http://www.fao.org/ag/AGAInfo//programmes/en/empres/news_160916b.html Foot and Mouth Disease in West Africa: What we know and what we don’t know, by the Pirbright Institute

1. FMD Reference Laboratory
WRLFMD Team: Valerie Mioulet, Nick Knowles, Anna Ludi, Ginette Wilsden,
Kasia Bachanek-Bankowska, Lissie Hendry, Jemma Wadsworth, Britta Wood, Barsha Thapa,
Bob Statham, Abid Bin-Tarif, Ashley Gray, Clare Browning, Beth Johns, Mark Henstock, Alison
Morris, David Paton, Veronica Fowler, Nick Lyons, Dexter Wiseman,
Julie Maryan, Sarah Belgrave
FMD in West Africa:
What we know and what we don’t know
Donald King
World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD)
donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk

2. • Containment Level 2 Laboratory
• Commissioned 2016
• High-containment Level 3+
Laboratory
• Commissioned 2015
• “Not-for profit” research
institute
• UK and International Reference
Centre for livestock viral
diseases (including: FMD, BT,
PPR, ASF, AHS, Capripox,
Marek’s Disease)
• Work on behalf of OIE, FAO,
EuFMD and EU
The Pirbright Institute

3. Global FMD Networks
OIE/FAO FMD Laboratory Network
• Exchange of data between OIE and FAO Reference Centres
• Collection and testing of samples from countries where FMD is
endemic
• Global surveillance and changing threats
• Harmonised and improved lab capacity
Brussels, Belgium – November 2015

4. FMD: Conjectured global status in 2016
• Seven FMDV serotypes
• Seven endemic pools requiring tailored diagnostics and vaccines
• Global distribution of serotypes: O>A>SAT 2>SAT 1> Asia 1
• Serotype C not detected since 2004
• Last clinical cases in South America in 2012
• West Africa considered to be endemic for FMD
• Serotypes O, A and SAT 2 (SAT 1?)

5. Importance of sampling FMD outbreaks
OIE/FAO FMD Lab Network Data for 2015
*
• Baseline information that contributes
to the understanding of the impact
and burden of disease
• Provides sequence data to understand
the trans-boundary movements of
FMD virus
• Vaccine strain selection and
recommendations
• Globally:
1034 (2013), 3245 (2014), 2079 (2015)
• West Africa samples*:
40 (2013), 178 (2014), 147 (2015)

6. ©d-maps.com
1000 km
600 mi
KenyaCongo
Gabon
Cameroon
Central
African
Republic
South
Sudan
Ethiopia
Somalia
Sudan
Egypt
Nigeria
Togo
GhanaCôte
d’Ivoire
Sierra
Leone
Guinea
Mali
Burkina
Faso
Guinea-
Bissau
Senegal
Mauritania
Morocco
Algeria
Niger Chad
Libya
Liberia
Uganda
Tanzania
Burundi
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
FMD reported in the last 10 years
FMD not confirmed in the last 10 years
Unknown FMD status (never confirmed)
1974
2005
1996
1996
2002
1973
1999
1999
A, 2006
SAT2, 2014
O, 2006
A, 2006 O, 2015
SAT2, 2005
O, 2006
SAT2, 2009
O, 2010
A, 2010
Benin
O, 2014
A, 2013
SAT2, 2012
O, 2005
A, 2013
SAT2, 2013
Eritrea
Tunisia
2004
2003
SAT 1 has not been confirmed in West Africa since 1981

7. Does the current level of sampling of field cases provide an
accurate picture of the true extent of FMD in the region?

8. ©d-maps.com
1000 km
600 mi
Kenya
Congo
Gabon
Cameroon
Central
African
Republic
South
Sudan
Ethiopia
Somalia
Sudan
Egypt
Nigeria
Togo
GhanaCôte
d’Ivoire
Sierra
Leone
Guinea
Mali
Burkina
Faso
Guinea-
Bissau
Senegal
Mauritania
Morocco
Algeria
Niger
Chad
Libya
Liberia
Uganda
TanzaniaBurundi
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
Ind-2001d
Ind-2001d Ind-2001d
Ind-2001d
EA4
EA3
EA2
EA4
EA3
EA3
EA3
EA3
EA2
EA2
EA2
EA3
WAWAWA
WA
WA
PanAsia-2
WA
WA
FMDV O
EA-3
PanAsia-2
EA3
Serotype O lineages
O/WA Maintained within West Africa
O/EA-3 Multiple introductions into the region
FROM
ASIA

9. ©d-maps.com
1000 km
600 mi
Kenya
Congo
Gabon
Cameroon
Central
African
Republic
South
Sudan
Ethiopia
Somalia
Sudan
Egypt
Nigeria
Togo
GhanaCôte
d’Ivoire
Sierra
Leone
Guinea
Mali
Burkina
Faso
Guinea-
Bissau
Senegal
Mauritania
Morocco
Algeria
Niger
Chad
Libya
Liberia
Uganda
TanzaniaBurundi
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
FMDV A
G-VI
G-VI
G-I
G-I
G-VII
Iran-05
G-IV
Iran-05
G-IV
G-VII
G-VII
G-IV
G-IV
G-VI
G-IV
G-I
G-IV
G-IV
A/AFRICA/G-IV Maintained in West Africa

10. ©d-maps.com
1000 km
600 mi
Kenya
Congo
Gabon
Cameroon
Central
African
Republic
South
Sudan
Ethiopia
Somalia
Sudan
Egypt
Nigeria
Togo
GhanaCôte
d’Ivoire
Sierra
Leone
Guinea
Mali
Burkina
Faso
Guinea-
Bissau
Senegal
Mauritania
Morocco
Algeria
Niger
Chad
Libya
Liberia
Uganda
TanzaniaBurundi
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
FMDV SAT 2
VII
VII
VII
VII
VII
XIII
XIII
VII
IV
IV
VII
2014: SAT 2/VII outbreaks in Mauritania

11. ©d-maps.com
1000 km
600 mi
Kenya
Congo
Gabon
Cameroon
Central
African
Republic
South
Sudan
Ethiopia
Somalia
Sudan
Egypt
Nigeria
Togo
GhanaCôte
d’Ivoire
Sierra
Leone
Guinea
Mali
Burkina
Faso
Guinea-
Bissau
Senegal
Mauritania
Morocco
Algeria
Niger
Chad
Libya
Liberia
Uganda
TanzaniaBurundi
Democratic
Republic of
the Congo
FMDV SAT 1
I (widespread)
I (widespread)
IX (very limited in 2007)
??? SAT 1 ???
1975-81 SAT 1 cases reviewed by Sangare et al., 2003
1999-2003:Wildlife serosurvey – Di Nardo et al., 2015
No recent field isolates or sequences from West Africa

12. • FMD is a trans-boundary disease
o Factors underpinning the epidemiology of FMD in West Africa are not well understood
o Which FMD serotypes/topotype circulate in each of the countries?
o Economic impact of FMD
• Research gaps?
o Understanding the challenges: Knowledge about how each of the FMD viral lineages are
maintained in the region or are introduced from countries outside of the region
o Tools for FMD Control: Robust evidence for the selection and use of vaccines in the region: are
effective vaccine available for the strains that circulate in the region?
o Response: Tools for the rapid detection and characterization of FMD viruses causing field
outbreaks
• Importance of the sample collection from FMD outbreaks in the field
o To feed real-time lab data back to FMD control programmes
• WRLFMD and the OIE/FAO Lab Network welcome sample submissions from member
states
• Testing is free of charge
• Support from EuFMD for sample shipments
• Contact: donald.king@pirbright.ac.uk
Summary and (obvious?) laboratory priorities

13. Acknowledgements
• Support for the WRLFMD and
research projects
• Collaborating FMD Reference
Laboratories and field teams
• Partners within the OIE/FAO
FMD Lab Network
Reports:
www.wrlfmd.org

14. • FMD is endemic in the East Africa region
• Four FMDV serotypes have been recently
reported in the country (A, O, SAT1, SAT2)
• Factors associated with outbreaks are not
clearly known
• Links to outbreaks in neighbouring
countries
• Epidemiology of FMD is complicated by
involvement of wildlife (Buffalo)
Case Study: Tanzania

15. NEG POS
• LAMP products can be detected using
LFD
-FITC and Biotin labelled oligos
-Multiplexing is possible
• Amplification can be performed using a
water bath
o Simple
o Rapid
o Inexpensive?
o Basis of a disposable test?
• Could be deployed into multiple locations
in the event of FMD outbreaks
Waters et al., 2014: PLoS ONE
RT-LAMP:
simple formats/minimal equipment

16. Pirbright Team in Tanzania: 2014 and 2015
Emma Howson, Bryony Armson and Veronica Fowler
Kasia
Bankowska

17. • Field trial in Tanzania
• Pilot data for FMDV
• Equivalent performance to lab-based real-time RT-PCR
• Evaluation of new dry-down reagents and enzymes
RT-LAMP in the field:

18. Paulo-Fupi Raphael in Tanzania (2013)
• FMDV can be detected by real-time
RT-PCR using nucleic acid
recovered from positive LFDs
• RNA is stable > 1 month
• Possible to generate larger RT-PCR
amplicons
o Strain characterisation (VP1 –
full genome)
o “live” virus recovery by
electroporation into BHK cells
• Use of LFDs to ship FMDV positive
material to Ref. Labs?
Fowler et al., 2014: PLoS ONE
Not only local testing
What else can we use Ag-LFDs for?