OS16 - 3.2.i Molecular Epidemiology of FMD Sudanese Isolates in 2012 - I. Habiballa

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OS16 - Open Session 2016 Cascais, Portugal 26 - 28 /10/2016 EuFMD Sessions\Open Session\Archive-2018\Open 2016 Cascais- Portugal\PPT presentations\

Characterization of FMDV isolates from Sudan collected
from 2009-2011 outbreaks
Hana Yousif1, Inas Habiballa2*, Salma Kamal3, Donald King4, Nick Knowles4, Jemma
Wadsworth4, Yazid Khalleil2and Mohammed Habiela2.
1. Ministry of livestock, fisheries and rangelands, General directorate of animal health and disease control, Madani highway, Soba,
Khartoum, Sudan.
2. Ministry of livestock, fisheries and rangelands, Animal resources Research Corporation, Veterinary Research Institute(VRI) – Foot-and-
mouth disease Unit, Madani highway, Soba, Khartoum -Sudan.
3. Ministry of livestock, fisheries and rangelands, Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Department of Entomology and Ticks, Madani
highway, Soba -Khartoum -Sudan.
4. World Reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease, The Pirbright institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking Surrey, UK.

A recent molecular study on foot and mouth disease virus
isolated from Sudan between 2009-2011
• INTRODUCTION:
• Sudan is the second biggest African
country with regard to its animals
resources which estimated to be 105
million heads .
• 40% of the Sudanese population depends
on livestock for their livelihood.

• Sudan is endemic with FMD and outbreaks
• occur frequently.
• Three serotypes were reported in the country,
O, A and SAT2 (Habiela et al 2010).
• FMD is economically important disease.
• Loss/head of cross breed diary cow in KHT :
129.81USD.
• Average animal loss 2012-013 :1.200.888 USD.

OS16
Material and methods:
• In the current study, Samples from suspected
FMD outbreaks occurred between 2009-2011 in
two Sudanese states, Khartoum and North
Kordofan were collected and analyzed at FMD
Department in CVRL-Sudan ( antigen detection
ELISA) .
• Molecular biology and VP1 sequencing analysis
were carried out at WRL-FMDV, Pirbright, UK.
• The samples were identified as serotype O, A and
SAT2 .
• Serotype A isolates were found to belong to
Africa topotype and G-IV genotype and closely
related to recent isolated virus from Egypt and
Eritrea .

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• RESULTS :
• Serotype O isolates were found to belong
to East-3 topotype and closely related to
Eritrean and Ethiopian isolates (similarity
95% ).

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• SAT2 isolates were found to belong to topotype VII and
closely related to genotype Alex-12 .
• The isolates showed a big similarity with isolates from
North, West Africa and Middle East.

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CONCLUSIONS:
• The results of the current study indicate that three
serotypes, O, A and SAT2 are circulating in the country
and are responsible for causing the outbreaks and in
accordance with previous studies (Habiela et al, 2010).
• Serotype O and A are the most prevalent serotypes in
Sudan.
• The phylogenetic analysis has proved to be a good tool
to identify the circulating viruses and their genetic
relationships.
• Free and uncontrollable animal movements and animal
trade might play a pivotal role in the dissemination of
the virus in Sudan and across countries in sub-Saharan
Africa.

OS16
I would like to thank:
General directorate of animal health
and disease control, Central Veterinary
research laboratory CVRL,
EUFDM (for funding my participation )
Pirbright Institute.

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VADEMOS VAccine Demand Estimation Model for FMD.pdf

EuFMD

VADEMOS is a decision support tool created by the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease to estimate current and future vaccine demand for foot-and-mouth disease at national and regional levels. It uses factors like livestock population forecasts, disease control policies, vaccination schedules, and outbreak forecasts with data from sources like WOAH and FAOSTAT. The model provides outputs on expected vaccine doses needed by geography, type of vaccination, species, and year over a 10-year period. While validation is needed, the tool generally predicts vaccine needs within calculated ranges, though estimates are sometimes too high. Future work will refine inputs, add additional geographical specificity, and expand the model to other diseases.

Vaccine delivery and demand workshop

EuFMD

This document provides an introduction to vaccine value chains and outlines EuFMD/FAO initiatives to strengthen vaccine security. It discusses how vaccine value chains involve both private and public actors across product development, production, allocation, distribution and use. Cross-cutting factors like epidemiology, logistics and stakeholder engagement are also important. EuFMD is supporting activities to improve vaccine access and availability through a multistakeholder platform, prequalification of vaccines, vaccine demand modeling, and strengthening vaccine delivery and demand. Analyzing vaccine value chains can help understand costs and demand to support effective vaccination programs.

Emergency vaccination workshop presentations 30 May 2023.pdf

EuFMD

This document summarizes a presentation on alternative post-vaccination surveillance methods that could be used to demonstrate the absence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus transmission in vaccinated and unvaccinated livestock populations. It proposes replacing serological testing with bulk milk testing for dairy farms, saliva testing using rope tethers for piggeries, and saliva swab testing for sheep farms. These alternative methods utilize real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect FMD viral RNA from oral fluid samples, which research has shown can identify infected animals. The presentation discussed how these new testing technologies may allow countries to gain freedom from FMD status sooner after an outbreak by providing more effective post-vaccination surveillance.

LSD symposium - N. Galon - Thinking out of the pox lessons and thoughts on LS...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - C. E. Lamien - Molecular epidemiological investigation of LSD...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - I. Gluecks - Cattle farming in Kenya, Africa livestock health...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - G. Pezzoni - Development of a pen-side test for the detection...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - A. Haegeman - LSDV transmission by stomoxys stable flies less...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - W. Philips - Evaluation of the efficacy of live attenuated he...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - A. Sprygin - Subclinical infection its role in transmission a...

EuFMD

The document discusses subclinical infection and its role in the transmission and epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV). It presents the body temperatures of experimental animals infected with LSDV over time. One animal showed clinical signs of LSDV while another showed viremia or presence of the virus in the blood without displaying clinical signs, representing a subclinical infection. The conclusion is that subclinical infection from vaccine-like recombinant LSDV can play a role in transmission of the virus.

LSD symposium - Z. Fatima- Investigation of suspected outbreaks of lumpy skin...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - L. Pite - Combating lumpy skin disease in Albania

EuFMD

1) The first case of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Albania was identified in June 2016. From 2016-2017, over 3,500 outbreaks were reported across Albania with morbidity of 42% and mortality of 12%. 2) Surveillance efforts included laboratory testing of over 2,000 samples confirming 881 positive cases. Risk factors for spread included proximity to infected farms (under 5km), livestock movements over longer distances, and seasonal variations correlated with temperature and vector abundance. 3) Control efforts included an emergency vaccination program using live attenuated vaccine beginning in July 2016. Over 500,000 vaccine doses were administered. Modeling estimated vaccine effectiveness was 76.5-62.5% at reducing

LSD symposium - E. Tuppurainen - Update on global distribution of lumpy skin ...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - J. Chan - Lumpy skin disease in Hong Kong

EuFMD

Dr. Jason Chan presented on the outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in feral cattle populations in Hong Kong from 2020-2021. The key points were: 1) The initial outbreak was reported in October 2020 across multiple country parks. Disease investigation found that 72% of cattle in one herd showed skin lesions and 84% were seropositive. 2) By March 2021, no new clinical cases were reported. Surveillance since found 14 juveniles seronegative, suggesting LSD may have disappeared due to lack of susceptible newborn cattle. 3) Continued clinical and serological surveillance is important since Hong Kong has a small teaching farm. No urgency exists currently to declare freedom

LSD symposium - N. Zainuddin - Indonesian experience on simultaneous LSD and ...

EuFMD

1) Lumpy skin disease was first reported in Indonesia in February 2022 in Riau Province, and has since spread to several other provinces, most recently to Central Java in August 2022. 2) As of February 2023, over 249,000 cattle have been vaccinated across 9 provinces as a control measure. Other control measures include movement restrictions, vector control, and educating farmers. 3) Key challenges to control efforts include the extensive animal farming system, illegal animal movement, limited number of vaccinators, and high workload from controlling both lumpy skin disease and foot-and-mouth disease. Recommended solutions include improving handling capacity, better border control, engaging other institutions to assist with vaccination

LSD symposium - R. Ainsworth - Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Southeast Asia Mar...

EuFMD

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is spreading through cattle movements in Southeast Asia. The document discusses how government policies around quarantine, compensation and corruption can accelerate the virus's spread by encouraging illicit cattle movements. It also notes that traditional smuggling routes go against the direction LSD has spread. The rapid transmission of LSD occurred during COVID border closures, and its direction of movement corresponds with prevailing winds rather than cattle trade routes. Government policies and wind patterns may be aiding the long-distance airborne spread of LSD across Southeast Asia.

LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from India

EuFMD

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) was first reported in India in 2019. It has since spread to 23 states and union territories, affecting over 3 million animals and causing over 185,000 deaths. The disease manifests as skin nodules and lesions on internal organs. Vaccination is a key control strategy, with over 87 million animals vaccinated to date using a goatpox vaccine. ICAR has also developed an indigenous LSD vaccine that is undergoing field trials and licensing. States are implementing control measures like quarantine, vaccination, vector control and public awareness campaigns to curb the spread and impact of LSD.

LSD symposium - G. Cattoli - Lessons from ten years of experience building me...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - H. Bergmann - Systemic review and expert ranking of potential...

EuFMD

LSD symposium - E. Klemen - Modes of transmission of lumpy skin disease

EuFMD

Indirect transmission, likely through blood-sucking flying insects, is the primary mode of transmission for lumpy skin disease virus. While direct contact can transmit the virus, studies have found no transmission between clinically infected and susceptible cattle housed together without vectors. Mathematical models also indicate indirect transmission alone can explain outbreak dynamics. The virus can spread over long distances, possibly aided by winds carrying infected vectors, though local spread is typically 10 km per week. Subclinical infections may transmit the virus but appear to play a minor role compared to clinical cases.

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