This document defines food dyes and color additives. It provides details on seven dyes approved by the FDA, including their chemical names, formulas, uses, and safety information. These dyes are regulated and given FD&C or E numbers. They are added to foods for reasons like offsetting color changes from processing or storage and enhancing natural colors.

2. DEFINITION
 any dye, pigment or substance that
imparts color when it is added to food or drink
 derived from coal tar and petroleum
 come in many forms consisting of liquids, powders,
gels and pastes
 tested for safety by various bodies around the world
 United States > FD&C(Federal Food, Drug, and
Cosmetic Act) are given to approved synthetic food
dyes that do not exist in nature
 European Union > E numbers are used for all
additives, both synthetic and natural, that are
approved in food applications

3. Color additives are used in foods
for many reasons including:
 offset color loss due to exposure to light,
air, temperature extremes, moisture and
storage conditions
 correct natural variations in color
 enhance colors that occur naturally
 provide color to colorless and "fun"
foods

4. Seven dyes approved under
the Pure Food and Drug Act of
1906
 FD&C Blue No. 1 – Brilliant Blue FCF, E133 (blue
shade)
 FD&C Blue No. 2 – Indigotine, E132 (indigo shade)
 FD&C Green No. 3 – Fast Green FCF, E143
(turquoise shade)
 FD&C Red No. 40 – Allura Red AC, E129 (red
shade)
 FD&C Red No. 3 – Erythrosine, E127 (pink shade)
 FD&C Yellow No. 5 – Tartrazine, E102 (yellow
shade)
 FD&C Yellow No. 6 – Sunset Yellow FCF, E110
(orange shade)

5. 1. Brilliant Blue FCF (E133)
FD&C Blue No. 1
 IUPAC NAME > ethyl - [4 - [ [4 - [ethyl -[(3 - sulfophenyl)
methyl] amino] phenyl] - (2 - sulfophenyl) methylidene] - 1 -
cyclohexa - 2, 5 - dienylidene] - [(3 - sulfophenyl) methyl]
azanium
 MOLECULAR FORMULA > C37H34N2Na2O9S3
 synthetic dye produced using aromatic
hydrocarbons from petroleum
 has the appearance
of a reddish-blue powder
 soluble in water
 has the capacity for inducing
anallergic reaction in individuals
with pre-existing moderate asthma
 Banned in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France,
Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland

6. Applications:
 found in:
 ice cream,
 canned processed peas,
 packet soups,
 bottled food colorings,
 icings,
 ice pops,
 blue raspberry flavored products,
 dairy products,
 sweets and drinks,
 blue curacao

8. 2. Indigotine (E132)
FD&C Blue No. 2
 IUPAC NAME > 3,3'-dioxo-2,2'-bis-indolyden-5,5'-disulfonic acid
disodium salt or indigotine; 5,5'-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt
 MOLECULAR FORMULA > C16H8N2Na2O8S2
 6mg/kg – 500mg/kg
 a pH indicator; blue at pH 11.4 and yellow at 13.0
 is used chiefly as a biological stain and food color
 can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or
can affect reproduction capacity
 harmful to the respiratory tract if inhaled
 irritant to the skin and eyes

10. 3. Fast Green FCF (E143)
FD&C Green No. 3
 IUPAC NAME > ethyl - [4 - [ [4 - [ethyl -[(3 - sulfophenyl) methyl] amino]
phenyl] - (4 - hydroxy - 2 - sulfophenyl) methylidene] - 1 - cyclohexa - 2, 5 -
dienylidene] - [(3 - sulfophenyl) methyl] azanium
 MOLECULAR FORMULA > C37H37N2O10S3+
 sea green triarylmethane food dye
 color is more brilliant and less likely to fade
 used for tinned green peas and
other vegetables, jellies, sauces, fish, desserts, and dry bakery mixes at
level of up to 100 mg/kg
 have tumorigenic effects
 risks irritation of eyes, skin, digestive tract, and respiratory tract in its
undiluted form

12. 4. Allura Red AC (E129)
FD&C Red No. 40
 IUPAC NAME > disodium 6-hydroxy-5-((2-
methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfophenyl)azo)-2-
naphthalenesulfonate
 MOLECULAR FORMULA
> C18H14N2Na2O8S2
 red azo dye
 originally introduced in the
United States as a replacement for the use
of amaranth as a food
coloring
 has the appearance of a dark red powder
 used in many products, such as soft drinks,
children's medications, and cotton candy

14. 5. Erythrosine (E127)
FD&C Red No. 3
 IUPAC NAME >
 MOLECULAR FORMULA >

15.  IUPAC NAME >
 MOLECULAR FORMULA >

16.  IUPAC NAME >
 MOLECULAR FORMULA >