Forensic midterm review
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This document provides an overview of key topics in forensic science, including how to properly collect and package different types of evidence, the different types of fingerprint patterns and ridge details, how various government agencies are involved in forensic investigations, and the responsibilities of personnel at a crime scene such as sketching the scene and maintaining the chain of custody of evidence. It also summarizes the classifications of different types of evidence, principles of crime scene investigation including search patterns, and legal considerations regarding search and seizure and types of admissible evidence.
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Concepts of Forensic Science for Lawyers
Forensic science involves the application of science to matters of law. It aims to provide accurate information to the criminal justice system by examining physical evidence from crime scenes. Some key points covered are:
- Forensic scientists analyze evidence using principles from various sciences to help solve crimes.
- Proper collection, documentation and preservation of evidence at the crime scene is crucial, as is maintaining chain of custody.
- Different types of evidence include trace evidence, transient evidence, and class evidence.
- Various forensic disciplines like pathology, toxicology, biology and chemistry are used to analyze different types of physical evidence.
What is forensics
Forensics uses various scientific disciplines to gather and analyze evidence from crime scenes. These include anthropology, crime scene investigation, criminalistics, engineering, entomology, medicine, odontology, psychology, and toxicology. Forensic techniques analyze evidence like DNA, fingerprints, firearms, documents, trace evidence, and voice/sound recordings to help solve crimes. Proper collection, documentation, and chain of custody of evidence at crime scenes is important to preserve its admissibility in court.
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2. At the crime scene, the medical practitioner works to preserve evidence, take photos and notes, and look for clues like injuries, stains, footprints and fingerprints that may help with the investigation.
3. After examining the body at the crime scene, the medical practitioner then transports it for an official autopsy while maintaining a chain of custody of any collected evidence. Their documentation of findings at the scene can provide valuable context to the subsequent autopsy.
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Carlie Jane Brucia, an 11-year-old girl, was abducted and killed in 2004 in Sarasota, Florida. Surveillance video showed Joseph P. Smith, a 37-year-old mechanic with a criminal history, approaching Carlie and leading her away from a car wash. Smith was identified as a suspect and arrested. His DNA matched semen found on Carlie's body. Smith's brother testified that Smith had confessed to killing Carlie after strangling her following rough sex. Smith was indicted on first-degree murder and other charges.
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- Crime scene investigation involves collecting potential evidence from the location of a crime. Biological evidence like blood, as well as latent prints, digital evidence, trace evidence, and firearms can all be collected.
- The type of evidence collected depends on the type of crime. For a burglary, trace evidence and DNA would be prioritized. Larger agencies have dedicated crime scene specialists, while smaller ones may use first responders or detectives.
- A crime scene is processed following seven steps: establishing boundaries and hazards, securing the scene, planning collection, an initial survey, documenting, a second survey, and preserving evidence. The most probative evidence is sent to forensic labs for examination.
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Forensic science involves the application of science to matters of law. It aims to provide accurate information to the criminal justice system by examining physical evidence from crime scenes. Some key points covered are:
- Forensic scientists analyze evidence using principles from various sciences to help solve crimes.
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- Different types of evidence include trace evidence, transient evidence, and class evidence.
- Various forensic disciplines like pathology, toxicology, biology and chemistry are used to analyze different types of physical evidence.
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Forensics uses various scientific disciplines to gather and analyze evidence from crime scenes. These include anthropology, crime scene investigation, criminalistics, engineering, entomology, medicine, odontology, psychology, and toxicology. Forensic techniques analyze evidence like DNA, fingerprints, firearms, documents, trace evidence, and voice/sound recordings to help solve crimes. Proper collection, documentation, and chain of custody of evidence at crime scenes is important to preserve its admissibility in court.
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Forensic chemistry applies scientific principles and technology to criminal and civil laws. It uses various areas of science like chemistry, biology, and physics to analyze evidence. The history of forensic science began with Mathieu Orfila in the 18th century who established forensic toxicology. Other notable early figures established fingerprint analysis and firearm analysis. Today, a crime lab analyzes evidence using various specialized units like biology, chemistry, firearms examination, and toxicology to aid criminal investigations. The role of the crime lab is to scientifically analyze evidence to help identify suspects and prove their guilt or innocence.
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The document discusses various aspects of forensics including:
1. It defines forensics and its origins in Roman legal proceedings.
2. It describes the various professionals that comprise a crime scene investigation team and their specializations including investigators, medical experts, lab experts in fields like pathology, DNA analysis and more.
3. It outlines common types of physical evidence collected at crime scenes like biological samples, documents, fibers, impressions, firearms and more.
Forensic techniques and crime scene investigation
Carlie Jane Brucia, an 11-year-old girl, was abducted and killed in 2004 in Sarasota, Florida. Surveillance video showed Joseph P. Smith, a 37-year-old mechanic with a criminal history, approaching Carlie and leading her away from a car wash. Smith was identified as a suspect and arrested. His DNA matched semen found on Carlie's body. Smith's brother testified that Smith had confessed to killing Carlie after strangling her following rough sex. Smith was indicted on first-degree murder and other charges.
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- Crime scene investigation involves collecting potential evidence from the location of a crime. Biological evidence like blood, as well as latent prints, digital evidence, trace evidence, and firearms can all be collected.
- The type of evidence collected depends on the type of crime. For a burglary, trace evidence and DNA would be prioritized. Larger agencies have dedicated crime scene specialists, while smaller ones may use first responders or detectives.
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- Crime scene investigation involves collecting and analyzing evidence from the location where a crime occurred. Biological evidence like blood, as well as latent prints, digital evidence, trace evidence and more may be collected.
- The type of evidence collected depends on the crime. For example, a burglary may involve collecting trace evidence and DNA evidence from points of entry and likely contact areas.
- How a crime scene is processed generally follows seven steps: establishing security; documenting the scene; collecting, packaging and preserving evidence. The most probative evidence is sent to forensic laboratories for detailed examination and analysis.
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