This document provides an overview of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It discusses the differences between hardware engineers and software developers. It covers the history of FPGAs, including the development of VHDL as a hardware description language. The document also discusses FPGA architecture, programming languages, markets, vendors, and design flow. It compares FPGAs to traditional hardware in terms of parallelism and reprogrammability. In conclusion, it notes that FPGAs have replaced discrete logic devices and enabled more flexible designs.

1. FPGA
( Field programmable gate array )
April 2008
• Prepared by :
Muhammad Ziyada
Muhammad Al tabakh

2. Contents
• Hardware engineers vs software developers
• FPGA Market
• History of FPGA
• Modern developments
• Architecture
• Design and programming

3. Hardware designers vs software developers
• The hardware engineers roll up their sleeves
and work for months without a break
• software programmers would sit back and
relax, or play ping-pong, until the hardware
was stable.
• the hardware design would quickly become
a hardware redesign for some perceived
deficiency or new feature request

6. VHDL solution
• In the early days, circuits as gate-level
schematics .
• saved by (HDLs).
• allowed us to describe the functionality
• Allowed design to be quickly and easily
represented and simulated

7. VHDL
• VHSIC hardware description language
• developed at the behest of the US Department of
Defense
• alternative to huge, complex manuals which were
subject to implementation-specific details
• logic simulators were developed to read the
VHDL files
• logic synthesis tools that read the VHDL

8. FPGA market
• FPGA Market Will Reach $2.75 Billion by Decade’s
End

9. FPGA market
• January 2008
• Celoxica Holdings has agreed the $3m sale of its
electronic system level (ESL) business to US firm
Catalytic.
• With this move, we can synthesize the top two
languages for high-level algorithm development
— C and MATLAB — and deliver both software
and hardware implementations

10. FPGA market
• Aerospace & Defense
• Automotive
• Broadcast Consumer
• Data Processing and Storage
• Industrial / Scientific / Medical
• Wired Communications
• Wireless Communications

11. FPGA market

12. Brief history
• the invention of the very first
computers in the 1940's and 1950's
• A Xilinx co-founder, Ross Freeman,
invented the field programmable gate array
in 1984
• FPGA come after many earlier devices

13. Modern development
• Configurable Logic Blocks
Registers (flip flops) for fast data storage
. Logic Routing
• Input/Output Blocks
Basic pin logic (flip flops, muxs, etc)
• Block Ram
Internal memory for data storage
• Digital Clock Managers
Clock distribution
• Programmable Routing Matrix

14. "Pros" and "Cons"
• Pros
Low power consumption; ideal for portable
electronics devices.
Upgradeable using software, instead of extensive
hardware replacement .
Low cost of overhead .
Sometimes replaces as many as twenty traditional
PALs.
Parallel computing possibilities .

15. • Cons
High cost of fabricating a completely new chip
Size constraints / limitations
More difficult to code & debug
Many applications still are, and may remain, in the
theoretical phase
"Pros" and "Cons"

16. FPGA vs classical architecture
• Classical operation
Fetch an instruction
Fetch a piece of data
Fetch another piece of data
Perform an operation
Store the result
:
Do the same thing all over again

17. FPGA vs classical architecture
• y = (a * b) + (c * d) + (e * f) + (g * h);
• the multiplications are performed in parallel
without the need to fetch and decode the
instructions. This results in orders-of-
magnitude speed improvement.

18. FPGA vs conventional circuit
FPGA Costs
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$350
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Cost
per
1
Million
Gates
80’s 90’s Now

19. The rise of FPGA
• The first devices were primitive diode
matrices used in TV channel selectors,
HAM radio tuners, emerging defense and
space applications.
• replaced by more capable logic devices
based on arrays of combinatorial gates
• dramatic change in reprogram ability, more
flexible interconnect architectures.

20. The rise of FPGA
• Programmable Logic Arrays (PLA)

21. The rise of FPGA
• Programmable Array Logic (PAL)

22. The rise of FPGA
• Complex PLDs (CPLDs)

23. The rise of FPGA
• Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)

24. Main vendors
• Xilinx spartan and vertix series
ise webback software
• Altera cyclon series
Quartus software
• Mentor Graphic
FPGAdv software

25. FPGA design
skip

26. FPGA design

28. FPGA programming
Languages
HDL languages ( VHDL and VERILOG )
Truth table
Block diagram
Schematic diagram
Flowchart
State machine
And more

29. VHDL code
LIBRARY ieee ;
USE ieee.std_logic_1164.all ;
ENTITY mux2to1 IS
PORT ( w0, w1, s : IN STD_LOGIC ;
f : OUT STD_LOGIC ) ;
END mux2to1 ;
ARCHITECTURE Behavior OF mux2to1 IS
BEGIN
PROCESS ( w0, w1, s )
BEGIN
IF s = '0' THEN
f <= w0 ;
ELSE f <= w1 ;
END IF ;
END PROCESS ;
END Behavior ;;

30. Soft cores
• MicroBlaze,PowerPC,Nios,… soft
processor
• create complete systems composed of, for
example, an 8- or 16-bit controller, a
UART, and other such I/O devices on a
single programmable chip

31. Soft processor

32. References
• Practical FPGA Programming in C
By David Pellerin, Scott Thibault
• Ece230 vhdl lectures
By Khurram Waheed
• VHDL cookbook
By peter j.ashenden

33. Thank you
Muhammad ziyada
modeonz007@yahoo.com
+20113246609
Muhammad al tabakh
nooo_impossible@yahoo.com
+20121539035