The document discusses Brazil's energy sector and the need for a sustainable energy policy. It analyzes the electric, petroleum, and natural gas sectors in Brazil. The results point to adopting a new energy policy heavily based on renewable energy like wind and solar to replace plans for large hydroelectric dams, fossil fuels, nuclear power, and other non-renewable sources. The policy would help avoid environmental and social problems while promoting sustainable development.
Brazil has significant potential for renewable energy from solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass. Due to economic growth increasing energy demand, energy security concerns from oil imports, and sustainability goals, Brazil implemented several reforms transitioning to renewable energy. Key reforms included opening the energy market to private investment, long-term contracting requirements, and emissions reduction targets. Notable increases have occurred in hydropower, biofuels like ethanol, and more recently non-hydro renewables and natural gas. Challenges remain around ensuring supply reliability and affordability while further developing renewable potential and reducing deforestation impacts.
Brazil faces threats to its energy sector from blackouts in power and fuel shortages. These issues stem from a lack of integrated planning between the electricity and oil sectors. Planning is done separately without rational use of energy sources. To address blackouts, Brazil needs to decentralize its electric system, increase redundancy, prioritize energy savings, and adopt cogeneration. Fuel shortages can be avoided by reducing consumption and increasing use of substitutes like ethanol and biodiesel rather than relying on imports. A new strategic energy plan is needed that utilizes renewable energy and engages stakeholders to achieve sustainable energy.
This document discusses the potential for offshore wind energy development in Brazil. It notes that Brazil has the third largest offshore wind resource in the world. Offshore wind energy has advantages over onshore including proximity to major population centers, lower environmental impacts, and potential for greater efficiency and economies of scale. The document argues that Brazil should strengthen research and development efforts around the technical and economic feasibility of offshore wind projects, both nearshore and farther offshore where oil extraction already occurs. Offshore wind could help meet energy demand in coastal areas and reduce dependence on imported natural gas.
Cullen reducing energy demand EST 2011morosini1952
Reducing Energy Demand: What Are the Practical Limits?
Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian M. Allwood*, and Edward H. Borgstein
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4, 1711–1718
Publication Date:January 12, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/es102641n
Abstract
Concern over the global energy system, whether driven by climate change, national security, or fears of shortage, is being discussed widely and in every arena but with a bias toward energy supply options. While demand reduction is often mentioned in passing, it is rarely a priority for implementation, whether through policy or through the search for innovation. This paper aims to draw attention to the opportunity for major reduction in energy demand, by presenting an analysis of how much of current global energy demand could be avoided. Previous work led to a “map” of global energy use that traces the flow of energy from primary sources (fuels or renewable sources), through fuel refinery, electricity generation, and end-use conversion devices, to passive systems and the delivery of final energy services (transport, illumination, and sustenance). The key passive systems are presented here and analyzed through simple engineering models with scalar equations using data based on current global practice. Physically credible options for change to key design parameters are identified and used to predict the energy savings possible for each system. The result demonstrates that 73% of global energy use could be saved by practically achievable design changes to passive systems. This reduction could be increased by further efficiency improvements in conversion devices. A list of the solutions required to achieve these savings is provided.
Viterbo Offshore Wind Energy In BrazilJean Viterbo
This document discusses the potential for offshore wind energy development in Brazil. It notes that Brazil has the third largest offshore wind resource in the world. While Brazil has made progress in developing onshore wind power, there is still opportunity to strengthen research and development of offshore wind energy projects, both nearshore and further offshore where oil extraction already occurs. Offshore wind energy could help meet electricity demand in coastal load centers and diversify Brazil's energy portfolio. The document argues Brazil should pursue offshore wind energy to gain strategic advantages in energy supply, industrial development, and participation in clean energy markets.
The campuses of many state universities--with their miles of research laboratories and sports facilities to power, and tens of thousands of students to house--can sometimes resemble a small city. They can require as much energy to run as a small city, as well. Over the past decade, colleges and universities across the country have become concerned about their environmental footprint, and today they are leading the way in developing innovative approaches to rethinking energy infrastructure. Kent State University is installing nearly 45,000 square feet of solar panels on its athletic complex, while Princeton's power plant can now switch to run on biodiesel.
Nepal is experiencing a severe electricity crisis with daily load shedding of 16 hours or more. The crisis is due to insufficient generation capacity compared to rising demand. While there is potential for hydropower, projects have been delayed and generation has not kept up with consumption growth. This has had major negative economic impacts through lost industrial production and revenue. However, there is an anomaly - during periods of load shedding, some electricity still goes unused due to transmission constraints and mismatches between generation and demand patterns. Addressing the root causes like flawed energy policy and project delays is needed to resolve the crisis.
Brazil has significant potential for renewable energy from solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass. Due to economic growth increasing energy demand, energy security concerns from oil imports, and sustainability goals, Brazil implemented several reforms transitioning to renewable energy. Key reforms included opening the energy market to private investment, long-term contracting requirements, and emissions reduction targets. Notable increases have occurred in hydropower, biofuels like ethanol, and more recently non-hydro renewables and natural gas. Challenges remain around ensuring supply reliability and affordability while further developing renewable potential and reducing deforestation impacts.
Brazil faces threats to its energy sector from blackouts in power and fuel shortages. These issues stem from a lack of integrated planning between the electricity and oil sectors. Planning is done separately without rational use of energy sources. To address blackouts, Brazil needs to decentralize its electric system, increase redundancy, prioritize energy savings, and adopt cogeneration. Fuel shortages can be avoided by reducing consumption and increasing use of substitutes like ethanol and biodiesel rather than relying on imports. A new strategic energy plan is needed that utilizes renewable energy and engages stakeholders to achieve sustainable energy.
This document discusses the potential for offshore wind energy development in Brazil. It notes that Brazil has the third largest offshore wind resource in the world. Offshore wind energy has advantages over onshore including proximity to major population centers, lower environmental impacts, and potential for greater efficiency and economies of scale. The document argues that Brazil should strengthen research and development efforts around the technical and economic feasibility of offshore wind projects, both nearshore and farther offshore where oil extraction already occurs. Offshore wind could help meet energy demand in coastal areas and reduce dependence on imported natural gas.
Cullen reducing energy demand EST 2011morosini1952
Reducing Energy Demand: What Are the Practical Limits?
Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian M. Allwood*, and Edward H. Borgstein
Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 4, 1711–1718
Publication Date:January 12, 2011
https://doi.org/10.1021/es102641n
Abstract
Concern over the global energy system, whether driven by climate change, national security, or fears of shortage, is being discussed widely and in every arena but with a bias toward energy supply options. While demand reduction is often mentioned in passing, it is rarely a priority for implementation, whether through policy or through the search for innovation. This paper aims to draw attention to the opportunity for major reduction in energy demand, by presenting an analysis of how much of current global energy demand could be avoided. Previous work led to a “map” of global energy use that traces the flow of energy from primary sources (fuels or renewable sources), through fuel refinery, electricity generation, and end-use conversion devices, to passive systems and the delivery of final energy services (transport, illumination, and sustenance). The key passive systems are presented here and analyzed through simple engineering models with scalar equations using data based on current global practice. Physically credible options for change to key design parameters are identified and used to predict the energy savings possible for each system. The result demonstrates that 73% of global energy use could be saved by practically achievable design changes to passive systems. This reduction could be increased by further efficiency improvements in conversion devices. A list of the solutions required to achieve these savings is provided.
Viterbo Offshore Wind Energy In BrazilJean Viterbo
This document discusses the potential for offshore wind energy development in Brazil. It notes that Brazil has the third largest offshore wind resource in the world. While Brazil has made progress in developing onshore wind power, there is still opportunity to strengthen research and development of offshore wind energy projects, both nearshore and further offshore where oil extraction already occurs. Offshore wind energy could help meet electricity demand in coastal load centers and diversify Brazil's energy portfolio. The document argues Brazil should pursue offshore wind energy to gain strategic advantages in energy supply, industrial development, and participation in clean energy markets.
The campuses of many state universities--with their miles of research laboratories and sports facilities to power, and tens of thousands of students to house--can sometimes resemble a small city. They can require as much energy to run as a small city, as well. Over the past decade, colleges and universities across the country have become concerned about their environmental footprint, and today they are leading the way in developing innovative approaches to rethinking energy infrastructure. Kent State University is installing nearly 45,000 square feet of solar panels on its athletic complex, while Princeton's power plant can now switch to run on biodiesel.
Nepal is experiencing a severe electricity crisis with daily load shedding of 16 hours or more. The crisis is due to insufficient generation capacity compared to rising demand. While there is potential for hydropower, projects have been delayed and generation has not kept up with consumption growth. This has had major negative economic impacts through lost industrial production and revenue. However, there is an anomaly - during periods of load shedding, some electricity still goes unused due to transmission constraints and mismatches between generation and demand patterns. Addressing the root causes like flawed energy policy and project delays is needed to resolve the crisis.
This document provides information on offshore wind energy from multiple sources. It discusses the historical contributors to greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial era to today. It also summarizes trends in the costs of offshore wind technology, including declining costs due to larger turbines, higher capacity factors, and moving to deeper waters and greater distances from shore. Forecasts show offshore wind growing significantly and becoming more competitive over the coming decades as technology improves.
The blackout inevitable in the electricity sector in brazil in 2015Fernando Alcoforado
The Brazilian electricity sector faces a high risk of blackouts in 2015 due to incompetence in government management. A survey found 181 blackouts between 2011-2014, including one in 2013 that affected over 10,000 megawatts across 9 states. The risk of rationing increased to 18.5% in 2014 due to delays in new power plants and transmission lines, increased consumption, and drought reducing hydroelectric output. Mismanagement of price controls, concessions, and reliance on hydropower without sufficient alternatives have damaged the electricity sector and economy.
The document discusses renewable energy readiness in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydro, current utilization is still low apart from large hydro projects. Projections show electricity demand rising dramatically by 2030. Meeting this demand will require major investment that the government cannot provide alone. The document recommends encouraging private sector investment and developing renewables on a large scale. Key agencies in Nigeria like REA and NERC are working to promote mini-grids and a supportive regulatory environment to develop renewable energy.
Azerbaijan has significant potential for renewable energy from wind and solar sources, but currently utilizes only 0.07% of its technical renewable potential, relying mainly on small hydropower. While feed-in tariffs exist for wind and small hydropower, investment has been limited due to the low tariffs and monopolistic electricity market dominated by the state-owned utility. However, Azerbaijan aims to privatize the energy sector and create incentives for private investment through its Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development program.
Over the last decade, the liberalization of the electricity market has been sought. In order to fight the environmental impact caused by the use of fossil fuels, it is aimed to change the current system of centralized generation and achieve a more distributed one; distributed resources can use renewable or non-renewable resources as main source of energy, one way to implement these distributed systems is through micro electrical grids, since these allow improving energy efficiency. The way to efficiently implement this type of network is an important point to be solved in future research and even more if the way of conducting an electricity market for different communities is unknown. That is why this text presents the characteristics of microgrids, the management of microgrids, and the wide and promising panorama of future opportunities for a great development of this type of grid.
Letter from American Public Power Association 1.17.03Obama White House
The letter outlines public power's action plan to support the President's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions intensity in the US economy by 18% by 2012. It details how public power can contribute through increasing hydropower capacity, developing other renewable energy sources, improving end-use and supply-side energy efficiency, supporting nuclear power, and undertaking sequestration and off-system mitigation projects. It provides examples of individual public power utility goals and pledges public power's commitment to working with the federal government to achieve emission reduction targets through credible and effective programs.
The UCL Energy Institute was established in 2009 to conduct world-leading research and teaching on climate change and energy security challenges. It has 50 academic and research staff working across several key areas including energy systems, buildings, transport, and policy. The Institute uses energy systems optimization models like MARKAL and TIMES to inform UK and European energy and climate policies. It offers Masters programs in energy demand studies and the economics and policy of energy and the environment.
New energy sources and energy efficiency to prevent catastrophic global clima...Fernando Alcoforado
Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of global warming, the most important is undoubtedly the adoption of measures to contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production as well as for their more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and urban areas (residential and commercial), given the use and production of energy account for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, the implementation of a world sustainable energy system is essential.
Dominican Republic| Nov-16 | Growing Clean Energy Access in Rural Communities...Smart Villages
1. The document discusses energy modeling work done in Borneo to assess alternatives to large-scale energy projects proposed by the government.
2. Modeling showed that even under high growth assumptions, solar, biomass, and existing natural gas and coal could meet future energy demand without requiring large new dams.
3. Distributed renewable energy solutions like micro-hydro were found to be more affordable for rural communities compared to diesel, supporting rural energy access and autonomy.
Ghana has experienced high demand for electricity of over 6% annually, straining its energy system and limiting economic growth. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydro offer potential to boost Ghana's power supply. Ghana has implemented policies like the Renewable Energy Law to develop renewables and has seen some success from projects like VRA's 2.5MW solar plant. Investing $329 million annually in renewables could meet 6-10% of Ghana's generation needs and cost less than payments for imported gas, while creating jobs. Renewables present an opportunity to improve Ghana's energy security and economy.
This report summarizes nine unconventional energy resources including coal, coalbed methane, gas hydrates, tight gas sands, shale gas and oil, geothermal, oil sands, oil shale, and uranium. Coal and uranium are expected to supply a significant portion of the world's energy in coming years. Recent developments in technologies like horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have enabled increased production of natural gas from shale and tight sandstones in the United States and other areas of the world. Research on other unconventional resources such as gas hydrates and geothermal energy continues to advance.
Scott Sklar, President of the Stella Group and former Executive Director of the Solar Energy Industries Association, presented on April 19, 2010 at the GW Solar Institute Second Annual Symposium. more information at http://solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Electricity consumption and household characteristics: Implications for censu...Ben Anderson
Presentation given at MRS Workshop "Can Big Data replace the Census? What does Big Data give us now?" , March 7, 2016, MRS, London (https://www.mrs.org.uk/event/conferences/can_big_data_replace_the_census/course/4088/id/10035)
Growing Consumption of Natural Gas to Fuel California’s Green EconomyZakia Chan
Growing natural gas consumption is fueling California's electricity sector and threatening its climate goals. Natural gas generation has grown 59% since 1990 while cleaner sources declined, and natural gas now provides 41% of the state's electricity. This is problematic because natural gas emissions are highly correlated with overall emissions, which have plateaued. To reduce emissions, California must pursue policies that make alternatives to natural gas more competitive, like carbon pricing, subsidies for renewables, or programs that encourage demand flexibility and reduce peaker plant use of natural gas.
The New Role of Renewable Energy Systems In Developing GCC Electricity MarketCSCJournals
Due to rising and fluctuating oil prices, the author proposes greater utilization of solar and renewable energy systems in GCC countries. Specifically, the large investments in real estate could support infrastructure for roof-mounted solar panels, supplying some electricity demands and creating a circular power distribution network. New regulations would be needed to integrate these systems and provide incentives for homeowners, while also creating jobs and reducing environmental impacts. Overall, the rising costs of oil and falling prices of solar collection systems indicate renewable energy can increasingly compete with conventional sources in the GCC region.
This document analyzes the feasibility of implementing a micro-grid powered by renewable resources in rural areas of Liberia. It examines the potential for wind, solar, and biomass energy in Sanniquellie, Liberia. The paper finds that solar and biomass energy potential is excellent for the region, with solar irradiance over 5 kWh/m2/day on average. Based on the population and estimated energy demand, a micro-grid capable of supplying 11.7 kWh/day is proposed. The costs and technical feasibility of solar, biomass, and diesel generators are compared to identify the best energy sources for a micro-grid in Sanniquellie.
DATABASES ANALYSIS OF HYDROPOWER RESOURCE POTENTIAL AROUND THE GLOBEEEIJ journal
The renewable generation is one of the fast growing power system .Whereas the world is facing the
challenge of effectively exploiting and utilizing renewable energy resources, not only to meet the increasing
energy demand, but also to preserve and to reduce the depletion of fossil fuels and to lessen the amount of
CO2 emissions in our atmosphere .The national energy generation resources of every country plays an
important role in the development. The energy transition is well underway in most European countries. It
has a growing impact on electric power systems as it dramatically modifies the way electricity is produced.
In this paper, our focus is to perform a systematic review of hydropower resource potential around the
Globe. In this study we will address three research queries: 1) what is the existing status of hydropower
resource potential around the globe? 2) What kind of methodologies frameworks and approaches are used
for exploiting and utilizing renewable energy resources 3) What are the limitations of exploiting renewable
resource potentials. The purpose of the study is to highlight the current research issues, to provide valid
solutions to these issues and to find out the limitations of existing work in this area of hydropower resource
potential. This will be done by performing quantitative literature analysis of different databases and all the
results will be gathered by analysing the statistical data using “SPSS”. Remedial techniques for handling
the limitation of usability engineering management will be planned in future.
The document discusses incentivizing ocean wave energy technology in the United States through government policies and funding. It describes a technology called CETO that converts wave energy into electricity through submerged buoys and pumps. While some policies have been proposed, most bills have not progressed or been enacted. Federal grants from agencies like the Department of Energy can help fund research and development to advance ocean wave technology. Increased government support through policies, funding, and public-private partnerships is needed to fully develop this renewable energy resource.
HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL CAN MAKE THE ENERGY SECTOR SUSTAINABLE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to demonstrate how the government of Brazil can make the energy sector sustainable in order to collaborate in the fight against global warming and to bequeath the existing energy resources in the country to future generations. According to the International Energy Agency, oil, natural gas and coal are the energy sources most responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the world, the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In Brazil, the energy sector is responsible for 21% of greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity sector in Brazil has 19.7% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (natural gas, petroleum derivatives and coal and derivatives) and 2.2% of energy sources based on nuclear power plants. In turn, Brazil's energy matrix as a whole has 53.3% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (oil and derivatives, natural gas and mineral coal) and 1.3% are energy sources based on nuclear power plants. For Brazil's energy sector to be sustainable, all these energy sources based on fossil fuels and nuclear power plants must be replaced by renewable energy sources (hydro, solar, wind, tidal, wave, biomass and hydrogen).
Brazil under threat of new blackouts in the electricity sectorFernando Alcoforado
Brazil faces threats of new blackouts in its electricity sector. Reservoir levels at hydroelectric plants are at their lowest levels since 2001, when blackouts last occurred. The risk of energy deficits in 2014 is around 20%, far exceeding the acceptable risk level of 5%. If rains do not significantly increase reservoir levels by March, not even increased use of costly thermoelectric power will prevent blackouts. The federal government has mismanaged the electricity sector through failures in monitoring reservoir levels, delays in completing thermoelectric plants, and reducing electricity rates in a way that encouraged overconsumption. Decentralizing power sources and increasing grid redundancies could make the system safer and less vulnerable to failures.
This document provides information on offshore wind energy from multiple sources. It discusses the historical contributors to greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial era to today. It also summarizes trends in the costs of offshore wind technology, including declining costs due to larger turbines, higher capacity factors, and moving to deeper waters and greater distances from shore. Forecasts show offshore wind growing significantly and becoming more competitive over the coming decades as technology improves.
The blackout inevitable in the electricity sector in brazil in 2015Fernando Alcoforado
The Brazilian electricity sector faces a high risk of blackouts in 2015 due to incompetence in government management. A survey found 181 blackouts between 2011-2014, including one in 2013 that affected over 10,000 megawatts across 9 states. The risk of rationing increased to 18.5% in 2014 due to delays in new power plants and transmission lines, increased consumption, and drought reducing hydroelectric output. Mismanagement of price controls, concessions, and reliance on hydropower without sufficient alternatives have damaged the electricity sector and economy.
The document discusses renewable energy readiness in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydro, current utilization is still low apart from large hydro projects. Projections show electricity demand rising dramatically by 2030. Meeting this demand will require major investment that the government cannot provide alone. The document recommends encouraging private sector investment and developing renewables on a large scale. Key agencies in Nigeria like REA and NERC are working to promote mini-grids and a supportive regulatory environment to develop renewable energy.
Azerbaijan has significant potential for renewable energy from wind and solar sources, but currently utilizes only 0.07% of its technical renewable potential, relying mainly on small hydropower. While feed-in tariffs exist for wind and small hydropower, investment has been limited due to the low tariffs and monopolistic electricity market dominated by the state-owned utility. However, Azerbaijan aims to privatize the energy sector and create incentives for private investment through its Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development program.
Over the last decade, the liberalization of the electricity market has been sought. In order to fight the environmental impact caused by the use of fossil fuels, it is aimed to change the current system of centralized generation and achieve a more distributed one; distributed resources can use renewable or non-renewable resources as main source of energy, one way to implement these distributed systems is through micro electrical grids, since these allow improving energy efficiency. The way to efficiently implement this type of network is an important point to be solved in future research and even more if the way of conducting an electricity market for different communities is unknown. That is why this text presents the characteristics of microgrids, the management of microgrids, and the wide and promising panorama of future opportunities for a great development of this type of grid.
Letter from American Public Power Association 1.17.03Obama White House
The letter outlines public power's action plan to support the President's goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions intensity in the US economy by 18% by 2012. It details how public power can contribute through increasing hydropower capacity, developing other renewable energy sources, improving end-use and supply-side energy efficiency, supporting nuclear power, and undertaking sequestration and off-system mitigation projects. It provides examples of individual public power utility goals and pledges public power's commitment to working with the federal government to achieve emission reduction targets through credible and effective programs.
The UCL Energy Institute was established in 2009 to conduct world-leading research and teaching on climate change and energy security challenges. It has 50 academic and research staff working across several key areas including energy systems, buildings, transport, and policy. The Institute uses energy systems optimization models like MARKAL and TIMES to inform UK and European energy and climate policies. It offers Masters programs in energy demand studies and the economics and policy of energy and the environment.
New energy sources and energy efficiency to prevent catastrophic global clima...Fernando Alcoforado
Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of global warming, the most important is undoubtedly the adoption of measures to contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production as well as for their more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and urban areas (residential and commercial), given the use and production of energy account for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, the implementation of a world sustainable energy system is essential.
Dominican Republic| Nov-16 | Growing Clean Energy Access in Rural Communities...Smart Villages
1. The document discusses energy modeling work done in Borneo to assess alternatives to large-scale energy projects proposed by the government.
2. Modeling showed that even under high growth assumptions, solar, biomass, and existing natural gas and coal could meet future energy demand without requiring large new dams.
3. Distributed renewable energy solutions like micro-hydro were found to be more affordable for rural communities compared to diesel, supporting rural energy access and autonomy.
Ghana has experienced high demand for electricity of over 6% annually, straining its energy system and limiting economic growth. Renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydro offer potential to boost Ghana's power supply. Ghana has implemented policies like the Renewable Energy Law to develop renewables and has seen some success from projects like VRA's 2.5MW solar plant. Investing $329 million annually in renewables could meet 6-10% of Ghana's generation needs and cost less than payments for imported gas, while creating jobs. Renewables present an opportunity to improve Ghana's energy security and economy.
This report summarizes nine unconventional energy resources including coal, coalbed methane, gas hydrates, tight gas sands, shale gas and oil, geothermal, oil sands, oil shale, and uranium. Coal and uranium are expected to supply a significant portion of the world's energy in coming years. Recent developments in technologies like horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have enabled increased production of natural gas from shale and tight sandstones in the United States and other areas of the world. Research on other unconventional resources such as gas hydrates and geothermal energy continues to advance.
Scott Sklar, President of the Stella Group and former Executive Director of the Solar Energy Industries Association, presented on April 19, 2010 at the GW Solar Institute Second Annual Symposium. more information at http://solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Electricity consumption and household characteristics: Implications for censu...Ben Anderson
Presentation given at MRS Workshop "Can Big Data replace the Census? What does Big Data give us now?" , March 7, 2016, MRS, London (https://www.mrs.org.uk/event/conferences/can_big_data_replace_the_census/course/4088/id/10035)
Growing Consumption of Natural Gas to Fuel California’s Green EconomyZakia Chan
Growing natural gas consumption is fueling California's electricity sector and threatening its climate goals. Natural gas generation has grown 59% since 1990 while cleaner sources declined, and natural gas now provides 41% of the state's electricity. This is problematic because natural gas emissions are highly correlated with overall emissions, which have plateaued. To reduce emissions, California must pursue policies that make alternatives to natural gas more competitive, like carbon pricing, subsidies for renewables, or programs that encourage demand flexibility and reduce peaker plant use of natural gas.
The New Role of Renewable Energy Systems In Developing GCC Electricity MarketCSCJournals
Due to rising and fluctuating oil prices, the author proposes greater utilization of solar and renewable energy systems in GCC countries. Specifically, the large investments in real estate could support infrastructure for roof-mounted solar panels, supplying some electricity demands and creating a circular power distribution network. New regulations would be needed to integrate these systems and provide incentives for homeowners, while also creating jobs and reducing environmental impacts. Overall, the rising costs of oil and falling prices of solar collection systems indicate renewable energy can increasingly compete with conventional sources in the GCC region.
This document analyzes the feasibility of implementing a micro-grid powered by renewable resources in rural areas of Liberia. It examines the potential for wind, solar, and biomass energy in Sanniquellie, Liberia. The paper finds that solar and biomass energy potential is excellent for the region, with solar irradiance over 5 kWh/m2/day on average. Based on the population and estimated energy demand, a micro-grid capable of supplying 11.7 kWh/day is proposed. The costs and technical feasibility of solar, biomass, and diesel generators are compared to identify the best energy sources for a micro-grid in Sanniquellie.
DATABASES ANALYSIS OF HYDROPOWER RESOURCE POTENTIAL AROUND THE GLOBEEEIJ journal
The renewable generation is one of the fast growing power system .Whereas the world is facing the
challenge of effectively exploiting and utilizing renewable energy resources, not only to meet the increasing
energy demand, but also to preserve and to reduce the depletion of fossil fuels and to lessen the amount of
CO2 emissions in our atmosphere .The national energy generation resources of every country plays an
important role in the development. The energy transition is well underway in most European countries. It
has a growing impact on electric power systems as it dramatically modifies the way electricity is produced.
In this paper, our focus is to perform a systematic review of hydropower resource potential around the
Globe. In this study we will address three research queries: 1) what is the existing status of hydropower
resource potential around the globe? 2) What kind of methodologies frameworks and approaches are used
for exploiting and utilizing renewable energy resources 3) What are the limitations of exploiting renewable
resource potentials. The purpose of the study is to highlight the current research issues, to provide valid
solutions to these issues and to find out the limitations of existing work in this area of hydropower resource
potential. This will be done by performing quantitative literature analysis of different databases and all the
results will be gathered by analysing the statistical data using “SPSS”. Remedial techniques for handling
the limitation of usability engineering management will be planned in future.
The document discusses incentivizing ocean wave energy technology in the United States through government policies and funding. It describes a technology called CETO that converts wave energy into electricity through submerged buoys and pumps. While some policies have been proposed, most bills have not progressed or been enacted. Federal grants from agencies like the Department of Energy can help fund research and development to advance ocean wave technology. Increased government support through policies, funding, and public-private partnerships is needed to fully develop this renewable energy resource.
HOW THE GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL CAN MAKE THE ENERGY SECTOR SUSTAINABLE.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to demonstrate how the government of Brazil can make the energy sector sustainable in order to collaborate in the fight against global warming and to bequeath the existing energy resources in the country to future generations. According to the International Energy Agency, oil, natural gas and coal are the energy sources most responsible for the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the world, the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of the emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In Brazil, the energy sector is responsible for 21% of greenhouse gas emissions. The electricity sector in Brazil has 19.7% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (natural gas, petroleum derivatives and coal and derivatives) and 2.2% of energy sources based on nuclear power plants. In turn, Brazil's energy matrix as a whole has 53.3% of energy sources based on fossil fuels (oil and derivatives, natural gas and mineral coal) and 1.3% are energy sources based on nuclear power plants. For Brazil's energy sector to be sustainable, all these energy sources based on fossil fuels and nuclear power plants must be replaced by renewable energy sources (hydro, solar, wind, tidal, wave, biomass and hydrogen).
Brazil under threat of new blackouts in the electricity sectorFernando Alcoforado
Brazil faces threats of new blackouts in its electricity sector. Reservoir levels at hydroelectric plants are at their lowest levels since 2001, when blackouts last occurred. The risk of energy deficits in 2014 is around 20%, far exceeding the acceptable risk level of 5%. If rains do not significantly increase reservoir levels by March, not even increased use of costly thermoelectric power will prevent blackouts. The federal government has mismanaged the electricity sector through failures in monitoring reservoir levels, delays in completing thermoelectric plants, and reducing electricity rates in a way that encouraged overconsumption. Decentralizing power sources and increasing grid redundancies could make the system safer and less vulnerable to failures.
This document provides a summary of the current and future energy scenario in the United States. It discusses:
1) The majority of current US energy comes from fossil fuels, with coal, natural gas, and petroleum making up 69% of electricity generation in 2014. Renewables such as hydropower, wind, and solar have grown and made up 32% in 2014.
2) Energy consumption has increased faster than domestic production over the last 50 years, with imports now making up the difference.
3) The report outlines projections that the US population will grow to 430 million by 2050, with a much older and more diverse population.
4) It discusses barriers to increasing renewable energy adoption such as
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
Framework Assessment for the Photovoltaic Business Opportunities in Brazil (2014)
This report describes the legal and administrative framework of Net Metering and distributed generation in Brazil, giving an overview on business opportunities for installing solar PV systems. It shows the current market profile for PV and then develops business models for enabling policy options such as Energy Auction Systems and Net Metering. Challenges and further developments are discussed.
Impacto del COVID-19 en las emisiones de GEI del
Sistema Eléctrico Interconectado Peruano
La pandemia COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto en la economía, la industria, la salud y sectores clave en casi todos los países del mundo. La generación eléctrica ha sido uno de los sectores más impactados por las medidas nacionales tomadas debido a la pandemia.
En Perú se decretó una cuarentena social obligatoria que impactó fuertemente la demanda y generación de energía eléctrica en el país.
A failure of the federal government to control inflation and reduction of bra...Fernando Alcoforado
The Brazilian government recently reduced electricity rates and fuel prices to control inflation, which reached 6.5% in 2011. However, this action contradicts other goals. Lower rates will increase consumption, exacerbating inflation and energy shortages. Meanwhile, state-owned Petrobras loses money by selling fuel below international costs. Long-term solutions are needed to reduce Brazil's high costs through measures like fighting corruption, improving infrastructure and education, and strengthening industry.
Towards a sociology of energy and globalizationAlina Gilmanova
The document analyzes the development of Brazil's solar photovoltaic (PV) industry in the context of globalization and interconnectedness with global renewable energy markets. It discusses how Brazil has significant solar potential but a historically small PV sector. However, recent Brazilian government policies aim to promote more PV investments and establish domestic PV manufacturing. The policies include incentives like net metering and auctions that have led to rapid growth in small-scale PV installations. The government also provides loans for auction winners who purchase domestically assembled PV panels, incentivizing local PV factories despite their higher costs compared to imported Chinese panels. The article frames Brazil's emerging PV industry within the global context and discusses how nation states promote domestic renewable industries to position their
The Brazilian Conundrum_ More Hydropower, Greater Greenhouse Gas EmissionsAntónio Oliveira
This document examines how Brazil's strategy of expanding hydropower in the North will impact greenhouse gas emissions. Due to geographic constraints, most new dams will be run-of-river with limited storage capacity. As a result, Brazil's electric grid will lose its ability to regulate electricity supply over multiple months. This will force greater reliance on fossil fuel plants, even when not facing droughts, doubling Brazil's carbon intensity by 2022. While the emissions increase may seem small globally, it warrants attention as the problem could grow significantly in coming decades without changes to Brazil's energy strategy.
Concentrated Solar Power deployment in emerging economiesAlina Gilmanova
This document discusses the lack of deployment of concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies in China and Brazil despite their large solar resources and roles as emerging economies. While China and Brazil have significantly increased renewable energy, their energy policies have not focused on CSP. The document analyzes reasons for the slow CSP adoption, arguing that high electricity costs associated with CSP have made it less competitive than other renewables from a global market perspective. National energy policies must be understood in the context of international energy dynamics and trade.
PRESS RELEASE
Potential of Renewable Energy Outlined in Report by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Experts Underline Significant Future Role in Cutting Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Powering Sustainable Development
Over 160 Scenarios on the Potential of six Renewable Energy Technologies Reviewed by
Global Team of Technological Experts and Scientists
11
th
Session of Working Group III
Measurement of energy poverty in the Colombian Caribbean region: a comparativ...IJECEIAES
This research work is directed to analyze the level of energy poverty and its consequences on the quality of life of the population of the Colombian Caribbean region, by doing a comparison of the results obtained in that area with data regarding the population of Bogotá, capital of Colombia, and of the rest of the country. The method of meeting absolute energy needs was used to determine the energy poverty index at households (EPH). Results obtained indicate that EPH exceeds 60% in urban areas, and 96% in rural zones, where it was also evidenced a clear link between energy poverty and school dropout.
A Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Policies and its Impact on Economi...ssuser793b4e
Renewable energy has been identified as a critical component of
global efforts to address climate change, enhance energy security, and foster
sustainable economic growth. As a result, many countries have implemented
renewable energy policies to promote the development and deployment of
renewable energy technologies. However, the impact of these policies on
economic growth remains a subject of debate. This article provides a
comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and their impact on
economic growth. The study employs a systematic review of the literature and
utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to compare renewable energy
policies and their economic impacts across different countries. The findings
suggest that the impact of renewable energy policies on economic growth
varies across countries and is influenced by factors such as policy design,
institutional context, and economic structure. This research article finally,
examined the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy
policies, analyzed the implications of the findings for policymakers and
further gave some potential solutions that will help the policymakers and
future researchers
Energy generation report. final 10 oct 14pptx...Philippine Energy Plan 2012 -...alex regado
This document outlines the Philippine energy plan from 2012-2030. It discusses the Department of Energy's goals of ensuring energy security, achieving optimal energy prices, and developing a sustainable energy system. The plan aims to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030. It identifies strategies like expanding renewable energy use, accelerating oil and gas exploration, and promoting energy efficiency. The plan requires 3.174 trillion PHP in investments and involves various government agencies in implementation activities to achieve rural electrification, develop indigenous resources, and promote renewable energy.
This document summarizes a research article about strategies for involving small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in energy efficiency programs in Mexico. It finds that while Mexico has existing energy efficiency programs, SME participation is weak due to lack of information, financial support, management skills, and incentives. The document proposes a strategy to better engage SMEs in energy efficiency programs through initial consultations to diagnose opportunities, identify potential savings, and develop customized action plans. The goal is to minimize costs for SMEs and maximize savings from adopting energy efficient practices.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Investigating the residential electricity consumption-income nexus in Morocc...IJECEIAES
This study investigates the relationship between residential electricity consumption, economic growth, and urbanization in Morocco from 1990 to 2018 using the LMDI decomposition model and STIRPAT approach. The LMDI results show that economic activity and electricity intensity are the main drivers of residential electricity consumption in Morocco. The STIRPAT analysis reveals a U-shaped relationship between per capita GDP and residential electricity consumption. While increases in per capita GDP initially reduce consumption, beyond a turning point higher per capita GDP increases consumption. Urbanization is found to have no significant impact on residential electricity consumption in Morocco. Policy implications are provided based on these findings.
This article aims to propose a new policy for the energy sector of the State of Bahia from the perspective of sustainable development. The results of this study point to the need to adopt a new sustainable energy policy for State of Bahia based largely on the use of renewable energy.
The WWF report identifies solutions to meet growing global energy demand through 2050 without exceeding a 2-degree Celsius temperature rise. It finds that existing sustainable energy technologies could meet demand if deployed rapidly and at scale. However, urgent action is needed in the next 5 years to set policies driving this transition, as delays will increase costs and risks. Key solutions identified are improving energy efficiency, stopping deforestation, developing renewable technologies concurrently, building infrastructure for flexible fuels, replacing coal with gas in the near-term, and implementing carbon capture and storage. Global cooperation and leadership are imperative to guide investment towards sustainable options.
Similar to A sustainable energy policy required to brazil (20)
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que o povo brasileiro vive o inferno representado pelas catástrofes políticas, econômicas, sociais e ambientais que estão conduzindo o País a um desastre humanitário sem precedentes em sua história de gigantescas proporções. A catástrofe política no Brasil poderá ocorrer com o fim do processo democrático resultante da escalada do fascismo na sociedade pela ação do presidente Jair Bolsonaro que busca colocar em prática sua proposta de governo tipicamente fascista baseada no culto explícito da ordem, na violência de Estado, em práticas autoritárias de governo, no desprezo social por grupos vulneráveis e fragilizados e no anticomunismo. Soma-se à catástrofe política, a catástrofe econômica caracterizada pela estagnação da economia brasileira que amarga uma recessão em 2020 agravada pela pandemia do novo coronavirus porque o PIB caiu 4,1% em relação ao de 2019, a menor taxa da série histórica, iniciada em 1996, bem como com a taxa de desemprego em patamar recorde de 14,8 milhões de pessoas em busca de emprego no País. A catástrofe social se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro nada fazer para reduzir as taxas de desemprego reativando a economia, atuar em prejuízo dos interesses dos trabalhadores promovendo medidas contra os direitos sociais da população e contribuir para o número elevado de infectados e mortos pelo coronavirus no Brasil ao sabotar o combate ao vírus. Finalmente, a catástrofe ambiental se manifesta no fato de o governo Bolsonaro contribuir para a inação de órgãos governamentais responsáveis pela fiscalização contra as agressões ao meio ambiente, abrir caminho para atividades de mineração, agricultura, pecuária e madeireira na Floresta Amazônica e afastar o Brasil do Acordo do Clima de Paris.
Cet article vise à démontrer que le peuple brésilien vit l'enfer représenté par les catastrophes politiques, économiques, sociales et environnementales qui conduisent le pays à une catastrophe humanitaire sans précédent dans son histoire aux proportions gigantesques. La catastrophe politique au Brésil pourrait survenir avec la fin du processus démocratique résultant de l'escalade du fascisme dans la société par l'action du président Jair Bolsonaro, qui cherche à mettre en pratique sa proposition de gouvernement typiquement fasciste. fondée sur le culte explicite de l'ordre, la violence d'État, les pratiques gouvernementales autoritaires, le mépris social pour les groupes vulnérables et fragiles et l'anticommunisme. Outre la catastrophe politique, la catastrophe économique caractérisée par la stagnation de l'économie brésilienne après une récession en 2020, aggravée par la nouvelle pandémie de coronavirus, car le PIB a baissé de 4,1% par rapport à 2019, le taux le plus bas du série historique, commencée en 1996, ainsi qu'avec le taux de chômage à un niveau record de 14,8 millions de personnes à la recherche d'un emploi dans le pays.La catastrophe sociale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro ne fait rien pour réduire les taux de chômage en réactivant la économique, agissant au détriment des intérêts des travailleurs, promouvant des mesures contre les droits sociaux de la population et contribuant au nombre élevé de personnes infectées et tuées par le coronavirus au Brésil en sabotant la lutte contre le virus. Enfin, la catastrophe environnementale se manifeste par le fait que le gouvernement Bolsonaro contribue à l'inaction des agences gouvernementales chargées de surveiller les agressions contre l'environnement, ouvrant la voie aux activités minières, agricoles, d'élevage et d'exploitation forestière dans la forêt amazonienne et retirant le Brésil de l'Accord de Paris sur le climat.
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter et d'analyser le rapport du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), agence liée à l'ONU, rendu public le 9 août 2021 à travers lequel il montre l'ensemble des connaissances acquises depuis la publication de son précédent rapport en 2014 sur le climat de la planète Terre. 234 auteurs de 66 pays ont examiné plus de 14 000 études scientifiques et leur travail a été reçu avec plus de 78 000 commentaires et observations de chercheurs et d'experts qui travaillant pour les 195 gouvernements auxquels ce travail est destiné. Ce rapport révèle une connaissance approfondie du climat passé, présent et futur de la Terre. Le résumé de ce rapport est à lire dans l'article Selon le GIEC, le changement climatique est irréversible, mais peut encore être corrigé disponible sur le site <https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/climat/selon-le-giec-le-changement-climatique-s-accelere-est-irreversible-mais-peut-etre-corrige_156431>. Alors que peut-on faire pour éviter cette catastrophe climatique ? La solution est de réduire de moitié les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre d'ici 2030 et de zéro émission nette d'ici le milieu de ce siècle pour arrêter et éventuellement inverser la hausse des températures. La réduction à zéro des émissions nettes consiste à réduire autant que possible les émissions de gaz à effet de serre en utilisant les technologies propres et les énergies renouvelables, ainsi que comme capter et stocker le carbone, ou l'absorber en plantant des arbres. Très probablement, le monde ne réussira pas à empêcher d'autres changements climatiques en raison de l'absence d'un système de gouvernance mondiale capable d'empêcher l'augmentation du réchauffement climatique et le changement climatique catastrophique résultant de l'impuissance de l'ONU.
AQUECIMENTO GLOBAL, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA GLOBAL E SEUS IMPACTOS SOBRE A SAÚDE HU...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar os impactos do aquecimento global e da consequente mudança climática sobre a saúde humana e as soluções que permitam evitar suas maléficas consequências contra a humanidade. Para alcançar este objetivo, é necessário promover uma transformação profunda da sociedade atual que tem sido extremamente destruidora das condições de vida do planeta. Diante disso, é imprescindível que seja edificada uma sociedade sustentável substituindo o atual modelo econômico dominante em todo o mundo por outro que leve em conta o homem integrado com o meio ambiente, com a natureza, ou seja, o modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável. Foi analisado o Acordo de Paris com base na COP 21 organizada pela ONU através do qual 195 países e a União Europeia definiram como a humanidade lutará contra o aquecimento global nas próximas décadas, bem como foi analisada literatura relacionada com o aquecimento global e a mudança climática para extrair as conclusões que apontam como substituir o modelo de desenvolvimento atual pelo modelo de desenvolvimento sustentável.
GLOBAL WARMING, GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to present the impacts of global warming and the consequent global climate change on human health and the solutions to avoid its harmful consequences against humanity. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to promote a profound transformation of current society, which has been extremely destructive of the planet's living conditions. Therefore, it is essential to build a sustainable society, replacing the current dominant economic model throughout the world with one that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with nature, that is, the model of sustainable development. The Paris Agreement was analyzed based on the COP 21 organized by the UN through which 195 countries and the European Union defined how humanity will fight global warming in the coming decades, as well as was analyzed literature related to global warming and climate change to extract the conclusions that point out how to replace the current development model with the sustainable development model.
LE RÉCHAUFFEMENT CLIMATIQUE, LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE MONDIAL ET SES IMPACTS ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article a pour objectif de présenter les impacts du réchauffement climatique et du changement climatique qui en découle sur la santé humaine et les solutions pour éviter ses conséquences néfastes contre l'humanité. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il est nécessaire de promouvoir une transformation profonde de la société d'aujourd'hui qui a été extrêmement destructrice des conditions de vie sur la planète. Il est donc essentiel de construire une société durable, en remplaçant le modèle économique actuel dominant à travers le monde par un autre qui prenne en compte l'homme intégré à l'environnement, à la nature, c'est-à-dire le modèle de développement durable. L'Accord de Paris a été analysé sur la base de la COP 21 organisée par l'ONU à travers laquelle 195 pays et l'Union européenne ont défini comment l'humanité luttera contre le réchauffement climatique dans les prochaines décennies, ainsi que a été analysée la littérature liée au réchauffement climatique et au changement climatique pour extraire les conclusions qui indiquent comment remplacer le modèle de développement actuel par le modèle de développement durable.
Cet article a trois objectifs : 1) démontrer qu'il y a un changement drastique du climat de la Terre grâce au réchauffement climatique, qui contribue à la survenue d'inondations dans les villes aux effets de plus en plus catastrophiques ; 2) proposer des mesures pour lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; et 3) proposer des mesures pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes. Récemment, des inondations se sont produites qui exposent la vulnérabilité des villes d'Europe et de Chine aux conditions météorologiques les plus extrêmes. Après les inondations qui ont fait des morts en Allemagne, en Belgique et en Chine, le message a été renforcé que des changements importants sont nécessaires pour préparer les villes à faire face à des événements similaires à l'avenir. Les gouvernements doivent admettre que les infrastructures qu'ils ont construites dans le passé pour les villes, même à une époque plus récente, sont vulnérables à ces phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes. Pour faire face aux inondations qui deviendront de plus en plus fréquentes, les gouvernements doivent agir simultanément dans trois directions : la première est de lutter contre le changement climatique mondial ; le second est de préparer les villes à faire face à des événements météorologiques extrêmes et le troisième est de mettre en œuvre une société durable aux niveaux national et mondial.
This article has three objectives: 1) to demonstrate that there is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are increasingly catastrophic in their effects; 2) propose measures to combat global climate change; and 3) propose measures to prepare cities to face extreme weather events. Recently, floods have occurred that expose the vulnerability of cities in Europe and China to the most extreme weather. After the floods that killed people in Germany, Belgium and China, the message was reinforced that significant changes are needed to prepare cities to face similar events in the future. Governments need to admit that the infrastructure they built in the past for cities, even in more recent times, is vulnerable to these extreme weather events. To deal with the floods that will become more and more frequent, governments need to act simultaneously in three directions: the first is to combat global climate change; the second is to prepare cities to face extreme weather events and the third is to implement a sustainable society at the national and global levels.
Este artigo tem três objetivos: 1) demonstrar que está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos; 2) propor medidas para combater a mudança climática global; e, 3) propor medidas visando preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Recentemente, ocorreram enchentes que expõem a vulnerabilidade das cidades da Europa e da China ao clima mais extremo. Depois das enchentes que mataram pessoas na Alemanha, Bélgica e China foi reforçada a mensagem de que são necessárias mudanças significativas para preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos similares no futuro. Os governos precisam admitir que a infraestrutura que construíram no passado para as cidades, mesmo em tempos mais recentes, é vulnerável a esses eventos de clima extremo. Para lidar com as inundações que serão cada vez mais frequentes, os governos precisam agir simultaneamente em três direções: a primeira consiste em combater a mudança climática global; a segunda consiste em preparar as cidades para enfrentar eventos extremos no clima e a terceira consiste em implantar uma sociedade sustentável nas esferas nacional e global.
CIVILIZAÇÃO OU BARBÁRIE SÃO AS ESCOLHAS DO POVO BRASILEIRO NAS ELEIÇÕES DE 2022 Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar que as eleições de 2022 são decisivas para o futuro do Brasil porque que o povo brasileiro terá que decidir entre os valores da civilização e da democracia ou os da barbárie e do fascismo defendidos pelos candidatos à Presidência da República. É preciso observar que a Civilização é considerada o estágio mais avançado que uma sociedade humana pode alcançar do ponto de vista político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. O contrário de civilização é a Barbárie que é a condição daquilo que é selvagem, cruel, desumano e grosseiro, ou seja, quem ou o que é tido como bárbaro que atenta contra o progresso político, econômico, social, cultural, científico e tecnológico. A barbárie sempre se caracterizou ao longo da história da humanidade por grupos que usam a força e a crueldade para alcançar seus objetivos.
CIVILISATION OU BARBARIE SONT LES CHOIX DU PEUPLE BRÉSILIEN AUX ÉLECTIONS DE ...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à démontrer que les élections de 2022 sont décisives pour l'avenir du Brésil car le peuple brésilien devra trancher entre les valeurs de civilisation et de démocratie ou celles de barbarie et de fascisme défendues par les candidats à la Présidence de la République. Il convient de noter que la civilisation est considérée comme le stade le plus avancé qu'une société humaine puisse atteindre d'un point de vue politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. Le contraire de la civilisation est la barbarie, qui est la condition de ce qui est sauvage, cruel, inhumain et grossier, c'est-à-dire qui ou ce qui est considéré comme barbare qui attaque le progrès politique, économique, social, culturel, scientifique et technologique. La barbarie a toujours été caractérisée tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité par des groupes qui utilisent la force et la cruauté pour atteindre leurs objectifs.
CIVILIZATION OR BARBARISM ARE THE CHOICES OF THE BRAZILIAN PEOPLE IN THE 2022...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate that the 2022 elections are decisive for the future of Brazil because the Brazilian people will have to decide between the values of civilization and democracy or those of barbarism and fascism defended by candidates for the Presidency of the Republic. It should be noted that Civilization is considered the most advanced stage that a human society can reach from a political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological point of view. The opposite of civilization is Barbarism, which is the condition of what is savage, cruel, inhuman and coarse, that is, who or what is considered barbaric that attacks political, economic, social, cultural, scientific and technological progress. Barbarism has always been characterized throughout human history by groups that use force and cruelty to achieve their goals.
COMO EVITAR A PREVISÃO DE STEPHEN HAWKING DE QUE A HUMANIDADE SÓ TEM MAIS 100...Fernando Alcoforado
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que foi dito pelo falecido cientista Stephen Hawking que afirmou em 2018 que a espécie humana poderia ser levada à extinção em 100 anos e que, devido a isto, forçaria os seres humanos a saírem da Terra, bem como demonstrar que as ameaças de extinção da espécie humana citadas por Hawking podem ser enfrentadas sem que haja a necessidade de fuga de seres humanos da Terra.
COMMENT ÉVITER LA PRÉVISION DE STEPHEN HAWKING QUE L'HUMANITÉ N'A QUE 100 ANS...Fernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à présenter ce qu'a dit le regretté scientifique Stephen Hawking qui a déclaré en 2018 que l'espèce humaine pourrait être amenée à l'extinction dans 100 ans et que, de ce fait, il forcerait les êtres humains à quitter la Terre, ainsi que démontrer que les menaces d'extinction de l'espèce humaine citées par Hawking peuvent être affrontées sans que les êtres humains aient besoin de s'échapper de la Terre.
Today the French Revolution is commemorated, which was a dividing mark in the history of humanity, starting the contemporary age. It was such an important event that its ideals influenced many movements around the world.
On commémore aujourd'hui la Révolution française, qui a marqué l'histoire de l'humanité en commençant l'ère contemporaine. C'était un événement si important que ses idéaux ont influencé de nombreux mouvements à travers le monde.
Hoje é comemorada a Revolução Francesa que foi um marco divisório da história da humanidade dando início à idade contemporânea. Foi um acontecimento tão importante que seus ideais influenciaram vários movimentos ao redor do mundo.
O TARIFAÇO DE ENERGIA É SINAL DE INCOMPETÊNCIA DO GOVERNO FEDERAL NO PLANEJAM...Fernando Alcoforado
O documento discute a incompetência do governo federal brasileiro no planejamento do setor elétrico nacional que levou à crise energética atual. A estiagem histórica reduziu a produção de hidrelétricas, forçando o uso de termelétricas mais caras e aumentos nas tarifas de energia. O governo sabia dos riscos da estiagem mas não tomou medidas preventivas, ameaçando racionamentos.
LES RÉVOLUTIONS SOCIALES, LEURS FACTEURS DÉCLENCHEURS ET LE BRÉSIL ACTUELFernando Alcoforado
Cet article vise à analyser les facteurs déclencheurs des révolutions sociales qui se sont produites tout au long de l'histoire de l'humanité et à évaluer la possibilité de leur occurrence dans le Brésil contemporain.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZILFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to analyze the triggering factors of social revolutions that have occurred throughout human history and assess the possibility of their occurrence in contemporary Brazil.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS, THEIR TRIGGERS FACTORS AND CURRENT BRAZIL
A sustainable energy policy required to brazil
1. A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY POLICY REQUIRED TO BRAZIL
Fernando Alcoforado
Abstract: This article aims to analyze the energy sector in Brazil and recent government policies for
energy development from the perspective of sustainable development. The results of this study point to
the need to adopt a new sustainable energy policy for Brazil heavily based on renewable energy in the
electrical, petroleum and natural gas sectors.
Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el sector de la energía en Brasil y las
recientes políticas gubernamentales para el desarrollo de energía desde la perspectiva del desarrollo
sostenible. Los resultados de este estudio apuntan a la necesidad de la adopción de una nueva política
energética sostenible para Brasil en gran medida basado en las energías renovables en los sectores
eléctrico, petróleo y gas natural
Keywords: The electric sector in Brazil. The petroleum and natural gas sector in Brazil. Brazilian energy
matrix. Sustainable policies required for the energy sector in Brazil.
Palabras clave: El sector eléctrico en Brasil. El sector petróleo y gas natural en Brasil. Matriz energética
brasileña. Políticas sostenibles requeridas para el sector energético en Brasil.
1. INTRODUCTION
This study aimed to analyze the energy sector in Brazil and recent government policies
for energy from the perspective of sustainable development. In this sense, the sectors
surveyed were electric, petroleum and natural gas in Brazil to assess their performance
in the recent period and its scenarios for 2030 and 2050. The research included the
analysis of various publications cited in the bibliography, highlighting among them the
National Energy Plan (PNE 2030) prepared by the Ministry of Mines and Energy and 3
studies undertaken by Greenpeace [R]evolução energética- Perspectivas para uma
energia global sustentável ([R]evolution energy-outlook sustainable global energy),
Alcoforado, Fernando, engineer and doctor of Territorial Planning and Regional Development from the
University of Barcelona, a university professor and consultant in strategic planning, business planning,
regional planning and planning of energy systems, is the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo,
1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do
desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de Barcelona,
http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel,
São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era
Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora,
Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global
(Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011) and Os Fatores Condicionantes do
Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), among others.
1
2. [R]evolução energética- A caminho do desenvolvimento limpo ([R]evolution energy-
The path of clean development) and Investimento em energias renováveis pode gerar
economia de US$ 180 bilhões por ano (Investment in renewable energy could generate
savings of $ 180 billion per year). The analytical framework used was the model of
sustainable development that applied to the energy industry would aim to meet energy
demand without compromising the nature and without depleting its natural resources, to
bequeath them to future generations.
The energy sector in Brazil is facing at the moment with two giant problems. The first
relates to the need to reduce consumption of petroleum products to reduce CO2
emissions and contribute to the fight against global warming to avoid catastrophic
consequences. The second relates to the supply of electricity in the country which will
involve the construction of several large hydroelectric dams in the Amazon region with
its environmental impacts on the Amazon forest and the indigenous communities living
there, in the deployment of four nuclear power plants with all the problems associated
with security and final disposal of nuclear waste and the deployment of conventional
power plants using coal, petroleum products and natural gas which will result more
CO2 into the atmosphere with harmful consequences from the point of view of global
climate change. Solving these problems requires finding substitutes for coal, petroleum
products, natural gas, hydroelectric large Amazon region, nuclear and conventional
power plants.
To avoid the aforementioned problems and promote sustainable development of the
energy sector in Brazil, the results of this study point to the need to adopt a new energy
policy strongly based on renewable energy. This proposed new energy policy is
supported in studies of Greenpeace [R]evolução energética- Perspectivas para uma
energia global sustentável ([R]evolution energy-outlook sustainable global energy) for
the electric sector in Brazil and the author's own studies encompassing all sectors of
energy (electric, petroleum and gas natural) of Brazil.
2. THE ENERGY SECTOR IN BRAZIL
Brazil is the 10th largest energy consumer in the world and the largest in South
America. Government agencies responsible for energy issues in Brazil are: 1) National
Energy Policy Council (CNPE) who has the authority to propose to the President of the
Republic national policies and measures for the sector, 2) Ministry of Mines and Energy
2
3. (MME) that creates standards, monitors and evaluates federal programs and policies to
deploy the energy sector; 3) Departments of Energy Planning and Development
(Electricity, Petroleum, Natural Gas and Renewable Fuels), 4) Energy Research
Company (EPE) which aims to provide services in the area of studies and research to
support the planning of the energy sector.
The Brazilian government has the regulatory agencies ANEEL (Brazilian Electricity
Regulatory Agency) and ANP (National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and
Biofuels), besides having the National Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN) and the
National Department of Mineral Production (DNPM). The energy sector also has
Petrobras, mixed economy company, which is a publicly traded corporation, with
operations in 30 countries, leader of the petroleum sector in Brazil, occupying the third
position in the world market energy companies, and Eletrobras that is a mixed economy
company publicly traded, which operates in the electric markets and supports strategic
programs of the government, as the Incentive Program for Alternative Sources of
Energy (Proinfa), the Program National Universal Access and Use of Electric Energy
(Light for Everyone) and the National Program for Energy Conservation (Procel).
2.1-The electric sector in Brazil
For many years, especially prior to the 1990s, the state had in Brazil what might be
called a monopoly in the electric sector. That is, the State exercised exclusively, the
production, transmission and distribution of electricity. However, from the beginning of
the 1990s, there was a substantial change to the policy of privatization of the electric
sector. This privatization process had its beginnings during the government of Fernando
Collor, but was extended by subsequent governments, Itamar Franco, Fernando
Henrique Cardoso and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This process occurred through the
guidelines established by the National Privatization Program (PND) that it intended to
transfer to private sector management of the activities that the public sector did not
operate effectively.
After almost 20 years since the beginning of the privatization of electricity distribution,
the balance of what was promised and what is actually happening in the country, allows
identifying the existence of many faults in electric power supply in several regions of
Brazil. Since 1995, the distribution of electricity is operated by private enterprise. The
distributors manage the concession areas with the obligation of maintenance, expansion
3
4. and provision of adequate infrastructure, and its revenue from charging fees to their
customers. The promises that the private sector would improve the quality of services
and the adoption of affordable rates for all citizens were misleading promises.
The practice has not shown that the management of the electric sector by private
companies is always superior to public companies. Since 2006 there has been, in most
companies, a declining trend of the indicators of quality of services due to its
deterioration, reflecting negatively to the consumer. Recent blackouts Brazilian
electrical system can be attributed to four factors: 1) lack of adequate coordination of
the protection system that has not been able to isolate the problem in the affected area
by preventing the spread of blackouts in the three regions of Brasil, 2) lack of double
protection system in critical areas that can be triggered in the event of faults in the
electrical system, 3) lack of adequate maintenance service to minimize the occurrence
of faults in the electrical system, and 4) lack of systems for emergency power supply in
critical areas that can be triggered when the blackout happens in Brazil's interconnected
power system.
The electricity supply by source in 2009 is shown in Figure 1. The analysis of this
figure reveals that 82% of the electricity supply was hydroelectric and biomass, while
the non-renewable energy sources accounted for 18% of the total.
Figure 1- Domestic supply of electricity by source in 2009 (%)
Wind Import
Biomass
0% 8%
5%
Natural gas
3%
Petroleum
products
3% Nuclear
3% Hydraulics
77%
Coal and
derivatives
1%
Source: PNE 2030
The National Energy Plan 2030 (PNE 2030), the first study of integrated planning of
energy resources held within the Brazilian government, prepared by the Ministry of
4
5. Mines and Energy of Brazil (MME) provides for the expansion of the electricity sector
by 2030 with the use of energy sources described below: 1) Renewables-191.35 GW
(92 GW existed in 2010), 2) Conventional thermoelectric-21.5 GW (16 GW existed in
2010), and 3) Nuclear- 8 GW (2 GW existed in 2010). 1 GW = 1 Gigawatt = 1,000,000
KW of power. Renewable energy is derived from those natural cycles of conversion of
solar radiation, the primary source of almost all energy available on Earth and therefore
are practically inexhaustible sources such as hydropower, solar, wind and biomass,
unlike sources non-renewable energy such as petroleum, coal, natural gas and nuclear.
Figure 2 shows that in 2030, the PNE 2030 considers the use of new energy sources
(wind, sugarcane biomass cogeneration and waste), besides the increase of coal and
nuclear sources in relation to the situation in 2009. The share of hydropower remains
the same for 2009.
Figure 2- Domestic supply of electricity by source in 2030 (%)
Wind Waste Other
1% 1% 1%
Cogeneration
sugarcane
biomass
3%
coal
3% Hydraulics
Nuclear 77%
5%
Natural gas
9%
Source: PNE 2030
For these reasons, large hydropower will continue to be the main source of energy in the
electric sector expansion accounting for 77% of total capacity to be installed by 2030.
The priority given to large hydro in Brazil follows the tradition adopted from the
implementation of the interconnected electric system in the 1960s to favor the use of
large hydroelectric power plants for generation of lower cost due to economy of scale
obtained in addition to serve the interests of contractors of major projects in Brasil, big
beneficiary of such works.
5
6. With respect to hydropower, its untapped potential in Brazil corresponds to 185.5 GW
of which 101.5 GW are located in northern Brazil, particularly in the Amazon region. It
was planned for the next twenty years, the installation in the Amazon region 60 large
hydroelectric plants with a generation potential of between 60 and 70 GW being the
main plants Belo Monte, Jirau, Santo Antonio, Estreito among others which represent a
great threat to many Amazonian indigenous peoples and the preservation of the Amazon
rainforest that plays a key role in combating global warming by acting as a carbon sink.
Although Brazil have a hydropower potential of 83 GW out of the North Region that
could be used without affecting the Amazon rainforest, the Brazilian government is
planning and implementing large hydroelectric projects in the Amazon region in
defiance of restrictions in terms of social and environmental. Another flagrant
irrationality in planning the electricity sector in Brazil lies in the fact that the Country
has a potential of 143.5 GW in wind power and plans to use only 3.3 GW in 2030
despite having a generation cost competitive with the hydroelectric plants. It should be
noted that wind farms can operate in complementation with the hydroelectric enabling
accumulate water in their reservoirs.
Great irrationality lies also in the fact that the PNE 2030 does not provide for the use of
large solar energy potential that exists in Brazil with the use of photovoltaic panels,
which should be widely disseminated in isolated communities in rural areas where the
cost of electricity supply Networking is higher and also thermo panels that should be
used for water heating in homes, hospitals, hotels, etc.. in cities. Also, was not properly
considered by the PNE 2030 the great potential of biomass that exists in Brazil, where
production of electricity from biomass is estimated to be around 10 TWh / year (10,000
GWh / year), to provide for the use of only 4,75 GW in 2030 corresponding to 2.1% of
power to be installed by 2030.
The PNE 2030 established the use of a power of 1.3 GW in power plants using
municipal waste which corresponds to 0.6% of the total capacity planned for 2030,
which is very little because Brazil produces 195,000 tonnes of waste urban solid
(garbage) per day that would be totally recovered enough to supply 30% of electricity
demand in Brazil today. Unfortunately, the PNE 2030 provides a capacity of 8 GW in
nuclear power in 2030, going against the global trend of banning the use of nuclear
power especially after the Fukushima accident in Japan. Besides, it will also be installed
6
7. irrationally 2 units on the banks of the São Francisco River attempting against the logic
that would indicate its best location close to the markets to be supplied.
2.2- Petroleum and natural gas sector in Brazil
In 1997, the petroleum investment law was approved with the liberalization of its
production and establishing a legal framework to regulate the petroleum industry. The
main objectives of the law was the creation of CNPE and ANP, increased use of natural
gas, increased competition in the energy market, and investments in power generation.
The state monopoly of petroleum and gas is over and energy subsidies were reduced.
However, the government maintained control of the complex monopoly power, in
addition to managing the price of certain energy products. Brazil is the 15th largest
petroleum producer in the world. Until 1997, Petrobras exercised a monopoly on
exploration, refining and transportation of petroleum in Brazil. With the end of the
monopoly, many private petroleum companies are involved in oil exploration.
Petrobras is a major world petroleum producer with production of over 2 million barrels
of oil equivalent per day. It is also a major distributor of petroleum products that has oil
refineries and oil tankers. In 2006, Brazil had 11.2 billion barrels and the second largest
proven petroleum reserves in South America after Venezuela. The vast majority of
proven reserves are located in the Campos and Santos basins, offshore southeastern
Brazil. In November 2007, Petrobras announced the discovery of petroleum in pre-salt
layer that believes it has between 5 and 8 billion barrels of recoverable light oil and
neighboring fields can contain up further, which could result in Brazil, becoming one of
the largest petroleum producers in the world. In late 2005, proved reserves of natural
gas in Brazil were 306 billion m3 and reserves as possible, should be 15 times larger.
Until recently, natural gas was produced as a by-product of the petroleum industry. The
main use reserves are located in the Campos and Santos basins. Petrobras controls more
than 90 percent of natural gas reserves in Brazil. Inside Brazil's pipeline systems are
operated by Transpetro, a subsidiary of Petrobras.
The National Energy Plan (PNE 2030) prepared by the federal government shows in
Figure 3 the consumption of petroleum by sector in 2009 in which one realizes that
7
8. most petroleum was directed to the industrial and transport sectors, totaling 64% of the
total.
Figure 3- Consumption of petroleum by sector in 2009-%
Consumption Energy sectorResidential
in 5% 6% Commercial
transformation
4% Public 0%
1%
Final consumption
Agricultural
not energy
6%
14%
Industrial Transport
13% 51%
Source: PNE 2030
Table 1 shows the demand for liquid fuels by sector in Brazil.
Table 1- Structure of demand for liquid fuels by sector
LIQUID FUELS DIRECTION OF LIQUID FUEL %
Kerosene Transport (aircraft) 98
Alcohol Transport (cars) 95
Gasoline Transport (cars / trucks) 100
Diesel oil Transport (cars / trucks) 78
Agricultural Sector 14
Generation of electricity 6
Fuel oil Transport (vessels) 11
Industry 61
Generation of electricity 10
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Households 80
Services 11
Naphtha Industry (Non-energy use) 100
Fonte: PNE 2030
8
9. Any solution that contributes to reducing the consumption of oil should lead to the use
of substitutes for gasoline and diesel in the transport sector and for the fuel oil in
industry. Among the substitutes for gasoline and diesel in the transport sector may be
cited as ethanol and biodiesel in the short term and hydrogen in the medium term. The
fuel oil substitute most appropriate in the industry and LPG in homes and services
would be natural gas because it is the cleanest fossil source of fossil fuels.
It is very large the potential for production of ethanol and biodiesel in Brazil. Many
analysts question the production of ethanol and biodiesel arguing that can compromise
food production. In Brazil, there would be no conflict between energy production and
food production provided there is an agricultural and energy policy interconnected.
Effort should also be made towards using hydrogen which presents itself as the energy
source of the future.
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show, respectively, the structure of consumption of oil and
natural gas in Brazil in 2005 and 2030.
Figure 4 - Structure of consumption of oil products in 2005 and 2030
Source: PNE 2030
9
10. Figure 5 - Structure of natural gas consumption in 2005 and 2030
Source: PNE 2030
The PNE 2030 provides almost double the production of oil compared to 2010, as is
indicated in Table 2.
Table 2- Production of oil products in 2010 and 2030 (Millions of liters)
OIL PRODUCTS 2010 2030
Diesel oil 51.243 97.876
Gasoline 19.580 42.190
LPG 13.866 24.888
Fuel oil 8.079 9.112
Kerosene 3.868 9.902
Total 96.636 183.968
Fonte: PNE 2030
The natural gas production in Brazil was 45 million m3 in 2005, 69 million m3 in 2010
and should reach 201 million m3 in 2030 (4.5 times that of 2005 and 2.9 times that of
2010), according to the projection PNE 2030. The significant increase in production of
10
11. petroleum and natural gas in Brazil by 2030 will contribute to the greenhouse effect in
the atmosphere with its catastrophic consequences for the environment of the planet.
To help to prevent catastrophic climate change on our planet, urge the adoption of
policies aimed at implementing programs that contribute to the reduction of production
and consumption of oil and natural gas, as well as its substitution by other energy
resources. In this sense, we need to make: 1) substitution of petroleum products by
renewable energy (ethanol, biodiesel and biomass); 2) energy savings in the use of
petroleum and natural gas; 3) production of petroleum and natural gas mainly for non-
energy purposes as industrial raw material; and, 4) abandonment of investment in
petroleum and natural gas production in pre-salt layer.
2.3- The energy matrix of Brazil
Figure 6 shows the share of energy sources in the Brazilian energy matrix in 2009.
Figure 6 - Domestic energy supply in Brazil in 2009 -%
Other renewable
4%
Sugarcane
products
18%
Petroleum
Firewood and
and oil products
charcoal
38%
10%
Hydraulics and
electricity
15% Natural gas
9%
Uranium Mineral coal
1% 5%
Source: PNE 2030
Table 4 shows the share of energy sources in the Brazilian energy matrix in 2009 and
2030 presented at the PNE 2030. Compared with the year 2009, there will be in 2030 a
drop in the share of petroleum and oil products, hydraulics and electricity sources and
firewood and charcoal and increase of natural gas, mineral coal and uranium.
11
12. Table 4 - Domestic energy supply in Brazil in 2009 and 2030 -%
FONTE DE ENERGIA 2009 2030
Petroleum and oil products 38% 28%
Natural gas 9% 15%
Mineral coal 5% 7%
Uranium 1% 3%
Hydraulics and electricity 15% 13%
Firewood and charcoal 10% 6%
Sugarcane products 18% 19%
Other renewable 4% 9%
Total 100% 100%
Source: PNE 2030
Table 5 shows the share of renewable energy in the Brazilian energy matrix. In the
Brazilian energy matrix, renewable energy participated in 2010 with 43% of total
consumption, while in 2030 will be 46.6%. This means that there will not be great
progress in Brazil in the use of renewable energy with the PNE 2030 despite its
immense potential.
Table 5 - Renewable and non-renewable energy in the Brazilian energy matrix-%
YEAR Renewable sources Non-renewable sources
2005 44,5 55,5
2010 43 57
2020 45,8 54,2
2030 46,6 53,4
Figure 7 shows that CO2 emissions remain high despite the slight drop from 2012 to
2030 setting the PNE 2030 does little to mitigate the causes of climate change on the
planet.
12
13. Figure 7 - Evolution of CO2 emissions
Source: PNE 2030
The slight decrease in the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere is insufficient to Brazil
contribute to combat global warming. A great irrationality of Brazilian government is
related to the decision to invest U.S.$ 174.4 billion in petroleum exploration in the pre-
salt layer in the next five years going against the fight global warming. To help to prevent
catastrophic climate change on our planet, urge the adoption of policies aimed at implementing
programs that contribute to the reduction of production and consumption of oil and natural gas,
as well as its substitution by other energy resources.
3. ENERGY POLICY REQUIRED TO BRAZIL
3.1- Policy required for the electric sector
Greenpeace has developed three scenarios for the electric sector in Brazil for the year
2050. The first is the Reference Scenario 2050, based on the study "Electricity Market
2006-2015" prepared by the Energy Research Company (EPE), linked to the Ministry of
Mines and Energy (MME). The second is the Intermediate Scenario 2050, prepared by
GEPEA (Group of Energy of the Department of Engineering of Energy and Electrical
Automation from USP-Universidade de São Paulo) in partnership with Greenpeace.
And the third is the Energy Revolution Scenario 2050, prepared by Greenpeace. In the
production of all scenarios, the GEPEA / USP was responsible for implementing the
modeling and the technical supervision of the work.
13
14. In Intermediate Scenario 2050 and the Energy Revolution Scenario 2050, the generation
of electricity from different technologies for electricity production is complemented by
efforts in the conservation and rational use of energy (energy efficiency). The five key
principles that guided the Energy Revolution Scenario proposed by Greenpeace are: 1)
Implement renewable solutions, especially through decentralized energy systems, 2)
Respect the natural limits of the environment, 3) Gradually eliminate the unsustainable
energy sources; 4) Promoting equity in resource use and, 5) Unlink economic growth in
the consumption of fossil fuels.
According to Greenpeace, greatly enhance energy efficiency is a crucial prerequisite to
meet the demand from a renewable energy matrix essentially. In the Energy Revolution
Scenario 2050, final electricity consumption reached 1009 TWh / year in 2050, or about
38% less than the consumption of Reference Scenario 2050. Energy efficiency measures
have the potential to reduce consumption at 413 TWh / year, deferring the need to
increase the generation of electricity during the period of analysis. This progressive
reduction in consumption should be achieved through the use of efficient electrical
equipment in all sectors. Other measures, such as awareness of society to conserve
electricity and management of electricity demand to shift peak usage intense, are
essential to achieve this reduction.
The Electric Sector Scenario 2005
According to the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME), Brazil produced 367 TWh /
year of electricity in 2005. Renewable energy participated with 88% of total electricity
generation In 2005. The national electricity matrix in 2005 was composed as follows:
Total generation: 367 TWh / year
Energy source %
Hydropower 84
Natural gas 4
Biomass and waste 4
Wind 0
Nuclear 3
Diesel and fuel oil 4
Coal 1
Photovoltaic panels 0
Total 100
The Electric Sector Reference Scenario 2050
14
15. In the Reference Scenario 2050, final consumption of electricity, which was 367 TWh /
year in 2005, reached 1639 TWh / year in 2050, an increase of 4.5 times in 45 years. In
the Reference Scenario 2050, there would be no progress in the share of renewable
energy in total electricity generation that would reduce from 88% in 2005 to 57% in
2050 and the contribution of energy efficiency would be negligible. In 2050, the
national electricity matrix will be composed as follows:
Total generation: 1639 TWh / year; Energy Efficiency: 0 TWh / year
Energy source %
Hydropower 38
Natural gas 34
Biomass and waste 15
Wind 4
Nuclear 6
Diesel and fuel oil 3
Coal 0
Photovoltaic panels 0
Total 100
The Electric Sector Intermediate Scenario 2050
In the Intermediate Scenario 2050, GEPEA / USP considered energy savings through
energy efficiency measures, of 413 TWh / year, with a total generation of electricity
much smaller (1160 TWh / year) compared to 1639 TWh / year specified in the
Reference Scenario 2050. On the way proposed by GEPEA / USP, was reduced
electricity generation using fuel oil and diesel and considered a gradual reduction in
nuclear generation from 2030. The share of renewable energy in the Brazilian energy
matrix would reach 72% which is lower than that recorded in 2005 (88%).
Total generation: 1160 TWh / year; Energy efficiency: 413 TWh / year
Energy source %
Hydropower 40
Natural gas 25
Biomass and waste 24
Wind 8
Nuclear 2
Diesel and fuel oil 1
Coal 0
Photovoltaic panels 0
Total 100
15
16. The Electric Sector Energy Revolution Scenario 2050
In the Energy Revolution Scenario 2050, 88% of the electricity produced in Brazil
would be from renewable sources of energy, equivalent to its share in 2005 (88%). The
generation of 1077 TWh / year would be expected and there would be an energy savings
of 413 TWh / year through energy efficiency measures. The Energy Revolution package
excludes the generation of electricity from fuel oil, diesel, coal and nuclear.
Total generation: 1077 TWh / year; Energy efficiency: 413 TWh / year
Energy source %
Hydropower 38
Natural gas 12
Biomass and waste 26
Wind 20
Nuclear 0
Diesel and fuel oil 0
Coal 0
Photovoltaic panels 4
Total 100
The Energy Revolution Scenario 2050 for the electric sector in Brazil proves to be
possible to pursue the dream of clean energy growth, supported by renewable energy
sources. The national electrical grid can become 88% renewable by 2050. Furthermore,
this array would help consolidate Brazil's commitment to cut by 2020 from 36% to 39%
the emissions of greenhouse gases, with the added benefit of promoting the economy
billions of dollars.
The challenge of reducing emission levels of greenhouse gases, allowing economic
growth and serve about 1 million people without power in the Country requires the use
of clean and sustainable sources of energy such as wind, biomass, solar photovoltaic,
solar thermal and hydropower, among others. The future of Brazil and the planet
depends on the redirection of subsidies today intended for conventional sources and
polluting fossil fuels - which will be depleted in the future - to renewable sources. The
future requires an energy revolution as proposed by Greenpeace for the electric sector in
Brazil.
At the center of this revolution is a change in the way electricity is generated,
distributed and consumed. The application of solutions towards a cleaner future goes
through decentralized systems, gradual elimination of unsustainable energy sources and
16
17. promoting equity in the use of natural and energy resources, unlinking economic growth
from increased consumption of fossil fuels.
The Brazilian electric system that presents nowadays many weaknesses in their
planning to set or choose projects to be implemented, many of them detrimental to the
environment, would be radically changed with the energy policies implemented on the
Energy Revolution Scenario 2050. In this scenario, would be abandoned current energy
policies that provide for the deployment of large hydroelectric dams in the Amazon
Region that will produce serious environmental impacts on the Amazon forest and
indigenous peoples, the deployment of nuclear power plants subject to risks of accidents
and problems of end disposal of nuclear waste and the deployment of conventional
power plants based on fossil fuels (coal and natural gas) generators of CO2 emissions
into the atmosphere.
The policy of supplying electric power required for Brazil should consider the
following:
Deploy SHP (small hydro power) or medium-sized hydropower and wind
turbines in several regions of Brazil rather than large hydropower for electricity
supply in Brazil, as has been the practice of the federal government's for many
years.
Deploy wind farms and hybrid systems in locations most appropriate.
Implement systems for solar photovoltaic or thermo where they justify.
Produce energy using biogas from landfills.
Produce energy in small and medium-scale and distributed in markets near the
sources of production instead of concentrated production of electricity by large
hydroelectric dams located far from markets energy consumers.
Produce energy with conventional power plants using natural gas that is the
cleanest fossil source.
Produce electricity with conventional power plants using natural gas (the
cleanest fossil source), wind turbines and solar photovoltaic or thermo systems
where justify their deployment to complement the hydroelectric generation.
Produce energy in the medium and long term with the use of hydrogen.
Abandoning nuclear power as an alternative energy to be costly and present
safety problems.
17
18. Save energy in all sectors of activity of Brasil.
Deploy cogeneration system in the industry to produce steam and electricity
using waste industrial production and natural gas.
Increase reliability in the operation of the electric system to minimize the effects
of blackouts using duplicate protection systems at critical supplies, duplication
of major trunk lines of transmission and use of wind turbines close to the power
grid.
3.2- Policy required for the petroleum and natural gas sector
Any solution that contributes to reducing the consumption of oil requires the use of
substitutes for gasoline and diesel in the transport sector and for the fuel oil in the
industry. Among the substitutes for gasoline and diesel in the transport sector may be
cited as ethanol and biodiesel in the short term and hydrogen in medium term. The
replacement of fuel oil would be more appropriate by natural gas in the industry because
is the cleanest source of fossil fuels.
To help to prevent catastrophic climate change on our planet, it is urgent to reduce
petroleum products consumption by adopting policies aimed at implementing programs
that contribute to their replacement by other energy resources. In this sense, we need to
make: 1) replacement of gasoline by ethanol and diesel with biodiesel in the short term
in the transport sector, 2) replacement of gasoline and diesel by hydrogen in the medium
and long term in the transport sector; 3) substitution of fuel oil by natural gas and
biomass in the industry, 4) replacement of coal by natural gas in the industry; 5)
substituting diesel by biomass and natural gas in the energy sector, and, 6) replacement
of LPG by natural gas in households and services sector.
Additionally, it is essential to adopt energy policies in Brazil aimed at implementing
programs that contribute to the reduction of petroleum consumption through energy
saving actions. These policies are as follows: 1) to produce steam and electricity in
industry with the use of cogeneration systems, 2) to encourage automakers and trucks in
order to raise the efficiency of motor vehicles to save energy, 3) to expand the railway
systems and waterways for freight transport instead of trucks, 4) to increase the public
transportation system, especially the mass transport of high capacity as the subway or
LRT (light rail vehicles) to reduce the use of cars in cities; 5) to restrict the use of cars
in town centers and other areas of the cities; 6) to encourage the manufacture to increase
18
19. machinery and equipment efficiency to save energy, and, 7) to use petroleum to non-
energy purposes, mainly as industrial raw material.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Taking into account the above, it can be said that sustainable energy policies required
for Brazil should consider the following:
1) Put into practice actions that contribute to the viability of the Energy Revolution
Scenario 2050 proposed by Greenpeace for the electric sector.
2) Adopt energy planning in Brazil on a rational and systemic basis.
3) Ensure the participation of states and municipalities in Brazil's energy planning so
that the needs of regional and local development of the energy sector are considered.
4) Overcoming barriers to the penetration of renewable political, legal, financial, tax,
technology, information, education and training.
5) Create an appropriate legal framework to support the development of renewable
sources of energy in Brazil.
6) Provide funding to investors in renewable energy to eliminate their risk aversion
represented by the high cost of production, the market is not yet well established,
the technology was not widespread and the scale of production is reduced.
7) Promote the full or partial tax exemption for renewable energy.
8) Ensure access to transmission and distribution of electricity to small independent
producers.
9) Recognize the social and environmental costs when comparing conventional
technologies and renewable technologies.
10) Impose taxes on carbon emissions and other pollutants in the operation of energy
enterprises.
11) Overcome obstacles in research, development and demonstration centers in Brazil
reinforcing the existing R & D and creating new ones.
12) Prepare the industrial apparatus to support the goals set for renewable sources.
13) Educate the rulers and the population of non-energy benefits, such as increased
income or employment generation offered by local renewable energy.
14) Increase federal support for renewable energy programs.
15) Develop a solid legal, regulatory and institutional architecture in order to reduce
risks for investors and financiers of renewable energy.
19
20. 16) Articulate retail banks, regional development banks and development agencies to
promote renewable energy.
17) Strengthen the role of ANEEL and ANP so that they act with effectiveness in the
development of the energy sector in Brazil.
Renewable energy could be more involved in the Brazilian energy and energy savings
would be greater if it were eliminated one of the main obstacles posed by Eletrobras and
electric utilities, as well as by Petrobras that impede the realization of an national
energy planning on a rational and systemic basis in which Brazil's interests are above
the goals of corporations as occurs today which favor the use of large hydroelectric
plants and petroleum products and not making efforts to use renewable energy and save
energy because, in the latter case , would reduce the revenue of companies in the energy
sector.
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_______________________. O futuro do suprimento de energia no Brasil. Revista
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______________________. Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária, P&A Gráfica
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