On a Caribbean island, the morning after a full moon, Makak tears through the market in a drunken rage. Taken away to sober up in jail, all that night he is gripped by hallucinations: the impoverished hermit believes he has become a healer, walking from village to village, tending to the sick, waiting for a sign from God. In this dream, his one companion, Moustique, wants to exploit his power. Moustique decides to impersonate a prophet himself, ignoring a coffin-maker who warns him he will die and enraging the people of the island. Makak, half-awake in his desolate jail cell, terrorized by the specter of his friend's corruption, clings to his visionary quest. He will try to transform himself; to heal Moustique, his jailer, and his jail-mates; and to be a leader for his people.
What is Code switching?
Types of code switching
Example of code switching in print media
Code Mixing
Code Borrowing
Code Switching of Pakistan Languages
Examples from Urdu Text Books & Spoken
This slide provides useful information about a controversial issue in translation concerning domestication and foreignization in translation practice and how the functionalist approach tried to solve this issue through suggesting the Skopos Theory.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
Ā
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
On a Caribbean island, the morning after a full moon, Makak tears through the market in a drunken rage. Taken away to sober up in jail, all that night he is gripped by hallucinations: the impoverished hermit believes he has become a healer, walking from village to village, tending to the sick, waiting for a sign from God. In this dream, his one companion, Moustique, wants to exploit his power. Moustique decides to impersonate a prophet himself, ignoring a coffin-maker who warns him he will die and enraging the people of the island. Makak, half-awake in his desolate jail cell, terrorized by the specter of his friend's corruption, clings to his visionary quest. He will try to transform himself; to heal Moustique, his jailer, and his jail-mates; and to be a leader for his people.
What is Code switching?
Types of code switching
Example of code switching in print media
Code Mixing
Code Borrowing
Code Switching of Pakistan Languages
Examples from Urdu Text Books & Spoken
This slide provides useful information about a controversial issue in translation concerning domestication and foreignization in translation practice and how the functionalist approach tried to solve this issue through suggesting the Skopos Theory.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
Ā
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Venuti's Foreignization: Resistance Against The Arabic Culture.pdfFadilElmenfi1
Ā
This paper gives a brief study on Domestication and Foreignization, and the disputes over these two basic translation strategies. Domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent and fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for the target language readers.
Domestication and Foreignization (1).pptxJareerUmar2
Ā
From this point on, translators understood that culture has the biggest impact on how we perceive the surrounding world. It has become obvious that the culture, in which we were raised, found its reflection in the language which we used on a daily basis. According to this attitude, translators divided into two translation groups: those who opted for foreignisation and those who supported domestication.
The best distinguished difference between these two main translation strategies was made by Lawrence Venuti, who explained that āyou can bring the author back homeā or just āsending the reader abroadā. Generally speaking, foreignisation is based on retaining the culture-specific items of the original, like: personal names, national cuisine, historical figures, streets or local institutions whereas domestication focuses on minimizing the strangeness if the foreign text for the target readers by introducing the common words used in the target language instead of providing readers with foreign terms. The next discussion, which arose about the translation, is the problem of invisibility of the translator in the text in domestication.
From this point on, translators understood that culture has the biggest impact on how we perceive the surrounding world. It has become obvious that the culture, in which we were raised, found its reflection in the language which we used on a daily basis. According to this attitude, translators divided into two translation groups: those who opted for foreignisation and those who supported domestication.
The best distinguished difference between these two main translation strategies was made by Lawrence Venuti, who explained that āyou can bring the author back homeā or just āsending the reader abroadā. Generally speaking, foreignisation is based on retaining the culture-specific items of the original, like: personal names, national cuisine, historical figures, streets or local institutions whereas domestication focuses on minimizing the strangeness if the foreign text for the target readers by introducing the common words used in the target language instead of providing readers with foreign terms. The next discussion, which arose about the translation, is the problem of invisibility of the translator in the text in domestication.
It seems that the problem of choosing an appropriate translation strategy is still not obvious, especially when people are more aware about cultural differences. Globalisation nowadays influences not only the way in which we are communicating with each other, but foremost the way of translation bestsellers. In order to see why a certain strategy is used, we have to turn to the Greek theory named āSkoposā, which aimed at establishing the purpose of the translation. No matter if you will follow foreignisation or domestication rules, bear in mind that something will always be lost in translation. It is an inevitable fact that making rendition means distorting the source text, but at least you can alw
The article entitled Techniques and Gaps in Translation of Cultural Terms is an attempt to find out the techniques adopted in translates in cultural terms an observe gaps in the process of translation. The main purpose of this study has to evaluate the techniques of translation of cultural words and to find out the gaps. For this purpose, the researcher collected cultural terms as corpus of data for the study from Nepali cultural words and the corresponding translated words from the English language. They were categorized them into five different categories. Findings of the study shows that ten different techniques such as literal, addition, deletion, claque, back translation, borrowing, definition are to be found to have been employed in translating cultural words of the novel.
Translation, a Bridge for Cultural Hybridity in a Globalized Literary Worldinventionjournals
Ā
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Probing into English and Chinese Oral Interpretation Instruction from the Cul...inventionjournals
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After reviewing the related literature, this paper summarizes studies about oral interpretation on the base of culture and pragmatics. Then the paper illustrates the function of culture and pragmatics in oral interpretation teaching and analyzes the relationship between culture and oral interpretation as well as the relationship between pragmatics and oral interpretation. And then it discusses about cultural and pragmatic oral interpretation teaching, and points out pragmatics has a significant guiding to oral interpretation teaching. Finally, it suggests that culture and pragmatics should help to facilitate oral interpretation instruction, including the following aspects: increasing pragmatic awareness, implementing teaching in context, emphasizing cultural teaching and employing authentic teaching materials.
The article provides information about the concept of translation, its history and gives the reason of its appearance. Moreover, there is the description of culture and the link between culture, language and translation. Sultonova Azizabonu Asliddin Qizi | H. B. Bakirova "Translation Studies and Lingua-Culturology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49832.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49832/translation-studies-and-linguaculturology/sultonova-azizabonu-asliddin-qizi
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Hanās Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insiderās LMA Course, this piece examines the courseās effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
ā¢ The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
ā¢ The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate āany matterā at āany timeā under House Rule X.
ā¢ The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation āBlue Starā is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. š Translation is not just about transmitting a
text/speech from one language to another, it is ,
rather, a set of procedures and strategies to be
followed in order to produce a new, coherent
and appropriate text that fulfills the goal of
translation and transmits, as much as possible,
the meaning of the source text. Among these
strategies, we find that of Foreignization which
comes into question along with domestication
whenever it comes to translating from one
culture to another; that is, the discussion of
these two notions raises from the focus on the
3. š What are, then, the notions of
Foreignization and domestication? what
is the relationship between them? Where
did they come from? What characteristics
distinguish them from each other and
from the other translation strategies?
How do they function within translation?
What is the benefit of adopting any of
extent did the contribution of
them when translating? And to what
the
functionalist approach succeed in
solving this issue by adopting the Skopos
4. WHAT IS FOREIGNIZATION?
š Linguistically speaking, the term
Ā«foreignizationĀ» comes from the adjective
foreign, meaning something that is strange
and different.
š In the field of translation, Ā«foreignizationĀ»
means:
ļ According to Outi Paloposki Ā« foreignization
often refers to the preserving of the original
cultural context, in terms of setting, namesā¦
etc Ā»1
ļ Xuxiang Suo: Ā« Foreignization or
1- Poloposki ā Domestication and foreignizationā
5. WHAT IS FOREIGNIZATION?
meantime the ST constituentsāflavour.
Order to create a sense of strangeness and cultural distance
from the target audience; that is, to keep some linguistic and
cultural aspects of the source text when translating Ā»2
ļ Forignization, according to Venuti, is āan ethnodeviant
pressure on those (cultural) values to register the linguistic
and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader
abroad.ā3
From the above definitions of foreignization, we can say that it
is a translation strategy in wich the translator preserves the
cultural and linguistic aspects and values of the source text
and transform them into the target text retaining in the
2- Suo. āA New Perspective on Literary Translation Strategies Based on Skopos Theoryā
3- (Venuti 1995)
6. Foreignization comes linguistically from the verb
Ā«to domesticateĀ», which means Ā«to make a wild
animal used to living with or working for
humansĀ»4
In translation studies,
ļ Wenfen Yang defines Domestication as the
strategy that ādesignates the type of translation
in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to
minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for
target language readersā5
4 Oxford Advanced Learnerās Dictionary. Oxford University Press
5 Yang, āBrief Study on Domestication and Foreignization in Translationā
Domestication
7. Domestication
ļ Lawrence Venuti presents domestication as āan
ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target-
language cultural values, bring the author back
homeā6
ļ For Jeremy Munday, āforeignization advocated by
Venuti and his followers is a non-fluent or
estranging translation style designed to make
visible the presence of the translator by
highlighting the foreign identity of the ST and
protecting it from the ideological dominance of the
target cultureā
7
6- (Venuti. Ibid)
7- Munday. Qtd in Ā« Yang Ā»
8. šFrom the above stated definitions,
we can say that domestication is the
strategy adopted in order to produce
a transparent, fluent and easy
translation that conforms to the
norms and rules of the target
audienceās culture and language
without any traces or existence of
any aspect of the ST in the TT
9. THE ORIGINES OF DOMESTICATION
AND FOREIGNIZATION
The two notions came into being with the publication
of Lawrence Venutiās book (The Translatorās
Invisibility: A history of translation) in which he
stands against domestication in favor of
foreignization which, for him, Ā«helps to resist the
hegemonic English-language nations and the
unequal changes in which they engage their global
OthersĀ».8
Venutiās ideas were based, according to many critics,
on the german theorist Frederich Schleiermacherās
1830 lecture āOn the Different Ways of Translationā in
which he stated that the translator has to adopt one
of two strategies:
8- (Suo. Ibid)
10. ļ Either Ā« to leave the author in peace and move
the audience towards him/[her] Ā»
(Foreignization)
ļ Or Ā« to leave the audience in peace and move
the author towards them Ā»9 (Domestication)
o In fact, Ventu is said just to have denominated
both ideas and adopted them to face Eugine
Nidaās āDynamic Translationā and the Anglo-
American translation strategies accordingly.
But generally speaking, Venuti is considered as
the founding father of Ā« domestication and
foreignization. Ā»
11. THE ORIGINES OF Ā«DOMESTICATIONĀ» AND
Ā«FOREIGNIZATIONĀ»
š Venuti stated that the translator can do
either of two things:
I. Ā« To make him/herself invisible to his/her
readers by making the text reads fluently;
that is to leave no traces or influence of the
SL in the target text Ā» (domestication)
II. Ā« [Or] to make him/herself visible by
showing that the text is a translation,
through leaving the traces of the SL and
culture showing up in the text Ā»10
(foreignization)
10- (Suo. Ibid)
12. š Domestication and Foreignization are both
charatcterised by their independence in use
and they both come into the surface when it
comes to cultural translation.
š Outi Paloposki stated that "āforeignizationā
may consist of many practices starting from
the choice of the text, the use of language
(archaic/modern), and any other deviating
practices into keeping and preservation of
cultural aspects and forms."11
11- (Paloposki. Ibid)
13. š Xuxiang Suo mentioned that: Ā«
foreignizing translation can retain the
foreignness and cultural otherness of a
foreign text only by destroying the target
culture and its norms Ā»
š He adds that Ā« foreignization is author-
centered and SL-culture oriented Ā», while
Ā«domestication is reader-centered and
target-culture oriented Ā» 12
12- (Suo. Ibid)
14. š The next diagram is suggested by the
Chinese translation theorist, Xuxiang Suo,
to show the relationship between
āforeignizationā and ādomesticationā and
the other translation strategies: 13
13- (Suo. ibid)
15.
16. Thus we see that foreignization can, in a way or
another, include all the other strategies that aim at
faithfulness and commitment to the ST, while
Domestication involves all the technics that aim at
creating a text in a new, different and creative style
sticking in the meantime to the meaning of the ST. In
this respect, and depending on the above diagram,
we can consider foreignization and domestication as
two headings or subordinates situated under the
umbrella of āTranslation strategies/technicsā and
involving as much as possible all the other different
translation strategies that deal with the linguistic
and cultural differences in translation.
17. š The Chinese translation theorist Hui Guo stated that āThe
purpose of translation is to promote understanding and
communication between different linguistic and cultural
communities.ā In order for translation to fulfill this purpose of
communication, āLinguistic competences are not the only
requirement[ā¦]-though the most important one- another
important requirement is [having] enough acquaintance with
the target cultureā 14
š Xuxiang Suo argued that Ā«domestication strategy helps the
readers overcome both linguistic and cultural barriers and
make the target text more readable and easier to understand
Ā»15, while the function of Foreignization, on the contrary, is to
introduce the reader to the source culture and deepen their
knowledge about the āotherā foreign linguistic and cultural
values, traditions, expressions, idiomsā¦etc.
14 (Paloposki. Ibid)
18. Thus, both Foreignization and Domestication
are translation tools that facilitate, simplify
and emphasize the purpose of
communication and contribute each in its
way to the realization of this purpose, the
first by introducing the readers to to the
environment of the foreign culture and
language and enriching their knowledge
about the āotherā, while the second
contributes by bringing the āOtherā closer to
the readers and helping them get in touch
with this (Other) in simple and easy ways.
19. THE IMPORTANCE OF ADOPTING
DOMESTICATION & FOREIGNIZATION
As already stated, the benefit of adopting any of
these two strategies lies in their ability to tackle
cultural, ethnic and linguistic issues in translation.
Each of them emphasizes on the communicative
and cross-cultural function of translation in its
own way. Foreignization itroduces the audience
into the realm of strangeness and exoticism of
the source-culture, while demestication simplifies
the exoticism of the source culture and make it
easy for the reader to cope with. It generally
helps the audience overcome the obstacles and
cultural barriers of the āotherā cultures.
20. š 1- The Skopos theory: the word āSkoposā is derived from Greek
and denotes āpurposeā
š In the fiels of translation: Skopos theory is a concept from the
field of translation studies. It provides an insight into the nature
of translation as a purposeful activity; [purpose driven], which is
directly applicable to every translation project.
š It was established by the German linguist Hans Vermeer and
comprises the idea that translationg and interpreting
š should primarily take into account the function of both
the source and target text. 15
š The functionalist approach, states Xuxiang Suo, āemerged [in
translation] in order to solve and answer the questions
concerning Foreignization and Domestication and their use and
function in translationā16
15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopos_theory
16 (Suo. ibid)
21. š In the functionalist approach to translation, the
use either of foreignization or domestication
depends on the skopos of translation; that is,
why we translate that specific text is the
criterion of adopting this or that strategy. In
other words, Ā« Skopos is the top-ranking rule
determining any translation process. Therfore,
the strategy to be adopted in translation must
be compatible with the purpose the initiator or
translator intends to fulfill Ā»17
š The Skopos rules are static ones; they do not
differ from one language to another; that is, the
purposes of translating any text exist in all
languages, therefore, the rules do not and
should not differ
17- (Suo. Ibid)
The Role of Foreignization and Domestication within
Skopos theory
22. š Concerning who decides what principle to be
adopted in translation, Vermeer, the inventor of
the Skopos theory, stated the term āTranslation
Briefā18 which gives the translator a general idea
how a ST should be translated and leaves him/her
to decide which principles/strategies are
appropriate to fulfilling the skopos of translation
š The skopos is always about the TT.
š The functionalist approach to translation works
according to the principle of Ā« the end justifies
the means Ā»19; that is, the skopos/purpose
justifies
the strategy adopted to fulfill the purpose.
18 (Suo. Ibid)
19 ibid
23. š In the Skopos theory, there is only one
criterion to measure the quality of
translation, which is Ā« the adequacy Ā» of
the TT. This means that Ā« the target text is
considered adequate as long as it fulfills
its skopos of translation regardless
whether it is equivalent to the ST [or not]
Ā» 20
20- (Suo. Ibid)
24. From the above mentioned points, we can say
that the functionalist approch to translation,
introduced by Vermeer, doasnāt prefer
domestication or foreignization, it rather
considers both of them as translation tools that
can be adopted either individually or mutually
according to the Skopos of translation. They
have different functions inside translation. Ā«
both of them have positive and negative points.
We should [however] take a dynamic view
to determin which strategy we should use
in
translation Ā»20
20- (Suo. Ibid)
25. š Hui Guo. āA Brief Analysis of Culture and Translation.ā
Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 2, No. 2,
pp. 343-347, February 2012. doi:10.4304/tpls.2.2.343-347
š Paloposki, Outi āDomestication and foreignization.ā
Handbook of Translation Studies. John Benjamins
Publishing Company. Amsterdam
š Suo, Xuxiang. āA New Perspective on Literary
Translation
Strategies Based on Skopos Theoryā Theory and
Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 176-183,
January 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0501.24
š Venuti, Lawrence. The Translatorās Invisibility: A history
of translation. Routledge: NewYork, 1995.
š Yang, Wenfen. "Brief Study on Domestication and