law 12.114.
20. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
20
The "BNDES Finem" program usually supports projects aimed at expansion and
modernization of the energy generation infrastructure. Through the program,
companies headquartered in Brazil and legal entities under public law are
eligible, meaning that joint ventures are necessary for international companies
interested in receiving funds from BNDES. The minimum amount of funding is
set at R$ 20 million (approx. € 6.5 million) and the bank's participation is up to
80% with a maximum amortization period of 20 years (FINEM, 2014).
In addition, the Climate Fund supports investments in generation and
distribution of renewable energy sources, as well as in technological
development and development of the production chain linked to renewable
sources. Through the fund, States and municipalities, as well as companies
headquartered in Brazil are eligible for support (Clima, 2014). The minimum
amount of funding is set at R$ 3 million (approx. € 1 million) and the bank's
participation is up to 90% with a maximum amortization period of 16 years.
2.1.4. Barriers and Recommendations
Barrier 1: Lack of Technology-Specific Auctions for Solar
As it was previously mentioned, solar has been competing with wind energy in
the auctions conducted so far at the national level and solar projects have not
been successful in offering a lower price. Just to illustrate, in the national
auction held in November 2013, the selling price for wind energy was R$
124/MWh (approx. € 41/MWh). The price to enable the development of solar
projects in Brazil is estimated to be around R$ 230/MWh (approx. € 76/MWh)
(Spatuzza, 2014), which already shows that both technologies are not on the
same competition level in Brazil.
Besides energy auctions at national level under the regulated market (ACR),
there is also the possibility of having auctions at the state level under the free
market (ACL), as it was the case in the auction held in December 2013 by the
State of Pernambuco. This auction was specific for solar technology and the
start price was set at R$ 250/MWh (approx. € 82/MWh). As a result of the
auction, five bidders were awarded projects accounting for 122.82 MW
21. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
21
(Pernambuco, 2013) and the average selling price was R$ 228/MWh (approx.€
75/MWh) (Belfort, 2014).
It has to be stressed that this barrier is likely to be overcome by the end of 2014
as the Brazilian Ministry of Mines and Energy published MME Ordinance 236 on
6 June 2014 with guidelines for an energy auction to take place in October
2014. It will be the first time at national level that solar PV will not compete with
other technologies, such as wind and biomass. Nonetheless, the maximum
starting price for the auction has not been released yet (as of July 29th, 2014).
Recommendation:
To take part in technology-specific auctions with solar not competing with other
renewables where the prices might be more feasible to the development of
projects and foster the industry in the country.
Barrier 2: Delay of Signing the Power Purchase Agreement
According to a project developer, the auction held by the State of Pernambuco
in December 2013 had a quick registration process with rules similar to the
ones set at national level; however, not everything is going as planned. There is
an environment of uncertainty as the demand for the energy auctioned is lower
than expected. As a result of the auction, five bidders were awarded projects
accounting for 122,82 MW (Pernambuco, 2013). Despite the fact that the
auction took place in December 201324
, the PPAs with the distribution
companies haven't been signed (as of 10 June 2014) and there is uncertainty if
the energy that was auctioned will actually be sold. It is important to highlight
though that auctions at the state level occur in the free market - differently from
auctions at the federal level that are under the regulated market - and buyers
are usually not energy suppliers.
Recommendation:
In case of auctions in the free market taking place at the state level, it is highly
recommended to have an adequate estimation of demand for electricity from
the interested buyers in order to avoid delays in the signature of PPAs.
24
For the list of companies who won the auction, see Spatuzza, 2014.
22. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
22
2.2. ANEEL Resolution 482/2012 – Net Metering
2.2.1. Main Description
The net metering system established by the energy agency ANEEL formalizes
and grants access to the public grid for the first time. Consumers can install
small electricity generation systems (e.g. solar PV) in their properties
(residential or commercial units) and then feed this electricity into the grid and
compensate their consumption.
The ANEEL Resolution 482/201225
divides generation units in two types,
namely micro generation units, which shall have an installed capacity of
≤100kW, and mini generation units, which shall have an installed capacity >100
kW and ≤1MW.
In essence, net metering is a billing mechanism that credits solar energy system
owners for the electricity they add to the grid. For example, if a residential
customer has a PV system on the home's rooftop, it may generate more
electricity than the home uses during daylight hours. For this excess electricity
fed back into the grid in a given month the owner of a generation system
receives credits on his electricity bill. Customers are only billed for their "net"
energy use, meaning they pay the difference between the energy consumed
and the energy generated. Differences in the rate structure resulting from peak
and off-peak tariffs are taken into account. If there is an excess of electricity in a
given month, this excess electricity generates energy credits that can be later
used by the same producer to reduce the electricity bill in the following month.
This compensation system not only enables PV producers to produce their own
electricity and reduce their energy bill in one location, but also enables PV
producers to use the credits of the generated electricity to compensate the
electricity consumed in another location. These energy credits are valid for a
period of 36 months and if used to offset the consumption of another unit
besides the one generating the electricity, this unit needs to be previously
25
Units are differentiated in micro and mini generation mainly due the voltage level at the connecting
point. Micro can be connected to the secondary distribution voltage level (e.g. 220V), whereas mini should
be connected to the primary distribution voltage level (e.g. 13.8 kV).
23. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
23
registered, the owner needs to be the same (proven by CPF or CNPJ26
), and all
units need to receive electricity from the same distribution company.
It is important to highlight that Brazilian electricity rates currently include a
minimum consumption amount (typically a residential customer using a single-
phase connection pays for a minimum consumption of 30 kWh per month, a
customer using a two-phase connection pays for a minimum consumption of 50
kWh per month and a customer using a three-phase connection pays for a
minimum consumption of 100 kWh per month, even if in reality the consumption
is lower). This minimum consumption is always charged on the electricity bill
and ensures that PV system owners/consumers in group B (low voltage) pay a
certain value to cover the costs of grid availability and PV system
owner/consumers in group A (medium and high voltage) pay the value of
contracted demand.
2.2.2. Regulatory Framework
As explained in the previous section, Law 10.848/04 and Decree 5.163/04 set
the main regulatory framework of the energy system in Brazil, but the energy
agency ANEEL can publish additional rules (Art. 75 Decree 5.163/04).
Exercising this competence, ANEEL published Resolution 482 of 17 April 2012
(RN 482/2012)27
, which regulates the compensation system for distributed
generation in the country. The aforementioned resolution was amended in
December 2012 by ANEEL Resolution 517 (RN 517/2012).
In addition, in the so-called “PRODIST” regulation28
, technical standards and
processes for power distribution are defined and in particular in Section 3.7 the
rules and process requirements for small-scale power generators when
requesting access to the grid are defined.
26
The CPF (Cadastro de Pessoa Física) is a registration number issued by the Brazilian Federal Revenue
(Receita Federal) to each individual. The CNPJ (Cadastro Nacional de Pessoa Jurídica) is issued by the
same authority, but it is a registration number to identify companies.
27
A German translation of the ANEEL Resolution 482/2012 is available at:
http://www.americadosol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Resolution-482-2012-neu-deutsch.pdf.
28
An overview of all relevant standards is available at: http://www.aneel.gov.br/area.cfm?idArea=82
(Portuguese only). A German translation is available at: http://www.americadosol.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/02/PRODIST-Modul-3-Sektion-3-7-Rev5-deutsch.pdf.
24. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
24
2.2.3. Main Stages for Project Development29
An accurate assessment of the customer’s needs is the starting point for
specifying, designing and installing a PV system. Knowledge of the customer’s
electrical loads and energy use are important considerations for determining the
size and design of a PV system. The IDEAL Institute and the GIZ have
developed an internet tool that can assist consumers in a preliminary
assessment for sizing an appropriate PV generator.30
The company31
assigned by the customer to design and install the PV system
has to follow an administrative process before the system is constructed and
interconnected. The interconnection process adheres to four basic steps: 1) grid
connection application, 2) utility application review, 3) installation and
commissioning, including determining the connection point, and 4) connection
of the PV system, including an interconnection agreement.32
All required permits and documentation for the utility interconnection, including
technical codes and standards33
, need to be assembled and submitted to the
distribution company thereby requesting access to the grid. Technical
interconnection issues include safety, power quality, and impacts on the utility
system. Detailed technical descriptions of the generation facilities, exact design
and specifications for interconnection with the grid should be included in the
request.
With regards to standards and labeling for solar systems and their components,
Ordinance 004 of 04 January 2011 from the Brazilian Institute for Metrology and
Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO) provides for the compulsory
labeling of all PV systems and equipments before being applicable for power
production in Brazil. This accounts for both, national and international products
29
The Ideal Institute developed a guidebook for micro producers available at:
http://www.americadosol.org/guiaFV/.
30
The solar simulator “Simulador Solar” can be used free of charge at the site
http://www.americadosol.org/simulador/
31
As previously mentioned, in order to qualify for installing PV systems in Brazil, any company offering
such services need to make sure that their responsible staff have the required certification required, as for
example the CAT (Certidão de Acervo Técnico) and the ART (Anotação de Responsabilidade Técnica)
issued by the Regional Council of Engineering and Architecture (CREA).
32
A comprehensive step-by-step guide to the whole process is available at the "Guia de Microgeradores
Fotovoltaicos", which can be accessed free of charge at http://www.americadosol.org/guia-de-
microgeradores-fotovoltaicos/
33
For additional information see: http://www.americadosol.org/certificacaobrasil/
25. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
25
(INMETRO, 2011). With submitting all product and company specific
paperwork, the product is tested in a laboratory recognized by INMETRO. Once
one sample component has been certified, the certification is automatically valid
for all components of the same type. Bearing in mind the need to adapt the
requirements for conformity assessment of solar systems and their
components, Ordinance 004/2011 is under review and new rules are under
discussion.34
According to RN 482/2012 and PRODIST Section 3.735
, the distribution
company has 30 days to review the application for grid access and issue an
opinion. In case minor additional work on part of the PV project developer is
needed, this should be finalised within 60 days. Once the opinion is available
and all additional requirements are fulfilled, the PV system can be acquired and
installed. After completion of the PV system, the distribution company needs to
inspect and authorize the system. After the inspection request has been
received, the distribution company has 30 days to carry out the inspection visit
and testing on site and additional 15 days afterwards to issue a technical report.
In addition, the distribution company is obliged to install metering equipment
that can measure the flow of electricity in both directions; the installation shall
be taken care of before the inspection of the PV system. In case technical
aspects need to be corrected after the inspection, the corrections shall be taken
care of prior to requesting a connection point. After requesting a connection
point, the distribution company has seven days to approve the connection point
and connect the installation. For small PV installations integrated in an existing
power supply for electricity consumption, the connection point for the PV plant is
equivalent to the existing grid connection point of the household or commercial
entity. Typically a new meter (either bidirectional or a second one capturing the
amount of access electricity fed into the grid) has to be installed by the
distribution company when connecting the PV system to the grid. Costs
34
Ordinance 128 of 19 March 2014 was under public consultation in March-April 2014. For more
information see: http://www.puntofocal.gov.ar/notific_otros_miembros/bra344r1_t.pdf
35
PRODIST provides the general rules and technical standards. Based on those general requirements
and the specifics of the respective distribution area, each distribution company is publishing their own
interconnection requirements. Those are typically available on the website of each distribution company. A
complete list with links to the requirements of all distribution companies is available at:
http://www.americadosol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Normas_tecnicas-net-Metering-das-
concessionarias-120131022.pdf.
26. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
26
associated with on-site meter adjustments required for net metering are borne
by the small power producer and included in the electricity bill. The distribution
concessionaire is responsible for operation and further maintenance, including
technical replacements. Moreover they are required to collect data and to
conduct evaluations at no cost to the participating consumer.
Upon acceptance of the grid access request and once the opinion is available,
the distribution company will prepare an interconnection agreement for
execution by the distribution company and the “producer”, namely the party that
will be responsible for the generating facility. Detailed technical descriptions of
the generation facilities, exact design and specifications for agreed upon
interconnection with the grid and a detailed description of the chosen metering
equipment should be included in the interconnection agreement.
In sum, main stages for project development consist of the following steps:
REQUEST TO ACCESS THE GRID The consumer requests the distribution agent for
access to the grid
PERMISSION TO ACCESS THE GRID The distribution agent has 30 days to issue the
opinion. In case of mini generation (>100 kWp)
units or when additional work (e.g. construction)
are required, this period is increased to 60 days
INSTALLATION OF GENERATION UNIT The consumer acquires and installs the micro or
mini generation unit (usually through specialized
companies)
INSPECTION The consumer (or the specialized company hired)
requests for an inspection. The distribution agent
has 30 days to do the inspection and, afterwards,
has 15 days to issue a technical report.
REQUEST FOR CONNECTION POINT The consumer requests a connection point. In case
technical aspects need to be corrected, the
consumer shall correct them prior to requesting for
the connection point.
(APPROVAL OF CONNECTION POINT) /
CONNECTION OF INSTALLATION
The distribution agent has 7 days to approve the
connection point and connect the installation.
Diagram 3: Connection procedure for mini and micro generation units.
27. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
27
2.2.4. Barriers and Recommendations
Barrier 1: Taxation
a. Taxation of Electricity
When the electric bill arrives at the consumer, he or she pays for buying energy
(remuneration of the generator), the transmission (the transmitting company’s
costs) and the distribution (services rendered by the distributors), plus the
charges and taxes determined by law, destined to the government. Tax
components include ICMS (state tax), PIS (federal tax) and COFINS (federal
tax):
Tax on Circulation of Merchandise and Services (ICMS): foreseen
in article 155 of the 1988 Federal Constitution, this tax lays on the
operations related to the circulation of merchandise and services
and is the competency of the State governments and the Federal
District. The ICMS is regulated by each state's tributary code, or in
other words, established in law by the legislative houses. Thus
they may vary. The distribution utility has the obligation to carry
out the charging of the ICMS directly on the bill and pass them on
entirely to the State Government.
Social Integration Programs (PIS) and Contribution to the Social
Security Financing (COFINS): charged by the Government to
maintain programs aimed at the worker and to serve the Federal
Government's social programs.
As decided by CONFAZ Convenio ICMS Number 6 (05/04/2013), under the
current scheme, gross taxation instead of net taxation is applied (“all electricity
consumed from distribution companies shall be taxed, even if it is later
compensated through net metering”). This means that all excess PV electricity
that is not self-consumed but fed back into the grid for gaining net metering
credits, is burdened with the above taxes and surcharges. Consequently,
excess PV kilowatt-hours don’t compensate grid kilowatt-hours on a 1 to 1
basis, since the value of the injected PV kWh is decreased financially.
28. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
28
Calculating the average value loss for the PV electricity when injected into the
grid, one need to inject approximately 3 kWh to compensate only 2 kWh
consumed from the distribution company. It is important to highlight though that
a few states36
in Brazil are discussing and implementing legislative changes
providing that the ICMS applies only to the difference (if positive) between the
energy consumed and the energy injected in the grid.
Though there is another aspect which needs to be taken into account as well,
the ICMS tax rate is depending on consumption levels. For example, in the
State of Rio de Janeiro in 2014, if the residential consumption is up to 50kWh
per month, it is exempted from ICMS, but if it is between 51kWh and 300 kWh,
the ICMS rate is 18% and if it is >300 kWh, the ICMS rate is 29%.37
Hence, installing a PV system and thereby decreasing the consumption level
can also have a positive impact on the electricity bill.
Recommendations:
When planning a PV installation, make sure that the PV self-consumption
lowers the residual offtake from the grid below the threshold of the current ICMS
rate, if applicable in that federal state.
b. Import tax/Customs duties on imports
As the local Brazilian market is still in its infancy, there is a lack of local
production of goods. Since most PV equipment is imported, national import
taxes arise. A rate of 12% occurs for photovoltaic modules and 14% for
inverters. Exemptions are made for members of the Common Market of the
South (MERCOSUR) (ABINEE 2012:57). Final product prices are heavily
impacted by import tax policies, consequently PV module prices are increased
significantly in comparison to global market prices38
.
36
See Law 20.824 of 31 July 2013 from the State of Minas Gerais.
37
See: http://www.light.com.br/para-residencias/Sua%20Conta/composicao-da-tarifa.aspx. For a
complete overview of the ICMS rates per state for all sectors see:
http://www.abradee.com.br/financeiro/mapa-das-aliquotas-icms-brasil.
38
For an overview of import taxes and customs duties (in German) is available at:
http://www.americadosol.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/estudo_importacao_deutsch.pdf
29. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
29
Recommendations:
Consider procuring locally produced components as long as market demand
does not accept the resulting price differences for imported products.
Barrier 2: Lack of Attractive Financing Options for Small PV Systems
Currently, most residential customers installing a small PV system under the RN
482/2012 can afford to do so as they have enough money in the bank and do
not need a loan. However, to increase access to and broad adoption of PV
systems it will be necessary to develop better credit lines for small residential
systems.
The Brazilian Development Bank (BNDES) offers loans below-market rates, but
mainly targets larger projects. The new rules for supporting solar projects
previously mentioned also address the larger projects taking part in auctions in
the regulated market in 2014.
Recommendations:
To increase access to and broad adoption of PV systems it will be necessary to
develop better credit lines for small residential systems. Meanwhile, project
developers should strive for acquiring higher shares of equity.
Barrier 3: Structure of Retail Rates (Ratemaking)
Current residential retail rates are somewhat prohibitive to using or at least
maximizing the benefits of net metering. Residential customers using a single-
phase connection pay for a minimum monthly consumption of 30 kWh, even if
their real consumption is lower than 30 kWh. Customers using a double-phase
connection pay for a minimum consumption of 50 kWh, and customers using a
three-phase connection pay at a minimum for 100 kWh. Therefore, there is little
economic appeal to increase energy efficiency or decrease electricity
consumption by means of installing a net-metered PV system and generating
electricity on-site. Consequently, PV installations will be dimensioned smaller
than the self-consumption optimum but relatively expensive at the same time.
30. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
30
Recommendations:
Consider accurately the existing ratemaking of the customer in order to
maximize his / her net-metering-profit out of self-consumption. Regulators
should review the rate making structure and promote structural changes in favor
of energy efficiency measures and distributed generation in form of small-scale
PV systems.
Barrier 4: Unpractical Interconnection Process
Besides net metering being a rather new possibility for consumers, it is also an
entirely new process for distribution system operators they are now required to
deal with. Deadlines, such as the 30 day period for issuing an opinion with
respect to grid access permission, are often run over by a couple of weeks or
even months. This is not necessarily a result of vicious intention, but often times
a problem of lack of internal resources; or internal processes have not been
properly set up yet to guarantee for streamlined internal execution of
interconnection requests by small distributed generators. For the PV system
owner, there are ways of submitting a claim for delays in the interconnection
process; first he can send a complaint to the company internal arbitration board.
After not getting any feedback from there in a given time period, a claim can be
submitted to ANEEL. However, currently there are no penalties foreseen for
distribution companies in case they are not meeting the timelines as foreseen
by ANEEL Resolution 482/2012. Some distribution companies have already
begun to unite the steps of inspection and commissioning of the PV system with
changing the meter and connecting the installation. Hence, a company
employee has to visit the site only once instead of twice, thereby increasing
efficiencies.39
39
In contrast to the German case and situation, it is required that a distribution company employee carries
out a site visit in order to finalize the interconnection procedure (similar to the US). Higher education
standards in Germany and other system specifications allow for a less labor-intense approach on part of
the distribution operator. However, the differences in the German and Brazilian situation and the resulting
consequences shouldn’t be underestimated.
31. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
31
Recommendations:
Different distribution companies can enhance the process significantly if they
coordinate the streamlining and thereby create similar processes. Such
coordinated processes will make the connection procedures for PV developers
more predictable. Another important point will be the communication with
installation operators – examples from the U.S. as well as the European
projects PV LEGAL and PV GRID have shown that close communication
between plant and grid operators are a key requirement for efficient
processes40
.
2.3. General Challenges
Apart from the barriers that are specific to auctions or net metering, the
certification of inverters and the lack of qualified staff appear as market entry
barriers, though they are conquerable by company efforts. Still, both require
coordinated initiatives to generally improve the market environment for
accelerated PV growth.
Barrier1: Certification of Inverters41
National Brazilian codes and standards have been set up42
. They typically are
very ambitious – mainly based on German and Italian standards – but
enhanced by Brazilian specifications.. Furthermore, according to a project
developer, Brazilian laboratories mostly aren’t equipped yet to carry out the
needed tests. In addition, the know-how regarding testing is often missing.
Current certification requirements (as defined by INMETRO Ordinance
004/2011) are rather costly as tests require two samples of each inverter type to
be certified. Furthermore the inverters can get damaged by the test process –
40
For more information on the EU projects see: PV LEGAL (http://pvlegal.eu/) and PV GRID
http://www.pvgrid.eu/ .
For more information on the projects in the U.S. see: http://nwsolarcommunities.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/05/ESSP-IC-Report-Final.pdf, http://www.sdge.com/newsroom/2014-02-03/new-
online-application-fast-tracks-solar-interconnection-process or
http://energycenter.org/sites/default/files/docs/nav/policy/research-and-
reports/Interconnection%20Process%20Best%20Practices.pdf
41
This barrier is described based on information from the interview with Mr. Frank Neumann.
42
For more information see: http://www.americadosol.org/certificacaobrasil/
32. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
32
so they are not sellable as new inverters. The supplier is responsible for the
delivery of the samples to the laboratory. The testing costs of each model are
R$ 3,000 (equivalent to € 1,000). The costs associated with the product’s
registration on the INMETRO and all the logistics necessary for the delivery and
recollection of the charge controllers in the laboratory, including import taxes,
are responsibilities of the company. In addition, each year the certification has
to be renewed for each particular inverter model.43
According to German
inverter manufacturers, those costs can easily reach ranges of between 40.000
€ and 100.000 €/year for selling their products on the Brazilian market. As there
currently is only a very small or almost non-existing PV market in Brazil, inverter
manufacturers are hesitant to invest in the Brazilian certification process, as the
costs are rather high and would require large sales volumes to be
compensated. As of today, there are no Brazilian inverter manufacturers who
might fill this market gap.
Generally, most grid operators require testing results from international
laboratories as well as a manufacturer’s self-declaration for compliance with
ABNT 16149. A good example is the grid operator COELCE, who accepts
international certification, hence allowing inverters to be installed on their
electric system. Others request additional tests or conduct their own testing of
inverters like COELBA. Summing up, the landscape of inverter certificates
accepted by grid operators is manifold which results in high efforts for getting
prepared for the different market regions.
The current situation regarding inverter certification is a rather substantial
barrier to enabling and growing a PV market in Brazil.
Recommendations:
Inverter manufacturers need to become acquainted with the national and
regional certification requirements before offering their products. Complying with
the international standards is a prerequisite, but further certification might be
necessary. Regulators might think about accepting international standards
during the market uptake phase when only few PV Megawatts have
indiscernible influence on the grid, so that suppliers enter the market and
43
For more information see: http://lsf.iee.usp.br/lsf/index.php/ensaios-para-o-inmetro/ensaios-de-
inversores.
33. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
33
generate economies of scale. This guarantees that certification capacity is
available outside and even grows inside Brazil. In a second phase, standards
can be raised if needed for the Brazilian technical environment. To elaborate on
that, a committee of manufacturers, associations, regulators and experts might
help to verify the intersections and deviations of international and Brazilian
standards.
Barrier2: Lack of Qualified Staff
Lack of qualified and experienced installation technicians, project managers and
engineers with knowledge and background in the solar industry is posing a
great challenge in workforce recruitment. There is a need for education
programs in solar installations, that can be managed by certified training
organizations or even stakeholder associations maybe supervised by foreign
competence. Evidence shows that a qualified, trained, and certified workforce
performs installations that result in fewer problems at the time of inspection and,
as such, have a direct impact on lowering costs and efforts for project
developers, consumers and inspection authorities. Furthermore, the creation of
a skilled workforce will ensure safe system installations and increase consumer
acceptance and quality product demand.
A general lack of qualified installation technicians results in a need of case-wise
approval procedures by distribution companies in order to ensure quality control
with respect to the installed PV systems. However, an individual approval
procedure for every single PV installation has direct and significant
consequences in terms of the amount of qualified staff that is required on part of
the distribution company to perform such approval procedures. If those
personnel were not readily available, approval procedures most likely become a
major bottleneck for PV deployment.
Recommendations:
Develop training programs to expand skilled workforce.
Develop entry level knowledge assessment, professional certification, and
company accreditation programs.
34. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
34
3. Further Developments and Next Steps
The development of the Brazilian PV market enters a critical phase. Due to the
overall strong economic development, favorable natural conditions and last but
not least the continuously growing demand for energy the potential for PV in
Brazil is enormously high. Nevertheless, experiences in other markets have
shown that despite such positive conditions the rise of a nascent market can
easily stall unless identified barriers are tackled in a resolute manner.
Moreover, the close exchange with local experts has shown need for additional
measures, such as:
strengthening the collaboration between RES industry and public bodies
(administrative and regulatory bodies) to improve the business environment
for PV investments;
linking the interests of the different stakeholders on the Brazilian PV market;
defining clear technical codes and standards for a more efficient and
effective PV project development;
enhancing the application of support schemes (in particular the net-metering
schemes) both on the side of the regulators as well as on the side of the PV
investors;
providing quantitative information on PV business cases for a better
assessment of possible investments;
disseminating detailed guidelines on how to plan and install PV systems in
Brazil.
To this end, the consortium proposes a twofold approach. On the one hand it
deems necessary to produce:
further user-friendly information on PV-business cases and its profitability;
guidelines how to profit from PV-business opportunities in Brazil and
detailed recommendations for the reduction of the identified barriers.
35. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
35
On the other hand, we suggest supporting the establishment and
professionalization of organisational structures of the private solar energy sector
(associations-partnership). These measures should include capacity building
and knowledge transfer of methodologies that proved to be effective in other
markets.
36. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
36
4. Summary
With respect to the establishment of a solar market in Brazil many encouraging
developments have taken place over the last two years, including the
introduction of a net metering scheme and auctions specifically directed towards
solar resources. The underlying political ambitions are driven by a strong
demand for additional energy supply and a growing population. Especially the
solar auctions might act as a booster for the development of the technology and
the industry in the country. The October 2014 auction is the first one at national
level with solar PV not competing with other renewable sources. Also with the
introduction of net metering by ANEEL the outlook for small-scale PV systems
is relatively positive, forecasting 1,4 GW of installed net metering capacity by
2022. However and as of today, with barely 12 MW of grid connected PV
installations, the Brazilian market is still in its infancy. Off-grid applications with
an estimated cumulative capacity of 30 MW remain as a larger segment. On the
positive side, the processes for grid-connected PV are defined and the
challenges to overcome their barriers are known as well as ways of managing
those barriers for the investors.
Since financing is one of the most challenging issues for project developers, the
new funding support by BNDES might help mitigate this entry barrier
significantly. Within net metering, certain constraints need deliberate analyses
for identifying and approaching the most promising target segments. As long as
taxation on net-metered electricity is not removed or diminished, PV costumers
with optimal rate profiles should be targeted first. Same applies to customers
whose minimum consumption rates have an effect on dimensioning the PV
installations. Taxation on imports recommends finding joint ventures or local
component suppliers
For entering the market, it is highly recommended to look for local partners who
provide legal expertise and help overcoming the barriers in an efficient way.
Companies employing their own Portuguese speaking sales staff have a
marketing advantage. Also business networks can more easily be explored,
sales representatives can quicker be found, if the foreign company associates
37. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
37
with regional or national stakeholder organizations. For analyzing one’s market
opportunities, it is advisable to examine the economic viability of the most
relevant market segments in advance and in detail. Sensitivity calculations on
changing system prices, net metering taxes or electricity rates can help taking
profound decision for individual projects.
In summary, there are a number of starting points provided by this report that
hopefully will contribute to enabling even broader PV market adoption rates in
the residential, commercial and industrial sectors. Brazil is striving to be the
driver of PV development in South America. The current phase appears
auspicious for investors and project developers who want to take a pole-position
in a growing market.
38. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
38
5. References
ABINEE (2012): Propostas para Inserção da Energia Solar Fotovoltaica na
Matriz Elétrica Brasileira. Associação Brasileira da Indústria Elétrica e
Eletrônica.
ABRADEE (M2). Quem é Quem no Setor Elétrico Nacional. Modulo 2. Available
at: http://www.abradee.com.br/escolha-abradee-para-voce/cartilha/category/5-
livro-2
Abradee (M6). O Mercado de Energia Elétrica. Available at:
http://www.abradee.com.br/escolha-abradee-para-voce/cartilha/category/9-livro-
6
ANEEL (2014a): Capacidade de Geração do Brasil. Available at:
http://www.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/capacidadebrasil/capacidadebrasil.cfm
ANEEL (2013): Relatórios de Tarifas. Available at:
http://relatorios.aneel.gov.br/_layouts/xlviewer.aspx?id=/RelatoriosSAS/RelSAM
PRegiaoEmp.xlsx&Source=http%3A%2F%2Frelatorios%2Eaneel%2Egov%2Eb
r%2FRelatoriosSAS%2FForms%2FAllItems%2Easpx&DefaultItemOpen=1
ANEEL (2011) Technical Note 0025/2011. Nota Técnica n° 0025/2011-SRD-
SRCSRG-SCG-SEM-SRE-SPE/ANEEL. Available at:
http://www.aneel.gov.br/aplicacoes/audiencia/arquivo/2011/042/documento/not
a_tecnica_0025_gd.pdf
Araujo et. al. (2013). Electricity Regulation in 27 Jurisdictions Worldwide.
Chapter Brazil Available at:
http://www.araujopolicastro.com.br/boletimaep/Araujo_e_Policastro_Advogados
_Getting_the_Deal_Through_Electricity_Regulation_2013.pdf
Araxa (2014a): Interview with Rodrigo Kimura on 16 May 2014.
Barroso et. al. (2014): Lessons Learned from The Auction-Based Approach to
Integrate Wind Generation in the Brazilian Electricity Market. Available at:
http://www.psr-inc.com.br/portal/psr_en/iframe.html?altura=4000&url=/app/
publicacoes.aspx
Belfort (2014): Leilão define que Pernambuco terá 6 usinas solares. Jornal do
Comercio. Available at:
http://jconline.ne10.uol.com.br/canal/economia/pernambuco/noticia/2013/12/28/l
eilao-define-que-pernambuco-tera-6-usinas-solares-111183.php
Clima (2014): Fundo Clima - Energias Renováveis. Available at:
http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Institucional/Apoio_Finan
ceiro/Programas_e_Fundos/Fundo_Clima/energias_renovaveis.html
39. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
39
Deutsche Energie-Agentur (2012): Marktreport Brasilien – Photovoltaik: dena-
Marktinformationssystem.
Estadão (2014): BNDES avalia opções para financiamento de energia solar. 20
May 2014. Available at: http://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,bndes-
avalia-opcoes-para-financiamento-de-energia-solar,185414e
EPE (2012): Análise da Inserção da Geração Solar na Matriz Elétrica Brasileira.
http://www.epe.gov.br/geracao/Documents/Estudos_23/NT_EnergiaSolar_2012
.pdf
EPE (2014a): Interview with Tiago Ivanoviski and Tiago Barau on 19 May 2014.
EPE (2014b): Mais de mil projetos se inscrevem para Leilão A-5/2014.
Available at:
http://www.epe.gov.br/leiloes/Documents/Leil%C3%B5es%202014/INFORME%
20%C3%80%20IMPRENSA-5%202014.pdf
EPE (2014c): Expansao da Geracao: Empreendimentos Fotovoltaicos.
Instrucoes para Solicitacao de Cadastramento e Habilitacao Tecnica com vistas
a participacao nos Leiloes de Energia Eletrica. 05 February 2014.
EPE (2014d): EPE cadastra 1.034 projetos para leilão de reserva de 2014. 29
July 2014. Available at:
http://www.epe.gov.br/leiloes/Documents/Leil%C3%B5es%202014/Reserva.pdf
Filho (2011): Survey of the Electricity Market Focusing on Distributed
Generation, Energy Program, GIZ Brazil.
FINEM (2014): BNDES FINEM - Energia Elétrica - Geração Renovável.
Available at:
http://www.bndes.gov.br/SiteBNDES/bndes/bndes_pt/Institucional/Apoio_Finan
ceiro/Produtos/FINEM/energia_geracao_renovavel.html
Holdermann et al. (2013): Distributed photovoltaic generation in Brazil: An
economic viability analysis of small-scale photovoltaic systems in residential
and commercial sectors. Energy Policy.
FIRJAN (2014): Quanto custa a energia elétrica para a industria no Brasil.
Available at: http://www.quantocustaenergia.com.br/quantocusta/quanto-custa/.
INMETRO (Institute for Metrology and Standardization and Industrial Quality),
Portaria 004 of January 2011. Available at:
http://www.inmetro.gov.br/legislacao/rtac/pdf/RTAC001652.pdf
Lagoa (2014): Minas terá leilão para matriz fotovoltaica. Diário do Comercio. 16
May 2014. Available at:
http://www.diariodocomercio.com.br/noticia.php?tit=minas_tera_leilao_para_ma
triz_fotovoltaica&id=135260
Letendre and Taylor (2008): Residential Photovoltaic Metering and
Interconnection Study: Utility Perspectives and Practices. Solar Electric Power
40. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
40
Association. Available at:
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/assets/documents/story/2008/SEPA%20
_%20Report_Final%20March%206.2.pdf
PDE 2022 (2013): Plano Nacional de Expansão de Energia 2022. Available at:
http://www.mme.gov.br/mme/galerias/arquivos/noticias/2013/PDE2022_Consult
aPublica.pdf
Pernambuco (2013): Pernambuco promove primeiro leilão de energia solar do
País, que atrai investimentos de R$ 597 milhões. 27 December 2013. Available
at: http://www.pe.gov.br/blog/2013/12/27/pernambuco-promove-primeiro-leilao-
de-energia-solar-do-pais-que-atrai-investimentos-de-r-597-milhoes/
PLT (2014): Programa Luz para Todos. Available at:
http://luzparatodos.mme.gov.br/luzparatodos/Asp/o_programa.asp
Preiser et al. (2014): Net Metering in Brasilien – Bilanz nach einem Jahr, in:
Solarzeitalter 1/2014.
PROINFA (2014): Eletrobras. Available at:
http://www.eletrobras.com/elb/Proinfa/data/Pages/LUMISABB61D26PTBRIE.ht
m#Dados%20de%20gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20das%20CGEE%20participan
tes%20do%20PROINFA%20-%202006-2013
REEEP Policy Database: Brazil 2014. http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-
regulatory-overviews/BR
SolarEnergy (2014a): Interview with Hewerton Martins on 14 May 2014.
Sowitec (2014a): Interview with Thomas Schulthess on 10 June 2014.
Spatuzza (2014): Outorgas Solares somam 813MW. 13 June 2014. Available
at: http://www.rechargenews.com/brasil/article1365895.ece
41. Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil
41
Annex I. Interviewed Experts
We would like to thank all interviewed experts for their very valuable input and
their support for this study. We highly appreciate their expert knowledge and
their availability in the framework of the Project Enabling PV in Brazil.
Marco Aurélio Lenzi, ANEEL
Thiago Ivanoski; Thiago Barral, Bernardo Aguiar, EPE
Jose Gabino Matias, ABRADEE
Jens Wirth, KfW
Guilherme Gandra; Antonio Carlos Tovar, Marcelo Melo, BNDES
Rodrigo Kimura, Araxa Solar
Hewerton Martins, Solar Energy do Brasil
Thomas Schulthess, Sowitec Brasil
Hans Rauschmayer, Solarize
Frank Neumann, SMA
Bastian Telg, Wirsol
Rodrigo Lopes Sauaia, ABSOLAR
Annex II. Relevant Legal Documents
ANEEL Resolution 482 of 17 April 2012. Estabelece as condições gerais para o
acesso de micro geração e minigeração distribuída aos sistemas de
distribuição de energia elétrica, o sistema de compensação de energia
elétrica, e dá outras providências. Available at:
http://www.aneel.gov.br/cedoc/ren2012482.pdf
Law 10.848 of 15 March 2004. Dispõe sobre a comercialização de energia
elétrica. Available at: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-
2006/2004/Lei/L10.848.htm
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