Incidence, nature and impact of online and offline forms of intimate partner violence in young people's relationships: Findings from the first European survey
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This document summarizes a study exploring intimate partner violence among young people in five European countries. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, including expert workshops, a survey of 4,500 14-17 year olds, interviews with 100 young people, and development of an app. The survey finds high rates of online and offline emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. Girls report more negative impacts than boys. Factors like family violence, bullying, and gendered attitudes predict greater risk. The study also examines sending and sharing of sexual images, finding it associated with greater intimate partner violence risk, especially for girls.
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Incidence, nature and impact of online and offline forms of intimate partner violence in young people's relationships: Findings from the first European survey
- 2. Aims - to explore: • Incidence of online and offline physical, emotional and sexual forms of violence in young relationships across five EU countries (Bulgaria; Cyprus; England; Italy and Norway) • Subjective impact • Associated risk and protective factors • Help-seeking • Experiences of young people and their perspectives on what would help.
- 4. The research is built on a four stage mixed-method approach: • Stage 1: Expert workshops: mapping of policy and practice in five European countries • Stage 2: School-based survey (n= 4,500, 14-17 year olds) • Stage 3: Interviews with young people (n=100) • Stage 4: Development of a web- based/phone app (www.stiritapp.eu) Young people’s advisory groups www.stiritapp.eu 3. Interviews 2. Survey 1. Experts
- 5. Incidence, nature and impact of online and offline forms of intimate partner violence in young people’s relationships: Findings from the first European survey Christine Barter and Marsha Wood
- 6. Incidence Rates IPVA Victimisation in Young People’s Relationships
- 7. Sample: Gender 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 Bulgaria Cyprus England Italy Norway Total Female Male Total
- 8. Survey Sample for Analysis • The majority of young people (72%) reported having a boyfriend or girlfriend. This was highest in Italy and lowest in Norway. Most young people (96%) had a partner of the opposite-sex and 4% had a same-sex partner. • All the survey findings are based on the 3277 young people who said they had been in a relationship.
- 9. Online abuse and control Online or via mobile phones have any of your partners: • put you down or sent you nasty messages • posted nasty messages about you others could see • sent you threatening messages • tried to control who you can be friends with/where you can go • constantly checked up on what you have been doing / who you have been seeing • tried to stop your friends liking you – eg pretending to be you and sending nasty messages
- 10. Face-to-face abuse and control Have any partners ever: • put you down in a nasty way • shouted at you/screamed in your face • said negative things about your appearance/ body/friends/ family • ever threatened to hurt you physically • used physical force such as slapping, hitting or holding you down • used more severe physical force such as punching, strangling, beating you up, hitting you with an object
- 11. Sexual violence Have any of your partners ever: • pressured you into intimate touching or something else • physically forced you into intimate touching or something else • pressured you into having sexual intercourse • physically forced you into having sexual intercourse
- 12. Incidence Rates: Girls (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 online emotional physical violence face to face emotional sexual violence Bulgaria Cyprus England Italy Norway Average
- 13. Incidence Rates: Boys (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 online emotional physical violence face-to-face emotional sexual violence Bulgaria Cyprus England Italy Norway Average
- 14. Subjective Impact IPVA Victimisation in Young People’s Relationships
- 15. Negative Impact Online AbuseSubjective Impact: Negative Annoyed Upset Angry Unhappy Affirmative Scared Protected Humiliated Loved Embarrassed Wanted Bad about yourself Good about yourself Shocked No effect
- 16. Online Abuse: Impact by gender 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Girls - Neg only Neg and Affirm affirm only no effect Boys - Neg only Neg and Affirm Affirm only no effect Bulgaria Cyprus England Italy Norway
- 17. Sexual Violence: Impact by gender 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Girls: Neg only Neg and Affirm Affirm only No effect Boys: Neg only Neg and Affirm Affirm only No effect Bulgaria Cyprus England Italy Norway
- 18. Predictive Factors IPVA Victimisation and Instigation
- 19. Predictive Factors *0.05 • Family violence • Bullied/bully • Aggressive peer groups • Age of partner: older/younger • Gendered attitudes • Online pornography (sexual) • Doing well at school
- 20. Sending / receiving sexual images What did we ask the young people? • Sending sexual images/ texts • Receiving sexual images / texts • Sharing messages • Reasons • Impact of sending / sharing messages
- 21. Sending Sexual Images / Text messages Bulgaria – 28% (girls 26%, boys 29%) Cyprus – 10% (girls 6%, boys 15%) England – 38% (girls 44%, boys 32%) Italy – 22% (girls 16%, boys 25%) Norway – 30% (girls 34%, boys 25%)
- 22. Receiving Sexual Images / Text messages Bulgaria – 35% (girls 35%, boys 36%) Cyprus – 14% (girls 9%, boys 20%) England – 48% (girls 49%, boys 47%) Italy – 30% (girls 18%, boys 36%) Norway – 36% (girls 37%, boys 35%)
- 23. Sharing messages – Did you or a partner share a message that you sent? Bulgaria – 14% (11% girls and 17% boys) Cyprus – n<5 (n< 5 girls and 0 boys) England – 34% (44% girls and 18% boys) Italy – 10% (n<5 girls and 12% boys) Norway – 23% (29% girls and 14% boys) (mostly partners sharing – few shared the message themselves)
- 24. Reasons for sending sexual messages/images Most said - Because my partner asked me to (more girls than boys in England and Norway) To feel sexy or flirtatious In response to a similar message As a joke Few reported - Friends pressured To get attention To show off Varied response - Partner pressured (Girls in England – 27%) To prove feelings or commitment (Girls in England – 43%)
- 25. Impact of sending sexual image/text – Mixed picture • Boys – nearly all – affirmative impact only (75% – 91% across countries) • Girls – more mixed – affirmative impact only (41% - 87% across all countries) • Consequently – between 13% and 59% of girls reported negative impact across countries. • What causes some girls to feel negative about sending sexual images / text messages?
- 26. Negative impact – possible associations • Messages sent being shared – high for girls in England and Norway (44% and 29%). Girls who reported negative impact after sending messages were three times as likely to report that their message was shared as those who reported an affirmative impact after sending a message. • Intimate partner violence - Significant associations between sending sexual images/ texts and being a victim of all types of intimate partner violence – for males and females, in all countries (not always significant for females in Cyprus). • Coercion - In England – some evidence of girls being coerced into sending sexual images / texts. 27% said sent a message because their partner pressured them, 43% said sent a message to prove feelings / commitment.
- 27. Summary • Experience of sending sexual images varies by country and gender. • Impact for girls – mixed. • Possible links between negative impact and sharing of messages, IPV and coercion. • Need for balanced response – risk of alienating young people.
Editor's Notes
- Limitations – sample is not a random stratified sample and therefore we cannot extrapolate to the general pop - as we don’t know if we are comparing like with like – however we can observe general messages Ethnicity and religion could not be collected consistency across all countries 4564 young people aged between 13 and 17 years-old took part in the school survey The majority of young people (72%) reported having a boyfriend or girlfriend. This was highest in Italy and lowest in Norway. Most young people (96%) had a partner of the opposite-sex and 4% had a same-sex partner. All the survey findings are based on the 3277 young people who said they had been in a relationship. Ethnicity and religion could not be collected consistency across all countries
- England is green Orange is the average Close relationship between online and offline – online rarely happened in isolation- it is therefore not in itself a discreet form of violence as with cyperbulling but to underpin face=to-face. High levels of sexual and physical in England and Norway – however also highest in gender equality index and therefore maybe more to do with it being viewed as a social rather than personal and therefore private issues for more sensitive forms such as physical and sexual – less willing to report. See next slide Gender differences sign in England and Norway - but maybe more due to issues es of reporting
- Note on Comparative Research: As European research on adult domestic violence (DV) has shown, the willingness of participants to report their experiences is often heavily influenced by how DV is viewed in different countries ( ). Countries with higher gender equality and greater DV awareness also often report the highest levels of DV. This may be because in these countries DV is viewed as a social and political rather than a personal and therefore private problem. The STIR expert meetings (see Briefing Paper 1) and the young people’s advisory groups identified that England and Norway had the highest levels of awareness in respect of interpersonal abuse in young people’s relationships. They also had the highest levels of physical and sexual violence for young women. It may therefore be that young women in Bulgaria, Cyprus and Italy are under-reporting their experiences of physical and sexual violence in a social context where awareness of the problem is lower. You were going to add a reference here.
- Reciprocal - Around two thirds who had sent a message had also received a message. More likely to have sent / recievied a sexual image or text as get older But ... Younger ages also engaged in sexting. Excluding Cyprus (6%) between 15% and 26% of 14 year olds across countries had sent a sexual image or text message. Excluding Cyprus (9%) between 22% and 33% of 14 year olds across countries had received a sexual image or text message.
- Bulgaria – 17% (13% girls, 20% boys) Cyprus – 20% (n<5 girls, 18% boys) England – 42% (59% girls, 9% boys) Italy – 29% (43% girls, 25% boys) Norway - 32% (43% girls, 15 % boys)
- But in Italy – 43% reported negative impact after sending – but v few girls said a message was shared. Those who had experienced IPV were at least two times as likely to have sent a sexual image or text message as those who had not experienced IPV. Same for receiving texts.
- Need for careful response …. Entirely negative response – risks alienating young people. However - for some, particularly girls, sexual image / text messaging may be occurring in negative relationship contexts.