- Deere faces moderate competitive forces as it has established strong brand loyalty and market share in agricultural and construction equipment through its unique products and supply chain control. However, competition remains stiff at the top.
- Developing its own extensive supply chain network has given Deere leverage over suppliers and insulated it from external supply issues.
- Focusing on brand loyalty, product quality/fit, and customer support has helped Deere attract and retain customers despite competitive pressures.
- Acquisitions of other brands have helped broaden Deere's product portfolio and global footprint, strengthening its competitive position overall.
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The document discusses copyright laws and how they have evolved over time to protect creative works such as music, visual art, and literature from infringement. Copyright is a federally protected form of intellectual property that automatically protects creative works upon their creation. Copyright lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years for most works, or 120 years from creation for works made for hire. The US Constitution and Title 17 of the US Code establish copyright protections at the federal level to encourage innovation in science and art. Works that are not considered creative works of authorship, such as those in the public domain, are not protected by copyright.
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The document provides instructions for creating an account on HelpWriting.net, submitting a request for paper writing assistance by completing an order form, and reviewing bids from writers to select one and authorize payment after receiving a satisfactory paper. It notes the site offers free revisions and stands by its promise of original, high-quality content or a full refund.
How I Can Write Essay For Ielts. Online assignment writing service.Emily Custard
The document provides instructions for writing an essay for IELTS exams in 5 steps: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline, 3) Review writer bids and choose one, 4) Review the paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
- Deere faces moderate competitive forces as it has established strong brand loyalty and market share in agricultural and construction equipment through its unique products and supply chain control. However, competition remains stiff at the top.
- Developing its own extensive supply chain network has given Deere leverage over suppliers and insulated it from external supply issues.
- Focusing on brand loyalty, product quality/fit, and customer support has helped Deere attract and retain customers despite competitive pressures.
- Acquisitions of other brands have helped broaden Deere's product portfolio and global footprint, strengthening its competitive position overall.
Essay How Can You Improve Your EnglishTina Murillo
The document provides instructions for seeking writing help from HelpWriting.net, including registering for an account, submitting a request for a paper to be written, reviewing bids from writers and choosing one, revising the paper if needed, and requesting revisions until satisfied with the work. It emphasizes that original, high-quality content will be provided and a refund is offered if plagiarism is found, aiming to ensure customers' needs are fully met.
Go Over Word Limit College Essay. Online assignment writing service.Sharon Garcia
The document outlines 5 steps for students to get help writing an assignment through the website HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, submitting a request with instructions and deadline, reviewing bids from writers and choosing one, reviewing and authorizing payment for the completed assignment, and having the option to request revisions until satisfied. The process is described as quick and simple to register, and the website utilizes a bidding system from qualified writers to match requests with those who can complete the assignment.
The passage provides several examples of figurative language from The Hobbit including personification, metaphor, and simile. Personification compares the valleys to having ears and the hearts of mountains. A metaphor describes the dragon's eyes as pale lamp-like and Bilbo's armor as tenfold shields. A simile compares the dragon's tail, wings, and breath to a thunderbolt, hurricane, and death. These examples use descriptive language to enhance the story and help readers understand symbols and themes.
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The document discusses copyright laws and how they have evolved over time to protect creative works such as music, visual art, and literature from infringement. Copyright is a federally protected form of intellectual property that automatically protects creative works upon their creation. Copyright lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years for most works, or 120 years from creation for works made for hire. The US Constitution and Title 17 of the US Code establish copyright protections at the federal level to encourage innovation in science and art. Works that are not considered creative works of authorship, such as those in the public domain, are not protected by copyright.
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The document provides instructions for creating an account on HelpWriting.net, submitting a request for paper writing assistance by completing an order form, and reviewing bids from writers to select one and authorize payment after receiving a satisfactory paper. It notes the site offers free revisions and stands by its promise of original, high-quality content or a full refund.
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The document provides instructions for writing an essay for IELTS exams in 5 steps: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline, 3) Review writer bids and choose one, 4) Review the paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
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MUSC 1033 Music Appreciation Sec. 104Dr. Matthew LuttrellGrou.docxrosemarybdodson23141
MUSC 1033: Music Appreciation Sec. 104 Dr. Matthew Luttrell
Group Assignment – Online
Your Assignment
Step One: Musicologists consistently argue over what should be considered a “classic” Rock n’ Roll song. Using the time periods of the 1970’s and 1980’s, choose ONE (1) song that you feel best represents what classic rock is. Be concise, do not plagiarize, and use your original thinking.
Step Two: Once you have completed this form, your information will be linked with another member of class. You are then required to compose a short rebuttal as to why YOUR selection is the most definitive representation of what classic rock is. I will assign the groups as required.
Please fill out the following form with the requested information.
Name of Song:
Original Artist:
Year:
Synopsis of lyrics (two sentence overview):
Reasoning why this is your definitive “classic” rock tune:
Other student’s song:
Original Artist:
Year:
Synopsis of lyrics (two sentence overview):
REBUTTAL as to why your definitive “classic” rock tune is a superior selection:
Background
Given the importance of international business today, and the fact that more and more people work as expatriates in other countries, it’s vital we understand differences in management approaches and styles. Many of the topics you’ll read about and explore in our course (e.g., motivation, decision making, teams, etc.) become even more important when working with those from different cultures. For example, a common motivation technique in the U.S. might involve creating a competition among groups for the best process improvement ideas. And, the winners might get a cash award or some other perk for their efforts. If you’re an American reading this, you might say “of course….this can be a good technique and I’ve experienced it myself.” But, this may not be the case in other cultures. Plus, what if you’re an American who’s managing Indonesian employees at your firm’s plant in that country? If you use this competition approach to motivation it could fall flat on its face and end up being de-motivating instead.
What might explain this difference? Why might such a technique not ‘travel’ across borders and cultures all that well? Let’s pursue the brief example above to illustrate. Research seems to show that Americans are more likely to be “individualists” – they are taught from childhood to stand out, take chances, and to showcase their abilities/self. (As a result, some have said they don’t work well in groups – if you’re a U.S. student, have you ever had the experience of people freeloading on group projects???). Some Latin and Asian cultures, however, have different views on this issue. They may have been taught to have close ties with groups their whole life, to be highly respectful of them, and work hard to fit in. Contrast this traditional Japanese saying: “The nail that sticks out get hammered down” with a common U.S. saying that .
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Project Media Essay Spring 2015 Professor BattyProject Med.docxwkyra78
This document outlines the requirements and assignments for a project media essay course. Students will write an essay arguing that a public figure has been misrepresented by the media, either portraying a "good" person negatively or a "bad" person positively. They must choose 3 contemporary media sources to support their argument. The assignments include a proposal, annotated bibliography, outline, and final draft essay. The final draft must be 4-6 pages long making a clear thesis and using evidence and MLA style citations. Discussion board requirements and samples are also provided.
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The document discusses using Twitter to connect with key audiences and make social change. It provides tips on listening to others on Twitter, taking the plunge to start tweeting, and tools like TweetDeck and Hootsuite that can help manage tweets. The goal is to help members of the HHS Network CA learn strategies for effectively using Twitter to advocate, share information, and collaborate.
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The document discusses Ronald Burt's work on social networks and competitive advantage. It summarizes some of his key concepts including brokerage, closure, and structural holes. It provides links to download related teaching materials from Burt's website that cover these topics. It also includes a graph showing how investment bankers with a positive reputation had higher compensation and occupied more brokered positions in the network that enabled them to bridge structural holes.
1. Answer three questions. Minimum 350 Words1. How has the Int.docxSONU61709
1. Answer three questions. Minimum 350 Words
1. How has the Internet and use of communication impacted the outcome of war(s)?
2. In what ways can a personal homepage help people to construct and present a positive identity for themselves? What kinds of problems could result from people presenting false or misleading identities on their homepages? What can be done to encourage more people to build personal homepages, and to provide the necessary access to more people? (Optional) Provide a link to your personal homepage, if you have one and you wish to share it with the class. You may also wish to tell us a little bit about your homepage and what purpose it serves for you.
3. Provide the URL and a brief review of at least one site that discusses the development of a personal web site OR methods of communicating on the Internet. Did you learn anything new? Were you surprised by any of the information presented on the site? How do sites likes these impact Internet use?
2. Respond to the following discussion. Minimum 150 words
1. How has the Internet and use of communication impacted the outcome of war(s)?
This question has always been a reflecting point for myself. Being in the Air Force and working in communication I have often thought how strange it would be for commanders not to be able to commutate with troops that are in another geographical area. The outcome of a battle would not be readily available before the civil war. This can delay the correct orders reaching a unit. Furthermore the negative effect on moral of being separated from your family has greatly diminished. While I was deployed I felt connected to family and friend because I could just use skype. There was no wondering how anyone was doing and my family worried less as result also.
With the ease of access to news it has brought a new front to the war. Leaders are constantly finding themselves at odds with members of the media. Not only because of what they say but, also that their movement is being aired. This facet of the fight forces leaders to hold a narrative close to the host county’s (Hardy, 2013).
2. In what ways can a personal homepage help people to construct and present a positive identity for themselves? What kinds of problems could result from people presenting false or misleading identities on their homepages? What can be done to encourage more people to build personal homepages, and to provide the necessary access to more people? (Optional) Provide a link to your personal homepage, if you have one and you wish to share it with the class. You may also wish to tell us a little bit about your homepage and what purpose it serves for you.
A personal homepage can market an induvial. The identity (positive or negative) is mostly defined by the narrative of the personal homepage (Personal Home Pages and the Construction of Identities on the Web, 2014). Depending on the purpose of the homepage it will effect what the problems that can arise from presenting mis ...
Assignment 1 APA formatat least 200 words and cite relevant sour.docxjesuslightbody
Assignment 1: APA formatat least 200 words and cite relevant sources
Discuss the importance of detecting breast cancer early.
Assignment 2: at lest 200 words and cite relevant sources
Discuss why men seem to value the physical attractiveness of a partner over financial stability and women value financial stability over physical attractiveness.
Assignment 3: APA format. Cite relevant sources
Write a one-page summary and response to the videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrgIev80hkI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArUGq7tIgLo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkeL92ImeIM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZzCIjdmfls
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFHjV_dDfcM
Pluralism, Majoritarian and Elite Theories
The question whether Madison's brilliant solution to bringing competing groups into relative harmony succeeded also brings us to our third concept: the plualist, majoritarian and elite models political scientists use to explain the American political system and how it works.
Spoiler alert: Only around half of the US population's eligible voters actually vote. And if voters aren't voting who runs the show? (The 2020 presidential election was an exception with 66 percent of eligible voters voting.)
Pluralists realize most people don't vote, but, in our high school example, they would argue that as long as each group from popular kids to nerds is represented before student government and school administration, good and fair decisions can result. This approach updates Madison's original solution for the modern era.
Followers of
Elite theory argue that since many don't vote, those with power (i.e. money) rule. In our high school example popularity rules, so more cheerleaders and jocks get into power and call the shots.
There is also a second version of elite theory that says education and wisdom rather than money should equal power. This view, which was also held by some of our founders, says people often don't vote because they are ignorant so decisions should be made by those better able to deal with differing ideas and points of view. In our example, teachers and principals are wiser and should rule because they know what's best for the students.
Those subscribing to majoritarianism argue that those left out in society would have more power if barriers to voting (time, money, feeling empowered) were lifted so more voices could be heard than just elites. In our example, nerds would be better off if everyone voted and had a say because the popular kids are outnumbered by other groups if they joined together rather than being divided.
Modern Liberal Political Theory: The Basics
1: The Big Ideas:
a) Everyone deserves an equal place at the starting line in the race of life, regardless of race, class, or gender.
b) John Rawls: Justice is fairness. Freedom comes before equality ONLY IF greater equality in society is realized first. (He doesn't advocate for total equality. See the discussion of the difference.
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10 Tips to Write an Essay and Actually Enjoy It. Essay Writing Tips That Will Make College a Breeze - LVDletters. Step-By-Step Guide to Essay Writing - ESL Buzz. Simple tips for writing essays in English: these steps will guide you .... How to Write an Essay in 9 Simple Steps 7ESL Essay writing, Essay .... How To Write an Essay - The steps to writing an essay This Instructable .... Essay Writing Examples - 21 Samples in PDF DOC Examples. How To Write Academic Essays Steps By Steps By Experts. Essay writing help by Helpmein Homework - Issuu. Simple Guide to Help You Write an Essay by BreeAndrea - Issuu. How to write an effective essay - Ten top tips for students. Helpful pieces of advice on how to write an effective essay Academic .... writing help description. Help with essay writing - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Tips on How to Write Effective Essay and 7 Major Types in 2021 Types .... How To: Essay Types Essay writing skills, Essay tips, Essay writing tips. Essay assistance. Essay Writing Service: Online Solutions. 2022-11-25. 3 Ways to Write a Concluding Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay. Getting Essay Help. Essay Writing Help for Students by Experts. Guidelines of an Effective Essay Writing amp; Score A-Grade. Help with writing an essay - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Best Essay Writing Service Online - USA, UK, Australia. Different Types of Essays Samples starting from Basic Essay. How To Write An Essay Examples - Ahern Scribble. Essay Writing Help Essay Writers My Online Assignment Help. Assignment Writing: 7 Steps to Complete Academic Papers. Essay Writing Help By UK Professional. Essay writing help uk Custom paper service.. Essay Writing Assignment Why Writing an Essay Is So Hard?. Essay, Essay writing, Essay writing help, Essay writing tips. Essay writing help guideline for students seeking success at school.. Help in essay writing. Help on essay - The Writing Center.. 7 Early Signs that You May Need Essay Writing Help Help On Essay Writing Help On Essay Writing
 Assignment 1 Discussion Question Prosocial Behavior and Altrui.docxbudbarber38650

Assignment 1: Discussion Question: Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
By Saturday, July 11, 2015, respond to the discussion question. Submit your responses to the appropriate Discussion Area. Use the same Discussion Area to comment on your classmates' submissions by Saturday, July 11, 2015, and continue the discussion until Wednesday, July 15, 2015 of the week.
Consider and discuss how the phenomena of prosocial behavior and pure altruism relate to each other and how they differ from each other.
Pure altruism is a specific kind of prosocial behavior where your sole motivation is to help a person in need without seeking benefit for yourself. It is often viewed as a truly selfless form of behavior.
Provide an example each of prosocial behavior and pure altruism.

.
● what is name of the new unit and what topics will Professor Moss c.docxbudbarber38650
● what is name of the new unit and what topics will Professor Moss cover? How does this unit correlate to modern times?
● what problems were apparent in urban America?
● what were the three main streams of immigration up through the 1920s? What are "birds of passage?" How were Japanese and Korean immigrants different than Chinese immigrants? What is meant by "pale of settlement" and "pogrom."
● What is meant by "Americanization" and how did this process occur?
● What were the various forms of popular culture during this era, and why were they important?
● what forms of popular culture did working women enjoy? How did middle-class reformers react to these forms?
● what is meant by "the new woman" and "mothers to society?"
● How did middle-class men generally respond to the changing times? Why were people like Eugene Sandow and Harry Houdini so significant at this time?
● What were some of the examples of nativism at this time?
● What was the Social Gospel and what are settlement houses?
.
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Step Two: Once you have completed this form, your information will be linked with another member of class. You are then required to compose a short rebuttal as to why YOUR selection is the most definitive representation of what classic rock is. I will assign the groups as required.
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Name of Song:
Original Artist:
Year:
Synopsis of lyrics (two sentence overview):
Reasoning why this is your definitive “classic” rock tune:
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Year:
Synopsis of lyrics (two sentence overview):
REBUTTAL as to why your definitive “classic” rock tune is a superior selection:
Background
Given the importance of international business today, and the fact that more and more people work as expatriates in other countries, it’s vital we understand differences in management approaches and styles. Many of the topics you’ll read about and explore in our course (e.g., motivation, decision making, teams, etc.) become even more important when working with those from different cultures. For example, a common motivation technique in the U.S. might involve creating a competition among groups for the best process improvement ideas. And, the winners might get a cash award or some other perk for their efforts. If you’re an American reading this, you might say “of course….this can be a good technique and I’ve experienced it myself.” But, this may not be the case in other cultures. Plus, what if you’re an American who’s managing Indonesian employees at your firm’s plant in that country? If you use this competition approach to motivation it could fall flat on its face and end up being de-motivating instead.
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2. In what ways can a personal homepage help people to construct and present a positive identity for themselves? What kinds of problems could result from people presenting false or misleading identities on their homepages? What can be done to encourage more people to build personal homepages, and to provide the necessary access to more people? (Optional) Provide a link to your personal homepage, if you have one and you wish to share it with the class. You may also wish to tell us a little bit about your homepage and what purpose it serves for you.
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1. How has the Internet and use of communication impacted the outcome of war(s)?
This question has always been a reflecting point for myself. Being in the Air Force and working in communication I have often thought how strange it would be for commanders not to be able to commutate with troops that are in another geographical area. The outcome of a battle would not be readily available before the civil war. This can delay the correct orders reaching a unit. Furthermore the negative effect on moral of being separated from your family has greatly diminished. While I was deployed I felt connected to family and friend because I could just use skype. There was no wondering how anyone was doing and my family worried less as result also.
With the ease of access to news it has brought a new front to the war. Leaders are constantly finding themselves at odds with members of the media. Not only because of what they say but, also that their movement is being aired. This facet of the fight forces leaders to hold a narrative close to the host county’s (Hardy, 2013).
2. In what ways can a personal homepage help people to construct and present a positive identity for themselves? What kinds of problems could result from people presenting false or misleading identities on their homepages? What can be done to encourage more people to build personal homepages, and to provide the necessary access to more people? (Optional) Provide a link to your personal homepage, if you have one and you wish to share it with the class. You may also wish to tell us a little bit about your homepage and what purpose it serves for you.
A personal homepage can market an induvial. The identity (positive or negative) is mostly defined by the narrative of the personal homepage (Personal Home Pages and the Construction of Identities on the Web, 2014). Depending on the purpose of the homepage it will effect what the problems that can arise from presenting mis ...
Assignment 1 APA formatat least 200 words and cite relevant sour.docxjesuslightbody
Assignment 1: APA formatat least 200 words and cite relevant sources
Discuss the importance of detecting breast cancer early.
Assignment 2: at lest 200 words and cite relevant sources
Discuss why men seem to value the physical attractiveness of a partner over financial stability and women value financial stability over physical attractiveness.
Assignment 3: APA format. Cite relevant sources
Write a one-page summary and response to the videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xrgIev80hkI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ArUGq7tIgLo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkeL92ImeIM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZzCIjdmfls
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFHjV_dDfcM
Pluralism, Majoritarian and Elite Theories
The question whether Madison's brilliant solution to bringing competing groups into relative harmony succeeded also brings us to our third concept: the plualist, majoritarian and elite models political scientists use to explain the American political system and how it works.
Spoiler alert: Only around half of the US population's eligible voters actually vote. And if voters aren't voting who runs the show? (The 2020 presidential election was an exception with 66 percent of eligible voters voting.)
Pluralists realize most people don't vote, but, in our high school example, they would argue that as long as each group from popular kids to nerds is represented before student government and school administration, good and fair decisions can result. This approach updates Madison's original solution for the modern era.
Followers of
Elite theory argue that since many don't vote, those with power (i.e. money) rule. In our high school example popularity rules, so more cheerleaders and jocks get into power and call the shots.
There is also a second version of elite theory that says education and wisdom rather than money should equal power. This view, which was also held by some of our founders, says people often don't vote because they are ignorant so decisions should be made by those better able to deal with differing ideas and points of view. In our example, teachers and principals are wiser and should rule because they know what's best for the students.
Those subscribing to majoritarianism argue that those left out in society would have more power if barriers to voting (time, money, feeling empowered) were lifted so more voices could be heard than just elites. In our example, nerds would be better off if everyone voted and had a say because the popular kids are outnumbered by other groups if they joined together rather than being divided.
Modern Liberal Political Theory: The Basics
1: The Big Ideas:
a) Everyone deserves an equal place at the starting line in the race of life, regardless of race, class, or gender.
b) John Rawls: Justice is fairness. Freedom comes before equality ONLY IF greater equality in society is realized first. (He doesn't advocate for total equality. See the discussion of the difference.
IWIRC Talks: An In-Depth Look at Social Media; Blogging (Salene Mazur Kraemer)Salene Kraemer
The document summarizes a talk on social media given at an IWIRC event. It provides descriptions and features of major social media platforms like LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, and blogging. It then focuses on blogging, giving tips on starting a business or law blog, examples of popular blogs in those fields, blogging etiquette dos and don'ts, and potential cautionary tales of blogging gone wrong.
The document discusses various social media platforms such as Google Alerts, Twitter, blogs, and Facebook that non-profit organizations can use to connect with donors and supporters. It provides tips on setting up accounts and profiles, engaging audiences, and measuring return on investment. The key benefits highlighted are facilitating communication, information sharing, and encouraging supporters to engage with the organization. Concerns addressed include maintaining message control and how to allocate staff responsibilities for social media engagement.
EssayTyper Website Types Your Essay For YouTracy Clark
This document discusses a research proposal to compare the views of Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche on the topic of irony. It aims to show how both philosophers saw irony not as disengagement, but rather as a way to disrupt habitual thinking and deepen ethical and religious commitments. The analysis will focus on each thinker's interpretation of the nature of irony, grounding the interpretation in the work of Jonathan Lear.
Scholarship Essay History Essay ExamplesMelissa Daehn
This document provides information about goddesses of war in Greek and Norse mythology. It discusses Athena as the goddess of war in Greek mythology and her role and attributes. It then discusses Freya in Norse mythology and her association with love, beauty, and fertility in addition to her role in war. Finally, it discusses the Valkyries in Norse mythology and their role in choosing which soldiers died in battle and bringing their souls to Valhalla. The document compares and contrasts the different goddesses of war across Greek and Norse mythologies.
10 Tips to Write an Essay and Actually Enjoy It. Essay Writing Tips That Will Make College a Breeze - LVDletters. Step-By-Step Guide to Essay Writing - ESL Buzz. Simple tips for writing essays in English: these steps will guide you .... How to Write an Essay in 9 Simple Steps 7ESL Essay writing, Essay .... How To Write an Essay - The steps to writing an essay This Instructable .... Essay Writing Examples - 21 Samples in PDF DOC Examples. How To Write Academic Essays Steps By Steps By Experts. Essay writing help by Helpmein Homework - Issuu. Simple Guide to Help You Write an Essay by BreeAndrea - Issuu. How to write an effective essay - Ten top tips for students. Helpful pieces of advice on how to write an effective essay Academic .... writing help description. Help with essay writing - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Tips on How to Write Effective Essay and 7 Major Types in 2021 Types .... How To: Essay Types Essay writing skills, Essay tips, Essay writing tips. Essay assistance. Essay Writing Service: Online Solutions. 2022-11-25. 3 Ways to Write a Concluding Paragraph for a Persuasive Essay. Getting Essay Help. Essay Writing Help for Students by Experts. Guidelines of an Effective Essay Writing amp; Score A-Grade. Help with writing an essay - College Homework Help and Online Tutoring.. Best Essay Writing Service Online - USA, UK, Australia. Different Types of Essays Samples starting from Basic Essay. How To Write An Essay Examples - Ahern Scribble. Essay Writing Help Essay Writers My Online Assignment Help. Assignment Writing: 7 Steps to Complete Academic Papers. Essay Writing Help By UK Professional. Essay writing help uk Custom paper service.. Essay Writing Assignment Why Writing an Essay Is So Hard?. Essay, Essay writing, Essay writing help, Essay writing tips. Essay writing help guideline for students seeking success at school.. Help in essay writing. Help on essay - The Writing Center.. 7 Early Signs that You May Need Essay Writing Help Help On Essay Writing Help On Essay Writing
Similar to Following is an example of creating a database and then adding.docx (20)
 Assignment 1 Discussion Question Prosocial Behavior and Altrui.docxbudbarber38650

Assignment 1: Discussion Question: Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
By Saturday, July 11, 2015, respond to the discussion question. Submit your responses to the appropriate Discussion Area. Use the same Discussion Area to comment on your classmates' submissions by Saturday, July 11, 2015, and continue the discussion until Wednesday, July 15, 2015 of the week.
Consider and discuss how the phenomena of prosocial behavior and pure altruism relate to each other and how they differ from each other.
Pure altruism is a specific kind of prosocial behavior where your sole motivation is to help a person in need without seeking benefit for yourself. It is often viewed as a truly selfless form of behavior.
Provide an example each of prosocial behavior and pure altruism.

.
● what is name of the new unit and what topics will Professor Moss c.docxbudbarber38650
● what is name of the new unit and what topics will Professor Moss cover? How does this unit correlate to modern times?
● what problems were apparent in urban America?
● what were the three main streams of immigration up through the 1920s? What are "birds of passage?" How were Japanese and Korean immigrants different than Chinese immigrants? What is meant by "pale of settlement" and "pogrom."
● What is meant by "Americanization" and how did this process occur?
● What were the various forms of popular culture during this era, and why were they important?
● what forms of popular culture did working women enjoy? How did middle-class reformers react to these forms?
● what is meant by "the new woman" and "mothers to society?"
● How did middle-class men generally respond to the changing times? Why were people like Eugene Sandow and Harry Houdini so significant at this time?
● What were some of the examples of nativism at this time?
● What was the Social Gospel and what are settlement houses?
.
…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capac.docxbudbarber38650
“…Multiple intelligences describe an individual’s strengths or capacities; learning styles describe an individual’s traits that relate to where and how one best learns” (Puckett, 2013, sec. 7.3).
This week you’ve read about the importance of getting to know your students in order to create relevant and engaging lesson plans that cater to multiple intelligences and are multimodal.
Assignment Instructions:
A. Using
SurveyMonkey
, create a survey that has:
At least five questions based on Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
At least five additional questions on individual learning style inventory
A specific targeted student population grade level (elementary/ middle/ high school/adults)
Include the survey link for your peers
B. Post a minimum 150 word introduction to your survey, using at least one research-based article (cited in APA format) explaining how it will:
Evaluate students’ abilities in terms of learning styles/preferences
Assist in the creation of differentiated lesson plans.
.
• World Cultural Perspective Paper Final SubmissionResources.docxbudbarber38650
•
World Cultural Perspective Paper Final Submission
Resources
•
By successfully completing this assignment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assignment criteria:
•
Competency 1:
Evaluate communication issues and trends of various cultures within the United States.
•
Utilize effective research methods using a variety of applicable sources.
•
Demonstrate an ability to connect suitably selected research information with course content.
•
Competency 2:
Develop cultural self-awareness and other-culture awareness.
•
Investigate the interactive effect that cultural tendencies, issues, and trends of various cultures have on communication.
•
Competency 4:
Analyze how nonverbal communication (body language) affects intercultural communication.
•
Explain how personal interactions are affected by the nonverbal characteristics and differences specific to the U.S. culture.
•
Competency 5:
Communicate effectively in a variety of formats and contexts.
•
Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics.
Instructions
This paper is one piece of your course project. Complete the following:
•
Choose a world culture that is unfamiliar to you and is represented domestically in the United States.
•
Use research to collect a variety of resources about the culture. This includes interacting with members of the culture. In particular, focus your research on a small number of social issues surrounding the culture, along with cultural tendencies and trends, and the effect of these things on communication. Types of resources include interviews, media presentations, Web sites, text readings, scholarly articles, and other related materials.
•
In a paper of 500–1,000 words, address these things:
•
Investigate the effect that the tendencies, issues, and trends of the culture have on communication.
•
Explain how characteristics of nonverbal communication and other differences between your selected culture and U.S. culture affect personal interactions between members of the two cultures.
•
Connect the research you gathered to your ideas and explanations.
Refer to the World Cultural Perspective Paper Final Submission Scoring Guide as you develop this assignment.
Assignment Requirements
•
Written Communication:
Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.
•
APA Formatting:
Resources and citations are formatted according to APA style and formatting.
•
Page Requirements:
500–1,000 words.
•
Font and Font Size:
Times New Roman or Arial, 12 point.
Develop your assignment as a Microsoft Word document. Submit your document as an attachment in the assignment area.
Note:
Your instructor may also use the Writing Feedback Tool to provide feedback on your writing.
In the tool, click on the linked resources for helpful writing information.
•
Intercultural Competence Reflection
Resources
Review the situation in the media.
• Write a story; explaining and analyzing how a ce.docxbudbarber38650
•
W
rite a story; explaining and analyzing
how a certain independent variable ( at the individual, group or organization levels) affects a dependent variable (behaviour or attitude),
•
You will freely select your story from “ life” : from college, home, neighborhood, a book , a video/ movie, TV…etc. as long as the story has two clear dependent and independent variables.
•
You will finish with a conclusion that lists both variables and explain their relationship (cause and effect).
•
Assignment words limits 200 words (minimum)
WITH REFRENCES ABOUT THE STORY/ SCENARIO SOURCE !
.
•Use the general topic suggestion to form the thesis statement.docxbudbarber38650
•Use the general topic suggestion to form the
thesis statement
which will be an opinion on the topic. The thesis must have
three
controlling ideas.
•Develop an essay
map or informal outline
•Develop each paragraph using a specific
topic sentence
related to the controls in your thesis; thus, announcing the subject matter of that paragraph.
•Use
transitional devices
throughout the essay and in each paragraph.
•Use any combination of modes to support your arguments.
• Have a well-developed introduction and conclusion.
•Use quotes from the text to support your arguments.
•You must have a title.
•Make a “Work Cited” page with the text as the only source.
Topic:
Reading helps students to develop skills that will make them into a more optimally rounded person. Choose any three skills learned in reading and discuss how each one can help students to be more academically inclined.
the text
“The 1960s: A Decade of Promise and Heartbreak”
By Kenneth T. Walsh
March 9, 2010
US News
It was a decade of extremes, of
transformational
change and
bizarre
contrasts: flower children and
assassins
,
idealism
and
alienation
, rebellion and
backlash
. For many in the
massive
post-World War II baby boom generation, it was both the best of times and the worst of times. (7 words)
There will be many 50-year anniversaries to mark significant events of the 1960s, and a big reason is that what happened in that remarkable era still
resonates
today. At the dawn of that decade of contrasts a half century ago—on Jan. 2 ,1960—a
charismatic
young senator from Massachusetts named John F. Kennedy announced that he was running for president, and he won the nation's highest office the following November. He remains one of the
iconic
figures in U.S. history. On February 1, four determined black men sat at a whites-only lunch counter at a Woolworth's in Greensboro, N.C., and were denied service. Their act of
defiance
triggered a wave of sit-ins for civil rights across the South and brought
unrelenting
national attention to America's original sin of racism. On March 3, Elvis Presley returned to the United States from his Army stint in Germany, resuming his career as a pioneer of rock-and-roll and an icon of the youth culture celebrating freedom and a growing sense of rebellion.(5 words)
By the end of the decade, Kennedy had been
assassinated
, along with his brother Robert and the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. America's cities had become powder kegs as African-Americans, despite historic gains toward legal equality, became more impatient than ever at being second-class citizens. Women began demanding their rights in
unprecedented
numbers. Young people and their parents felt a widening generation gap as seen in their differing perceptions of
patriotism
, drug use, sexuality, and the work ethic. The now familiar culture wars between liberals and conservatives caused angry divisions over law and order, busing, racial preferences, abortion, the Vie.
•The topic is culture adaptation ( adoption )16 slides.docxbudbarber38650
•
The topic is
culture adaptation ( adoption )
16 slides
FIrst part
1- I have to interview 4 people ( Indians Chinese....)
(Experts professors students......)
-What kind or type of culture shock they experienced when they first came to Kuwait?
And whether they tolerated? how do they feel where they tolerated by Kuwaitis ?
- why culture tolerance of a foreign country is required in international marketing.
Based on what you learn those people, you will learn about feelings and their problems and difficulties when they first arrived in foreign countries. And knowing this, now you have to take this knowledge and apply to marketing and answer the questions whether it's difficult to adopt to foreign culture if it's difficult for people it's probably will be very difficult to also introduce those products and adopt those products to foreign culture. So that's why am asking you why culture tolerance in other nations are important and required to International marketing. you have to answer those
The second part of the presentation
You will identify or you will give domestic examples and foreign examples ( culture imperatives + culture electives + culture exclusive) examples of each category what is it about
The last question of the presentation
To Discuss the factor that determined successfully global adaptation
you have to
inculde a video
( 1 min max: 2 min)
Chapter 5 and you may find it in other chapters
This is the book for my course marketing you can get infomation from it :
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B8pig2KdTaOBSkRzVjJvR1pLUkU/edit
.
•Choose 1 of the department work flow processes, and put together a .docxbudbarber38650
•Choose 1 of the department work flow processes, and put together a thorough 1-paragraph summary to explain to the team the importance of this process and how it works with the EHR. Choose 1 work flow process from the following choices: ◦Appointment scheduling
◦Front desk or check-in
◦Nursing or clinical support
◦Care provider
◦Check-out desk
◦Business office or billing
◦Clinical staff or care provider
•Discuss and describe 3 facility software applications that integrate with the EHR. Examples of software applications are electronic prescribing, speech recognition, master patient index, encoder, picture archiving and communication, personal health record (PHR), decision support, and more.
•Prepare a 3-paragraph summary of each application for the implementation team, and discuss any problems that may be encountered during EHR implementation.
•Describe the impact of 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of the EHR so that the implementation team can start to prepare for this discussion with the administrators
650 words
.
‘The problem is not that people remember through photographs, but th.docxbudbarber38650
Sontag argues that while photographs can shock people, they are limited in helping people understand complex issues. Photographs alone do not provide context or narrative to help viewers comprehend what they are seeing. Narratives are better able to help people understand by providing more information and details beyond a single image. This has implications for how contemporary politics and humanitarian organizations use photographs and narrative to educate people and raise awareness.
·
C
hoose an article
o
1000 words
o
Published in 5 years
o
Credible (e.g. Wall Street Journal, Asia Times, Fortune)
·
Write 3 single spaced analysis
o
Relate to Organizational Behavior
o
APA style
o
Name of theory; Definition of the theory; Location of link in the article
o
Explain and make analysis
.
·You have been engaged to prepare the 2015 federal income tax re.docxbudbarber38650
·
You have been engaged to prepare the 2015 federal income tax return for Bob and Melissa Grant.
·
Your tax form submission should include: Form 1040, Schedules A, B, D, E, and Forms 4684 and 8949 as applicable. You will come across many items on the tax return we have not talked about in class; if we have not covered it in class, and it is not included in the information below, you do
not
need to address it on this assignment.
·
Your solution should contain a detailed workpaper that calculates the tax due or refunded with the return and calculated in the form of the tax formula (see Ch. 4 lecture slides). The calculation should be well labeled and EASY to follow. This presentation will be factored into your grade. Do NOT include any references or citations on your workpaper.
·
You may complete the return by hand (
neatly
) or typed using 2015 forms found on Blackboard or the IRS website. You may complete the form using software, one version of which is available in the ACELAB.
o
Note – ACELAB software is for the 2014 tax year; if you choose to use this method, you do not need to override the automatically calculated 2014 information, but your workpaper must detail each line item that will differ between the 2014 form generated and the 2015 forms).
·
Use the following assumptions in preparing the return:
o
The general method of accounting used by the Grants is the cash method.
o
Use all opportunities under law to minimize the 2015 federal income tax.
o
Use whole dollars when preparing the tax return.
o
Do not prepare a state income tax return.
o
Ignore the Line 45 calculation for alternative minimum tax.
o
If required information is missing, use reasonable assumptions to fill in the gaps.
Client memo (5 points)
·
Complete a letter to the client regarding tax planning advice. Identify and explain two reasonable tax planning items the family could use to minimize their tax liability and/or maximize their wealth. All items would be implemented in future years and do not impact the current tax return.
BOB AND MELISSA GRANT
INDIVIDUAL FEDERAL INCOME TAX RETURN
Bob (age 43, SSN #987-45-1234) and Melissa Grant (age 43, SSN #494-37-4893) are married and live in Lexington, Kentucky. The Grants would like to file a joint tax return for the year. The Grants’ mailing address is 95 Hickory Road, Lexington, Kentucky 40502.
The Grants have two children Jared (SSN #412-32-5690), age 18, and Alese (SSN #412-32-6940), age 12. Jared is still in high school and works part time as a waiter and earns about $2,000 a year. The Grant’s also provide financial support to Bob’s aged (85 years) grandfather, Michael Sr., who is widowed and lives alone. Michael Sr.’s Social Security number is 982-21-5543. He has no income and the Grant’s provide 100 percent of his support.
Bob Grant’s Forms W-2 provided the following wages and withholding for the year:
Employer
Gross Wages
Federal Income Tax Withholding
State Income Tax Withholding
National Sto.
·Time Value of MoneyQuestion A·Discuss the significance .docxbudbarber38650
·
Time Value of Money
Question A
·
Discuss the significance of recognizing the time value of money in the long-term impact of the capital budgeting decision.
Question B
·
Discuss how the internal rate of return (IRR) method differs from the net present value (NPV) method. Be sure to include an explanation of what the IRR method is and what the NPV method is.
The initial post by day 5 should be a minimum of 150 words. If you use any source outside of your own thoughts, you should reference that source. Include solid grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and spelling.
.
·Reviewthe steps of the communication model on in Ch. 2 of Bus.docxbudbarber38650
·
Reviewthe steps of the communication model on in Ch. 2 of
Business Communication
. See Figure 2.1.
·
Identify one personal or business communication scenario.
Describe each step of that communication using your personal or business scenario. Use detailed paragraphs in the boxes provided
Steps of communication model
Personal or business scenario
1.
Sender has an idea.
2.
Sender encodes the idea in a message.
3.
Sender produces the message in a medium.
4.
Sender transmits message through a channel.
5.
Audience receives the message.
6.
Audience decodes the message.
7.
Audience responds to the message.
8.
Audience provides feedback to the sender.
Additional Insight
Identify
two potential barriers that could occur in your communication scenario and then explain how you would overcome them. Write your answer(s) below.
.
·Research Activity Sustainable supply chain can be viewed as.docxbudbarber38650
·
Research Activity
Sustainable supply chain can be viewed as Management of raw materials and services from suppliers to manufacturers/ service provider to customer - with improvement of the social and environmental impacts explicitly considered.
Carry out a literature review on sustainable / green supply chain and prepare:
·
A report (provide an example) -2500-3000 words approximately and
Issues/topics that
you may like
to address/consider are:
1.
Drivers for Sustainable SCM
2.
Analysing the impact of carbon emissions on manufacturing operation, cost and profit by focusing on product life cycle analysis.
Analyse aspects of the product life cycle in terms of; Outlining CO2 emission points and scope, defining CO2 baseline, prioritising measures to reduce or off set emissions and finally planning and initiating actions.
3.
New ways of thinking/information sharing
Seven key solution areas were identified:
·
In- store logistics: includes in-store visibility, shelf-ready products, shopper interaction
·
Collaborative physical logistics: shared transport, shared warehouse, shared infrastructure
·
Reverse logistics: product recycling, packaging recycling, returnable assets
·
Demand fluctuation management: joint planning, execution and monitoring
·
Identification and labelling: through the use of barcodes and RFID tags. Identification is about providing all partners in the value chain with the ability to use the same standardised mechanism to uniquely identify parties/locations, items and events with clear rules about where, how, when and by whom these will be created, used and maintained. Labels currently are the most widely used means to communicate about relevant sustainability and security aspects of a certain product towards consumers
·
Efficient assets: alternative forms of energy, efficient/aerodynamic vehicles, switching modes, green buildings
·
Joint scorecard and business plan: this solution consists of a suite of industry-relevant measurement tools falling into two broad categories: qualitative tools, which are a set of capability metrics designed to measure the extent to which the trading partners (supplier, service provider and retailer) are working collaboratively; and quantitative tools, which include business metrics aimed at measuring the impact of collaboration
4.
Sustainability in the carbon economy
5.
Introducing/developing sustainable KPI
s
to SC, SCOR,GSCF Models
Wal-Mart
may be a good example to look at: when you burn less, you pay less and emit less, and the benefits can ripple further. The big advantages for organisations in becoming sustainable are reducing costs and helping the environment. For example: Wal-Mart sells 25% of detergent sold in the United States, by replacing regular washing detergent with concentrate they will save: 400 million gallons of water, 125 million pounds of cardboard and packaging, 95 million pounds of plastic.
.
·DISCUSSION 1 – VARIOUS THEORIES – Discuss the following in 150-.docxbudbarber38650
·
DISCUSSION 1 – VARIOUS THEORIES – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Differentiate between the various dispositional, biological and evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 2 – STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Explain the strengths and limitations of dispositional, biological and evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 3 – ANALYZE PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Analyze individual personality characteristics using dispositional, biological and evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 4 – INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Explain interpersonal relations using dispositional and biological or evolutionary personality theories.
·
DISCUSSION 5 – ALLPORTS BELIEF – Discuss the following in 150-200 words with in text citations and references:
·
Do you agree or disagree with Allport's belief that individuals are motivated by present drives, not past events? Why?
.
·
Module 6 Essay Content
:
o
The Module/Week 6 essay requires you to discuss the history and contours of the “original intent” vs. “judicial activism” debate in American jurisprudence.
o
Part 1: Introduce and explain the key arguments supporting the “original intent” perspective and the argument for “judicial activism.”
o
Part 2: Weigh the merits of both sides and provide an assessment of both based upon research and analysis.
·
P
age Length:
At least three (3) pages in addition to the title page, abstract page, and bibliography page
·
Sources/Citations
: At least ten (10) sources, combining course material and outside material, are required. Key ideas from the required reading must be incorporated.
.
·Observe a group discussing a topic of interest such as a focus .docxbudbarber38650
·
Observe a group discussing a topic of interest such as a focus group, a community public assembly, a department meeting at your workplace, or local support group
·
Study how the group members interact and impact one another
·
Analyze how the group behaviors and communication patterns influence social facilitation
·
Integrate your findings with evidence-based literature from journal articles, textbook, and additional scholarly sources
Purpose:
To provide you with an opportunity to experience a group setting and analyze how the presence of others substantially influences the behaviors of its members through social facilitation.
Process:
You will participate as a guest at an interest group meeting in your community to gather data for a qualitative research paper. Once you have located an interest group, contact stakeholders and explain the purpose of your inquiry. After you receive permission to participate, you will schedule a date to attend the meeting; at which time you will observe the members and document the following for your analysis:
Part I
·
How were the people arranged in the physical environment (layout of room and seating arrangement)?
·
What is the composition of the group, in terms of number of people, ages, sex, ethnicity, etc.?
·
What are the group purpose, mission, and goals?
·
What is the duration of the group (short, long-term)? Explain.
·
Did the group structure its discussion around an agenda, program, rules of order, etc.?
·
Describe the structure of the group. How is the group organized?
·
Who are the primary facilitators of the group?
·
What subject or issues did the group members examine during the meeting?
·
What types of information did members exchange in their group?
·
What were the group's norms, roles, status hierarchy, or communication patterns?
·
What communication patterns illustrated if the group was unified or fragmented? Explain.
·
Did the members share a sense of identity with one another (characteristics of the group-similarities, interests, philosophy, etc.)?
·
Was there any indication that members might be vulnerable to Groupthink? Why or why not?
·
In your opinion, how did the collective group behaviors influence individual attitudes and the group's effectiveness? Provide your overall analysis.
Part II
Write a 1,200- to 1,500-word paper incorporating your analysis with evidence to substantiate your conclusion.
Explain how your observations relate to research studies on norm formation, group norms, conformity, and/or social influence.
Integrate your findings with literature from the textbook, peer-reviewed journal articles, and additional scholarly sources. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
.
·Identify any program constraints, such as financial resources, .docxbudbarber38650
·
Identify any program constraints, such as financial resources, human capital, and local culture.
·
Analyze the relationships between the policy developers and the policy implementers for the selected program.
Topic is Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program. 380 words, APA format.
.
·Double-spaced·12-15 pages each chapterThe followi.docxbudbarber38650
·
Double-spaced
·
12-15 pages each chapter
The following is my layout for thesis:
CHAPTER 5
·
Brazil’s current outcomes in government, Financial, environmental, and community aspects.
1.
Variation in Government economic politics
2.
Yearly Financial growth
3.
Environmental risk factors
4.
Changes in community aspects
CHAPTER 6
·
Predictions of Market progression, Industrial variations, and government changes between 2007 to 2017
1.
Predictions for Industrial progression
a)
Financial variations and deviations
b)
Funding distribution for new technologies research and development
2.
Prediction for Brazil’s political outlook
a)
New economic laws and tax exemptions
b)
Changes in Political parties
3.
Predictions for deviations and variations in Brazil’s Market
a)
International growth
b)
Domestic growth
.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
Following is an example of creating a database and then adding.docx
1. Following is an example of creating a database and then adding
to it a foreign key constraint
mysql> create database dbdemo;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE vendors(
-> vdr_id int not null auto_increment primary key,
-> vdr_name varchar(255)
-> )ENGINE=InnoDB;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
CREATE TABLE categories(
-> cat_id int not null auto_increment primary key,
-> cat_name varchar(255) not null,
-> cat_description text
-> ) ENGINE=InnoDB;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE products(
-> prd_id int not null auto_increment primary key,
-> prd_name varchar(355) not null,
-> prd_price decimal,
-> cat_id int not null,
-> FOREIGN KEY fk_cat(cat_id)
-> REFERENCES categories(cat_id)
-> ON UPDATE CASCADE
-> ON DELETE RESTRICT
-> )ENGINE=InnoDB;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> ALTER TABLE products
2. -> ADD COLUMN vdr_id int not null AFTER cat_id;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> ALTER TABLE products
-> ADD FOREIGN KEY fk_vendor(vdr_id)
-> REFERENCES vendors(vdr_id)
-> ON DELETE NO ACTION
-> ON UPDATE CASCADE;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> describe City;
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| CityName | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| From_There | varchar(20) | NO | PRI | | |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from City;
+--------------------+-------------------+
| CityName | From_There |
+--------------------+-------------------+
| Madrid , Spain | Mike JR |
| Sydney, Australia | Jill Engelstein |
| San Francisco, USA | John Smith |
| Hyderabad, India | Sudhir Srinivasan |
+--------------------+-------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3. mysql> describe people;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| email | varchar(20) | NO | PRI | | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from people;
+-------------------+-------------------+
| name | email |
+-------------------+-------------------+
| Jill Engelstein | [email protected] |
| John Smith | [email protected] |
| Mike JR | [email protected] |
| Sudhir Srinivasan | [email protected] |
+-------------------+-------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
I am trying to create a foreign key:
mysql> alter table people
-> add foreign key fk_name(name)
-> references City(From_There)
-> on delete no action
-> on update cascade;
4. ERROR 1215 (HY000): Cannot add foreign key constraint
What is wrong?
Backpacks vs. Briefcases: Steps toward
Rhetorical Analysis
by Laura Bolin Carroll
This essay is a chapter in Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing,
Volume 1, a peer-reviewed open textbook series for the writing
classroom, and is published through Parlor Press.
The full volume and individual chapter downloads are available
for
free from the following sites:
• Writing Spaces: http://writingspaces.org/essays
• Parlor Press: http://parlorpress.com/writingspaces
• WAC Clearinghouse: http://wac.colostate.edu/books/
Print versions of the volume are available for purchase directly
from Parlor Press and through other booksellers.
To learn about participating in the Writing Spaces project, visit
the
Writing Spaces website at http://writingspaces.org/.
This essay is available under a Creative Commons License
6. Laura Bolin Carroll
F!"#$ I%&"'##!()#
Imagine the first day of class in first year composition at your
universi-
ty.* The moment your professor walked in the room, you likely
began
analyzing her and making assumptions about what kind of
teacher she
will be. You might have noticed what kind of bag she is
carrying—a
tattered leather satchel? a hot pink polka-dotted backpack? a
burgun-
dy brief case? You probably also noticed what she is wearing—
trendy
slacks and an untucked striped shirt? a skirted suit? jeans and a
tee
shirt?
It is likely that the above observations were only a few of the
ob-
servations you made as your professor walked in the room. You
might
have also noticed her shoes, her jewelry, whether she wears a
wedding
ring, how her hair is styled, whether she stands tall or slumps,
how
quickly she walks, or maybe even if her nails are done. If you
don’t
tend to notice any of these things about your professors, you
certain-
ly do about the people around you—your roommate, others in
your
residence hall, students you are assigned to work with in
groups, or a
7. * This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-
Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License and is
subject to the
Writing Spaces Terms of Use. To view a copy of this license,
visit http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ or send a letter
to Creative
Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco,
California, 94105,
USA. To view the Writing Spaces Terms of Use, visit
http://writingspaces.
org/terms-of-use.
Laura Bolin Carroll46
prospective date. For most of us, many of the people we
encounter in
a given day are subject to this kind of quick analysis.
Now as you performed this kind of analysis, you likely didn’t
walk
through each of these questions one by one, write out the
answer, and
add up the responses to see what kind of person you are
interacting
with. Instead, you quickly took in the information and made an
in-
formed, and likely somewhat accurate, decision about that
person.
Over the years, as you have interacted with others, you have
built a
mental database that you can draw on to make conclusions about
8. what
a person’s looks tell you about their personality. You have
become able
to analyze quickly what people are saying about themselves
through
the way they choose to dress, accessorize, or wear their hair.
We have, of course, heard that you “can’t judge a book by its
cover,”
but, in fact, we do it all the time. Daily we find ourselves in
situations
where we are forced to make snap judgments. Each day we meet
differ-
ent people, encounter unfamiliar situations, and see media that
asks us
to do, think, buy, and act in all sorts of ways. In fact, our
saturation in
media and its images is one of the reasons why learning to do
rhetori-
cal analysis is so important. The more we know about how to
analyze
situations and draw informed conclusions, the better we can
become
about making savvy judgments about the people, situations and
media
we encounter.
I%&*!+,$!()# (- R.'$("!+,* A),*/#!#
Media is one of the most important places where this kind of
analysis
needs to happen. Rhetoric—the way we use language and
images to
persuade—is what makes media work. Think of all the media
you see
and hear every day: Twitter, television shows, web pages,
9. billboards,
text messages, podcasts. Even as you read this chapter, more
ways to
get those messages to you quickly and in a persuasive manner
are be-
ing developed. Media is constantly asking you to buy
something, act
in some way, believe something to be true, or interact with
others in a
specific manner. Understanding rhetorical messages is essential
to help
us to become informed consumers, but it also helps evaluate the
ethics
of messages, how they affect us personally, and how they affect
society.
Take, for example, a commercial for men’s deodorant that tells
you
that you’ll be irresistible to women if you use their product.
This cam-
Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis 47
paign doesn’t just ask you to buy the product, though. It also
asks you
to trust the company’s credibility, or ethos, and to believe the
messages
they send about how men and women interact, about sexuality,
and
about what constitutes a healthy body. You have to decide
whether or
not you will choose to buy the product and how you will choose
to
respond to the messages that the commercial sends.
10. Or, in another situation, a Facebook group asks you to support
health care reform. The rhetoric in this group uses people’s
stories of
their struggles to obtain affordable health care. These stories,
which
are often heart-wrenching, use emotion to persuade you—also
called
pathos. You are asked to believe that health care reform is
necessary
and urgent, and you are asked to act on these beliefs by calling
your
congresspersons and asking them to support the reforms as well.
Because media rhetoric surrounds us, it is important to
understand
how rhetoric works. If we refuse to stop and think about how
and
why it persuades us, we can become mindless consumers who
buy into
arguments about what makes us value ourselves and what makes
us
happy. For example, research has shown that only 2% of women
con-
sider themselves beautiful (“Campaign”), which has been linked
to the
way that the fashion industry defines beauty. We are also told
by the
media that buying more stuff can make us happy, but historical
sur-
veys show that US happiness peaked in the 1950s, when people
saw as
many advertisements in their lifetime as the average American
sees in
one year (Leonard).
11. Our worlds are full of these kinds of social influences. As we
in-
teract with other people and with media, we are continually
creating
and interpreting rhetoric. In the same way that you decide how
to pro-
cess, analyze or ignore these messages, you create them. You
probably
think about what your clothing will communicate as you go to a
job
interview or get ready for a date. You are also using rhetoric
when you
try to persuade your parents to send you money or your friends
to see
the movie that interests you. When you post to your blog or
tweet you
are using rhetoric. In fact, according to rhetorician Kenneth
Burke,
rhetoric is everywhere: “wherever there is persuasion, there is
rheto-
ric. And wherever there is ‘meaning,’ there is ‘persuasion.’
Food eaten
and digested is not rhetoric. But in the meaning of food there is
much
rhetoric, the meaning being persuasive enough for the idea of
food to
be used, like the ideas of religion, as a rhetorical device of
statesmen”
(71–72). In other words, most of our actions are persuasive in
nature.
Laura Bolin Carroll48
What we choose to wear (tennis shoes vs. flip flops), where we
12. shop
(Whole Foods Market vs. Wal-Mart), what we eat (organic vs.
fast
food), or even the way we send information (snail mail vs. text
mes-
sage) can work to persuade others.
Chances are you have grown up learning to interpret and
analyze
these types of rhetoric. They become so commonplace that we
don’t
realize how often and how quickly we are able to perform this
kind of
rhetorical analysis. When your teacher walked in on the first
day of
class, you probably didn’t think to yourself, “I think I’ll do
some rhe-
torical analysis on her clothing and draw some conclusions
about what
kind of personality she might have and whether I think I’ll like
her.”
And, yet, you probably were able to come up with some
conclusions
based on the evidence you had.
However, when this same teacher hands you an advertisement,
photograph or article and asks you to write a rhetorical analysis
of it,
you might have been baffled or felt a little overwhelmed. The
good
news is that many of the analytical processes that you already
use to
interpret the rhetoric around you are the same ones that you’ll
use for
these assignments.
13. 0e Rhetorical Situation, Or Discerning Context
One of the first places to start is context. Rhetorical messages
always
occur in a specific situation or context. The president’s speech
might
respond to a specific global event, like an economic summit;
that’s part
of the context. You choose your clothing depending on where
you are
going or what you are doing; that’s context. A television
commercial
comes on during specific programs and at specific points of the
day;
that’s context. A billboard is placed in a specific part of the
commu-
nity; that’s context, too.
In an article called “The Rhetorical Situation,” Lloyd Bitzer
argues
that there are three parts to understanding the context of a
rhetorical
moment: exigence, audience and constraints. Exigence is the
circum-
stance or condition that invites a response; “imperfection
marked by
urgency; it is a defect, an obstacle, something waiting to be
done, a
thing which is other than it should be” (Bitzer 304). In other
words,
rhetorical discourse is usually responding to some kind of
problem.
You can begin to understand a piece’s exigence by asking,
“What is
14. Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis 49
this rhetoric responding to?” “What might have happened to
make
the rhetor (the person who creates the rhetoric) respond in this
way?”
The exigence can be extremely complex, like the need for a new
Supreme Court justice, or it can be much simpler, like receiving
an
email that asks you where you and your friends should go for
your road
trip this weekend. Understanding the exigence is important
because it
helps you begin to discover the purpose of the rhetoric. It helps
you
understand what the discourse is trying to accomplish.
Another part of the rhetorical context is audience, those who are
the (intended or unintended) recipients of the rhetorical
message. The
audience should be able to respond to the exigence. In other
words,
the audience should be able to help address the problem. You
might
be very frustrated with your campus’s requirement that all first-
year
students purchase a meal plan for on-campus dining. You might
even
send an email to a good friend back home voicing that
frustration.
However, if you want to address the exigence of the meal plans,
the
most appropriate audience would be the person/office on
campus that
15. oversees meal plans. Your friend back home cannot solve the
problem
(though she may be able to offer sympathy or give you some
good sug-
gestions), but the person who can change the meal plan
requirements
is probably on campus. Rhetors make all sorts of choices based
on
their audience. Audience can determine the type of language
used,
the formality of the discourse, the medium or delivery of the
rhetoric,
and even the types of reasons used the make the rhetor’s
argument.
Understanding the audience helps you begin to see and
understand the
rhetorical moves that the rhetor makes.
The last piece of the rhetorical situation is the constraints. The
constraints of the rhetorical situation are those things that have
the
power to “constrain decision and action needed to modify the
exi-
gence” (Bitzer 306). Constraints have a lot to do with how the
rhetoric
is presented. Constraints can be “beliefs, attitudes, documents,
facts,
traditions, images, interests, motives” (Bitzer 306). Constraints
limit
the way the discourse is delivered or communicated. Constraints
may
be something as simple as your instructor limiting your proposal
to
one thousand words, or they may be far more complex like the
kinds
of language you need to use to persuade a certain community.
16. So how do you apply this to a piece of rhetoric? Let’s say you
are
flipping through a magazine, and you come across an
advertisement
that has a large headline that reads “Why Some People Say
‘D’OH’
Laura Bolin Carroll50
When You Say ‘Homer’” (“Why”). This ad is an Ad Council
public
service announcement (PSA) to promote arts education and is
spon-
sored by Americans for the Arts and NAMM, the trade
association of
the international music products industry.
Since you want to understand more about what this ad means
and
what it wants you to believe or do, you begin to think about the
rhetor-
ical situation. You first might ask, “what is the ad responding
to? What
problem does it hope to address?” That’s the exigence. In this
case, the
exigence is the cutting of arts funding and children’s lack of
exposure
to the arts. According to the Ad Council’s website, “the average
kid is
provided insufficient time to learn and experience the arts. This
PSA
campaign was created to increase involvement in championing
arts
17. education both in and out of school” (“Arts”). The PSA is
responding
directly to the fact that kids are not getting enough arts
education.
Then you might begin to think about to whom the Ad Council
tar-
geted the ad. Unless you’re a parent, you are probably not the
primary
audience. If you continued reading the text of the ad, you’d
notice that
there is information to persuade parents that the arts are helpful
to
their children and to let them know how to help their children
become
more involved with the arts. The ad tells parents that “the
experience
will for sure do more than entertain them. It’ll build their
capacity to
learn more. In fact, the more art kids get, the smarter they
become in
subjects like math and science. And that’s reason enough to
make a
parent say, ‘D’oh!,’ For Ten Simple Ways to instill art in your
kids’ lives
visit AmericansForTheArts.org” (“Why”). Throughout the text
of the
ad, parents are told both what to believe about arts education
and how
to act in response to the belief.
There also might be a secondary audience for this ad—people
who
are not the main audience of the ad but might also be able to
respond
to the exigence. For example, philanthropists who could raise
18. money
for arts education or legislators who might pass laws for arts
funding
or to require arts education in public schools could also be
intended
audiences for this ad.
Finally, you might want to think about the constraints or the
limi-
tations on the ad. Sometimes these are harder to get at, but we
can
guess a few things. One constraint might be the cost of the ad.
Dif-
ferent magazines charge differently for ad space as well as
placement
within the magazine, so the Ad Council could have been
constrained
by how much money they wanted to spend to circulate the ad.
The ad
Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis 51
is also only one page long, so there might have been a limitation
on the
amount of space for the ad. Finally, on the Ad Council’s
webpage, they
list the requirements for organizations seeking the funding and
sup-
port of the Ad Council. There are twelve criteria, but here are a
few:
1. The sponsor organization must be a private non-profit
501(c)3
organization, private foundation, government agency or coali-
19. tion of such groups.
2. The issue must address the Ad Council’s focus on Health &
Safety, Education, or Community. Applications which benefit
children are viewed with favor—as part of the Ad Council’s
Commitment to Children.
3. The issue must offer a solution through an individual action.
4. The effort must be national in scope, so that the message has
relevance to media audiences in communities throughout the
nation. (“Become”)
Each of these criteria helps to understand the limitations on
both who
can participate as rhetor and what can be said.
The exigence, audience and constraints are only one way to
under-
stand the context of a piece of rhetoric, and, of course, there are
other
ways to get at context. Some rhetoricians look at subject,
purpose, au-
dience and occasion. Others might look at the “rhetorical
triangle” of
writer, reader, and purpose.
An analysis using the rhetorical triangle would ask similar ques-
tions about audience as one using the rhetorical situation, but it
would
also ask questions about the writer and the purpose of the
document.
Asking questions about the writer helps the reader determine
whether
she or he is credible and knowledgeable. For example, the Ad
Council
20. has been creating public service announcements since 1942
(“Loose
Lips Sink Ships,” anyone?) and is a non-profit agency. They
also docu-
ment their credibility by showing the impact of their campaigns
in
several ways: “Destruction of our forests by wildfires has been
reduced
from 22 million acres to less than 8.4 million acres per year,
since our
Forest Fire Prevention campaign began” and “6,000 Children
were
paired with a mentor in just the first 18 months of our
mentoring
campaign” (“About”). Based on this information, we can assume
that
the Ad Council is a credible rhetor, and whether or not we agree
with
the rhetoric they produce, we can probably assume it contains
reliable
Laura Bolin Carroll52
information. Asking questions about the next part of the
rhetorical
triangle, the purpose of a piece of rhetoric, helps you
understand what
the rhetor is trying to achieve through the discourse. We can
discern
the purpose by asking questions like “what does the rhetor want
me to
believe after seeing this message?” or “what does the rhetor
want me
to do?” In some ways, the purpose takes the exigence to the
21. next step.
If the exigence frames the problem, the purpose frames the
response
to that problem.
The rhetorical situation and rhetorical triangle are two ways to
begin to understand how the rhetoric functions within the
context you
find it. The key idea is to understand that no rhetorical
performance
takes place in a vacuum. One of the first steps to understanding
a piece
of rhetoric is to look at the context in which it takes place.
Whatever
terminology you (or your instructor) choose, it is a good idea to
start
by locating your analysis within a rhetorical situation.
0e Heart of the Matter—0e Argument
The rhetorical situation is just the beginning of your analysis,
though.
What you really want to understand is the argument—what the
rhetor
wants you to believe or do and how he or she goes about that
persua-
sion. Effective argumentation has been talked about for
centuries. In
the fourth century BCE, Aristotle was teaching the men of
Athens
how to persuade different kinds of audiences in different kinds
of rhe-
torical situations. Aristotle articulated three “artistic appeals”
that a
rhetor could draw on to make a case—logos, pathos, and ethos.
22. Logos is commonly defined as argument from reason, and it
usu-
ally appeals to an audience’s intellectual side. As audiences we
want to
know the “facts of the matter,” and logos helps present these—
statis-
tics, data, and logical statements. For example, on our Homer ad
for
the arts, the text tells parents that the arts will “build their
capacity to
learn more. In fact, the more art kids get, the smarter they
become in
subjects like math and science” (“Why”). You might notice that
there
aren’t numbers or charts here, but giving this information
appeals to
the audience’s intellectual side.
That audience can see a continuation of the argument on the Ad
Council’s webpage, and again much of the argument appeals to
logos
and draws on extensive research that shows that the arts do
these
things:
Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis 53
• Allow kids to express themselves creatively and bolster their
self-confidence.
• Teach kids to be more tolerant and open.
• Improve kids’ overall academic performance.
• Show that kids actively engaged in arts education are likely
23. to have higher SAT scores than those with little to no arts in-
volvement.
• Develop skills needed by the 21st century workforce: critical
thinking, creative problem solving, effective communication,
teamwork and more.
• Keep students engaged in school and less likely to drop out.
(“Arts”)
Each bullet above is meant to intellectually persuade parents
that they
need to be more intentional in providing arts education for their
chil-
dren.
Few of us are persuaded only with our mind, though. Even if we
intellectually agree with something, it is difficult to get us to
act un-
less we are also persuaded in our heart. This kind of appeal to
emotion
is called pathos. Pathetic appeals (as rhetoric that draws on
pathos is
called) used alone without logos and ethos can come across as
emo-
tionally manipulative or overly sentimental, but are very
powerful
when used in conjunction with the other two appeals.
Emotional appeals can come in many forms—an anecdote or
nar-
rative, an image such as a photograph, or even humor. For
example,
on their web campaign, People for the Ethical Treatment of
Animals
(PETA) uses an image of a baby chick and of Ronald McDonald
24. wielding a knife to draw attention to their Chicken McCruely
Un-
Happy Meal. These images are meant to evoke an emotional
response
in the viewer and, along with a logos appeal with the statistics
about
how cruelly chickens are treated, persuade the viewer to boycott
Mc-
Donalds.
Pathos can also be a very effective appeal if the rhetor has to
per-
suade the audience in a very short amount of time, which is why
it is
used heavily in print advertisements, billboards, or television
commer-
cials. An investment company will fill a 30-second commercial
with
images of families and couples enjoying each other, seeming
happy,
and surrounded by wealth to persuade you to do business with
them.
Laura Bolin Carroll54
The 30-second time spot does not allow them to give the 15-
year
growth of each of their funds, and pathetic appeals will often
hold our
interest much longer than intellectual appeals.
The ad promoting the importance of art uses humor to appeal to
the audience’s emotional side. By comparing the epic poet
Homer to
25. Homer Simpson and his classic “d’oh!” the ad uses humor to
draw
people into their argument about the arts. The humor continues
as
they ask parents if their kids know the difference between the
Hom-
ers, “The only Homer some kids know is the one who can’t
write his
own last name” (“Why”). The ad also appeals to emotion
through its
language use (diction), describing Homer as “one very ancient
dude,”
and describing The Odyssey as “the sequel” to The Iliad. In this
case,
the humor of the ad, which occurs in the first few lines, is
meant to
draw the reader in and help them become interested in the
argument
before the ad gets to the logos, which is in the last few lines of
the ad.
The humor also makes the organization seem real and approach-
able, contributing to the ethos. The humor might lead you to
think
that Americans for the Arts is not a stuffy bunch of suits, but an
orga-
nization you can relate to or one that has a realistic
understanding of
the world. Ethos refers to the credibility of the rhetor—which
can be
a person or an organization. A rhetor can develop credibility in
many
ways. The tone of the writing and whether that tone is
appropriate for
the context helps build a writer’s ethos, as does the accuracy of
the in-
26. formation or the visual presentation of the rhetoric.
In the Homer ad, the ethos is built in several ways. The simple,
hu-
morous and engaging language, such as “Greek Gods. Achilles
Heel.
Trojan Horse. All of these icons are brought to us by one very
ancient
dude—Homer. In The Iliad and its sequel, The Odyssey, he
present-
ed Greek mythology in everyday language” (“Why”) draws the
audi-
ence in and helps the tone of the ad seem very approachable.
Also, the
knowledge of Greek mythology and the information about how
the
arts help children—which also contribute to the logos appeal—
make
the ad seem credible and authoritative. However, the fact that
the ad
does not use too many statistics or overly technical language
also con-
tributes to the ethos of the ad because often sounding too
intellectual
can come across as pompous or stuffy.
Aristotle’s artistic appeals are not the only way to understand
the
argument of rhetoric. You might choose to look at the claim or
the
unstated assumptions of a piece; someone else might consider
the vi-
Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis 55
27. sual appeal of the rhetoric, like the font, page layout, types of
paper,
or images; another person might focus on the language use and
the
specific word choice and sentence structure of a piece. Logos,
pathos,
and ethos can provide a nice framework for analysis, but there
are nu-
merous ways to understand how a piece of rhetoric persuades
(or fails
to persuade).
Looking at the context and components of a piece of rhetoric
often
isn’t enough, though, because it is important to draw
conclusions
about the rhetoric—does it successfully respond to the
exigence? Is it
an ethical approach? Is it persuasive? These kinds of questions
let you
begin to create your own claims, your own rhetoric, as you take
a stand
on what other people say, do, or write.
Beginning to Analyze
Once you have established the context for the rhetoric you are
analyz-
ing, you can begin to think about how well it fits into that
context.
You’ve probably been in a situation where you arrived way
under-
dressed for an occasion. You thought that the dinner was just a
casual
get together with friends; it turned out to be a far more formal
28. affair,
and you felt very out of place. There are also times when
discourse fails
to respond to the situation well—it doesn’t fit. On the other
hand, suc-
cessful discourses often respond very well to the context. They
address
the problem, consider the audience’s needs, provide accurate
informa-
tion, and have a compelling claim. One of the reasons you work
to
determine the rhetorical situation for a piece of discourse is to
consider
whether it works within that context. You can begin this process
by
asking questions like:
• Does the rhetoric address the problem it claims to address?
• Is the rhetoric targeted at an audience who has the power to
make change?
• Are the appeals appropriate to the audience?
• Does the rhetor give enough information to make an informed
decision?
• Does the rhetoric attempt to manipulate in any way (by giving
incomplete/inaccurate information or abusing the audience’s
emotions)?
Laura Bolin Carroll56
• What other sub-claims do you have to accept to understand
the rhetor’s main claim? (For example, in order to accept the
29. Ad Council’s claim that the arts boost math and science scores,
you first have to value the boosting of those scores.)
• What possible negative effects might come from this rhetoric?
Rhetorical analysis asks how discourse functions in the setting
in which
it is found. In the same way that a commercial for denture
cream seems
very out of place when aired during a reality television show
aimed at
teenagers, rhetoric that does not respond well to its context
often fails
to persuade. In order to perform analysis, you must understand
the
context and then you must carefully study the ways that the
discourse
does and does not respond appropriately to that context.
The bottom line is that the same basic principles apply when
you
look at any piece of rhetoric (your instructor’s clothing, an
advertise-
ment, the president’s speech): you need to consider the context
and the
argument. As you begin to analyze rhetoric, there are lots of
different
types of rhetoric you might encounter in a college classroom,
such as
• Political cartoon
• Wikipedia entry
• Scholarly article
• Bar Graph
• Op-Ed piece in the newspaper
• Speech
30. • YouTube video
• Book chapter
• Photograph
• PowerPoint Presentation
All of the above types of discourse try to persuade you. They
may ask
you to accept a certain kind of knowledge as valid, they may
ask you
to believe a certain way, or they may ask you to act. It is
important to
understand what a piece of rhetoric is asking of you, how it
tries to
persuade you, and whether that persuasion fits within the
context you
encounter it in. Rhetorical analysis helps you answer those
questions.
Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis 57
Implications of Rhetorical Analysis, Or Why Do 0is Stu1
Anyway?
So you might be wondering if you know how to do this analysis
al-
ready—you can tell what kind of person someone is by their
clothing,
or what a commercial wants you to buy without carefully
listening to
it—why do you need to know how to do more formal analysis?
How
does this matter outside a college classroom?
Well, first of all, much of the reading and learning in college
31. re-
quires some level of rhetorical analysis: as you read a textbook
chapter
to prepare for a quiz, it is helpful to be able to distill the main
points
quickly; when you read a journal article for a research paper, it
is nec-
essary to understand the scholar’s thesis; when you watch a
video in
class, it is useful to be able to understand how the creator is
trying to
persuade you. But college is not the only place where an
understanding
of how rhetoric works is important. You will find yourself in
many sit-
uations—from boardrooms to your children’s classrooms or
churches
to city council meetings where you need to understand the heart
of the
arguments being presented.
One final example: in November 2000, Campbell’s Soup Com-
pany launched a campaign to show that many of their soups
were low
in calories and showed pre-pubescent girls refusing to eat
because they
were “watching their weight.” A very small organization called
Dads
and Daughters, a group that fights advertising that targets girls
with
negative body images, contacted Campbell’s explaining the
problems
they saw in an ad that encouraged young girls to be self-
conscious
about their weight, and asked Campbell’s to pull the ad. A few
days
32. later, Campbell’s Vice President for Marketing and Corporate
Com-
munications called. One of the dads says, “the Vice President
acknowl-
edged he had received their letter, reviewed the ad again, saw
their
point, and was pulling the ad,” responding to a “couple of guys
writing
a letter” (“Media”). Individuals who understand rhetorical
analysis and
act to make change can have a tremendous influence on their
world.
D!#+2##!()
1. What are examples of rhetoric that you see or hear on a daily
basis?
2. What are some ways that you create rhetoric? What kinds of
messages are you trying to communicate?
Laura Bolin Carroll58
3. What is an example of a rhetorical situation that you have
found yourself in? Discuss exigence, audience, and constraints.
W("3# C!$'4
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