The case of commercial sexual exploitation of children in Chile: A Discourse Analysis Approach. Edgardo Toro PhD Student PhD Interdisciplinary Social Sciences in Health The University of Edinburgh Supervisors: Dr Ethel Quayle Dr Marion Smith

1. ANALYSIS OF PROGRAMS, MODELS OF SOCIAL INTERVENTION
AND INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAMS’ PRACTICES
ON SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN.
THE CASE OF COMMERCIAL SEXUAL
EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN CHILE:
A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS APPROACH.
9th BASPCAN Congress
Edgardo Toro
Second Year PhD Student
PhD Interdisciplinary Social Sciences in Health
The University of Edinburgh
Supervisors: Dr. Ethel Quayle,
Dr. Marion Smith
Edinburgh, April 2015
School of Health in Social Sciences PhD Interdisciplinary Social Sciences in Health

2. Overview
1. Chilean context
 Transitions:
Socio economical: developing country – emergent economy
Cultural: traditional culture - secular culture
 Violence as an important issue
 CSEC
2. Brief summary of the proposal
 The main aim
 Methodology design
 Ethical issues
3. Some preliminary advances of research
 Literature Review
 Government documents: main categories & discursive productions

3. Map Pictures
8 of June 2011
http://www.wpmap.org/
Joaquín Torres Garcia
America Invertida, 1943
Tinta sobre papel 22x16
http://www.torresgarcia.org.uy/
Alfredo Jaar
A logo for America, 1987
http://alfredojaar.net/
1. Chilean Context

4. Photos by Humberto Lobos
www.humbertolobos.com

5.  Transitions: Socio economical, developing country to emergent economy
Poverty
Extreme
poverty
Casen Survey 2013 , Minister of Social Development Chile: Evolution Human Development Index
Human Development Report 2012
Gini coefficient
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 1970-2012

6. Inglehart–Welzel Cultural Map
2010-20142005-2009
World Values Survey
http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp
 Transitions: Cultural, traditional to secular culture

7. 31.90%
68.10%
Prevalence in Life
Domestic Violence
 Violence as an important issue Source: UNICEF 2012.
Types Cases
Criminal complaints
sexual abuse (2014)
20.134
Ministerio Público 2014
CSEC victims (2007-2014) 4112
SENAME (2014)
Women who have suffered violence
at sometime in their life
Women who have
never suffered violence
Source: Ministerio del Interior
y Seguridad Pública 2013.

8.  Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
(CSEC)
CSEC can define as:
“The use of children and adolescents for sexual satisfaction by adults in
return for remuneration in money or in kind, paid to child or to a third party.
It amounts to a form of coercion and violence against children, and is defined
as a contemporary form of slavery.”
(Facultative Protocol Convention of Rights of Children, 2000)

9. • Global and national social problem
• Violation of Human Rights
• Production of a market of child sexual
commercialisation in multi - modalities
• Networking practices
• Historical and cultural dimensions
• Chilean case: 11 years of national programs to
provide support for victims
 Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
(CSEC)
DNA Foundation
www.demiandashton.com/

10. Chilean case: 11 years of national programs to provide support for victims
 Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
(CSEC)
• CRC
signed
1990
• First
International
Congress
Stockholm
1996 • First and
Second
National
Plan against
CSEC
1999 and
2006
• Studies
on CSEC
2003-
2014
• Legal
Changes
2001-2011
• National
Programs
• 16
specialised
centres
• Technical
standards
2004-2014

11. 2. Brief summary of the proposal
a) Textual / descriptive level:
• Matrix Discursive productions
b) Narrative /relational level:
To determinate the Orders…
• Authorship
• Institutionalisation
• Facts
c) Performative level:
• Types of discourses
• Relationship between discourses
Data
Production
Data
Analysis

12.  Ethical Issues
 Research should be designed, reviewed and undertaken to ensure integrity,
quality and transparency.
 Research staff and participants must normally be informed fully about the
purpose, methods and intended possible uses of the research, what their
participation in the research entails and what risks, if any, are involved.
 The confidentiality of information supplied by research participants and the
anonymity of respondents must be respected
 Research participants must take part voluntarily, free from any coercion.
 Harm to research participants and researchers must be avoided in all
instances
 The independence of research must be clear, and any conflicts of interest or
partiality must be explicit.
http://home.messiah.edu/
http://www.childmolestationvictims.com/www.childwise.org.au

13.  Literature Review
(procedure)
FLOW DIAGRAM SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
PRISMA 2009
3. Some preliminary advances of the research

14.  Literature review
Discussing notions of Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSEC) and Child Sexual Abuse (CSA)
• Child sexual violence is a historical invariant.
• Child protection is a historical variant .
• Both trends are present in the Universal and
Chilean history.
Historical Approach
Legal Perspective
Psychosocial Perspective
• Process of recognition of childhood as a
subject of law and subject of protection.
• Legal framework explicitly recognises CSEC as
a domestic and international crime.
• Diversity and heterogeneity in psychosocial notions.
• Emphasis in three groups of this: behaviourist, subjectivist and situated.
• Nuclei related to the violence: damage, victimisation and objectification.

15. Texts
Codes
Sub
Category
Categories
Main
Categories
Discursive productions
Textual / descriptive level:
Speaker, Audience,
Object, Conflicts,
Truth strategies
3. Some preliminary advances of the research
Secondary sources – Government documents (14) between 2004 -2014

16. Main Category Categories Sub category and Codes Excerpt
i) INTERVENTION
CYCLE
7. THE
ASSESSMENT
IN CSEC
• Violence assessment
a) Specialised assessment about
specific damage in children
survivors on CSEC: assessment
procedures to get to know life
history, damage and
psychological assessment.
b) CSEC assessment: procurer's
characteristics, relationships and
criminal network.
c) Detecting type of violence and
actors involved.
d) Assessment of child
maltreatment: abandonment,
protection resources, peers
involved on CSEC, dynamics of
exchange in CSEC, criminal
networks.
e) “The existence of abuse and/or
maltreatment (typology, chronicity,
aggressor figure).
Children leaving home and/or the
begging of a street-like behavior
and commercial sexual exploitation.
Protective figure perceived by the
child or teenager.
The existence of other peers
involved with the same exploiter.
Exchange dynamics installed
between the exploiter and the child
or teenagers in order to design
intervention strategies.
Previous admissions.”
(Technical guidance to CSEC, 2014)

17. Main Categories Categories
i) INTERVENTION CYCLE 7. THE ASSESSMENT IN CSEC
25. THE DESIGN OF THE INTERVENTION IN CSEC
26. MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE INTERVENTION IN CSEC
ii) STRATEGIES OF WORKING IN CSEC 3. PSYCHOTERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION IN CSEC
4. FAMILY INTERVENTION IN CSEC
6. INTEVENTIONS MADE BY THE STAFF IN CSEC
26. NETWORKING TO PROVIDE SOCIAL SERVICES
FOR VICTIMS OF CSEC
iii) PURPOSES OF THE INTERVENTION 21. PROMOTION, SENSITISATION AND PREVENTION OF CSEC
22. SAFETY AND INTERRUPTION OF CSEC
16. REORGANISING AND INTEGRATING THE EXPERIENCE OF CSEC
IN THE INTERVENTION PROCESS
18. SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN INTERVENTION OF CSEC
iv) INTERVENTION CONDITIONS 11. QUALITY IN THE INTERVENTION IN CSEC
14. CHARACTERISTIC OF CSEC INTERDISCIPLINARIES STAFF
15. CHARACTERISTICS OF CSEC INTERVENTION
 Government documents: descriptions and main categories

18.  Government documents: descriptions and main categories
Main Categories Categories
v) APPROACHES ON CSEC 9. NOTIONS OF CSEC
12. GENDER APPROACH CSEC
20. RESEARCH, REPORTS AND DATA PRODUCCTION
IN CSEC
23. TERRITORIAL APPROACH IN INTERVENTION IN
CSEC
vi) PRINCIPLES GUIDING OF THE INTERVENTION 2. CONVENTION'S IMPACT
13. IN THE BEST INTEREST OF CHILDREN
17. CHILDREN SUBJECT OF LAW AND PROTECTION
vii) INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS 8. STATE AGENCIES INVOLVED IN CSEC
10. INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES INVOLVED IN CSEC
19. SOCIAL PROGRAMS RELATED TO CSEC
viii) POLITICAL- JUDICIAL FRAME 1 DOMESTIC LAW
5. JUDICIAL PROCESS AND SYSTEM IN CSEC
27. CHILDCARE SOCIAL POLICIES

19.  Government documents: Discursive productions
Scheme 1: Tension Normative v/s Management
Intervention
cycle
Strategies of
working
Purpose of the
intervention
Approaches
In CSEC
Institutional
actors
Intervention
conditions
Principles
guides
Political Judicial
framework
Speaker AudienceObject
Truth
StrategyConflict

20.  Government documents: Discursive productions
Scheme 2: Tension Definitions v/s Construction
Intervention
cycle
Strategies of
working
Purpose of the
intervention
Intervention
conditions
Approaches in
CSEC
Institutional
actors
Political
Judicial
framework
Principles
guides
Speaker
Audience
Object
Conflict
Truth
Strategy

21.  Government documents: Discursive productions
Scheme 1: Tension Ideal v/s Pragmatic
Political Judicial
framework
Principles
guides
Approaches in
CSEC
Intervention
conditions
Intervention
cycle
Strategies of
working
Purpose of the
intervention
Institutional
actors
Speaker
Audience
Object
Conflict
Truth
Strategy

22. Thanks for your attention!
Any question?
Any comments?