This document discusses instrument performance characteristics and calibration. It defines key characteristics like range, resolution, accuracy, precision, response time, linearity, and drift. It explains that calibration is needed to check an instrument's response across its specified range. Selection of instruments requires considering minimum required performance characteristics, maintenance needs, and costs to suit the process control application.
Measuring Instrument and communicaiton protocolssuser325d67
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide
Measuring Instrument and communicaiton protocolssuser325d67
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide high speed data. The standard is defined by industry telecommunications bodies and may be referred to most commonly as RS485, but references to EIA485 or TIA-485 may also be seen.
RS485 is able to provide a headline data rate of 10 Mbps at distances up to 50 feet, but distances can be extended to 4000 feet with a lower speed of 100 kbps.
Although RS485 was never intended for domestic use, it found many applications where remote data acquisition was required.
S485 was developed to provide
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. DISCLAIMER
• These powerpoint slides act only as a tool in delivering
lectures to the students.
• The materials presented in these slides are not
comprehensive as most of the materials are explained
to the students verbally with the guide of these
PowerPoint slides, smartboard and ELET241 reference
book.
• Hence, the students are reminded that the main
reference for ELET241 is Instrumentation and Process
Control by Franklyn W. Kirk text book
2
3. What is Measurement?
• Measurement is defined as the determination
of amount of a variable for monitoring and
controlling purposes.
4. How Measurement is done?
• An instrument may provide the information
about the value of a quantity under
measurement, in the form commonly known
as an indicating function.
5. Instruments Performance Characteristics
• Measuring instruments such as sensors are subject to performance
limitations.
• For example, a temperature-sensor primary element takes long
time to respond to changes.
• Thus, its performance can be described by its inherent
characteristics.
• Understanding the instrument performance characteristics is very
important when selecting a sensor for a process control.
6. Instruments Performance Characteristics
1. Range
The range of an instrument is the minimum and maximum values of the measured
variable that the instrument is capable of measuring. The values of process
measurement supposed to be 0% and 100% of a transmitter’s calibrated range.
For example, A temperature transmitter is calibrated to measure a range of
temperature starting at –50°F and ending at 200°F, Determine its LRV and URV?
Answer:
a. Lower Range Value(LRV) would be –50°F at 0%
b. Upper Range Value (URV) would be 200°F at 100%.
2. Zero
It is the value of the measured variable at a datum or reference point.
For example, the zero value of the above example is -50 °F
7. Instruments Performance Characteristics
3. Span
It is the difference between the maximum and minimum numbers in
the range.
Example: A thermometer can measure temperature between –50°F
and 200°F.
The span of the thermometer is 200 – (-50) =250 °F
10. Instruments Performance Characteristics
• Example
Temperature measurement with a Pt100 Platinum Resistance Thermometer
When temperature is changed from 0 C to 50 C - the resistance in a Pt100
thermometer changes from 100 ohm to 119.4 ohm. The sensitivity for this
range can be calculated as
s = (119.4 ohm - 100 ohm) / (50 C – 0 C)
= 0.388 ohm/C
11. Instruments Performance Characteristics
5. Resolution
It is the minimum detectable change in the measured variable
which is being measured by the sensor.
For example, if a voltmeter has a resolution of 1mV, then a
change lesser than 1mV will not be detected by it. i.e., if it reads
9.999 V, then it will become 10.000V only if a change of 1mV is
made and not less than that.
12. 6. Time Response
The time taken by a sensor to approach its true output when
subjected to a step input is sometimes referred to as its response
time.
For example, if the temperature of a material changes, response
time determines how quickly a temperature sensor indicates that
change.
Performance Characteristics
13. Instruments Performance Characteristics
7. Accuracy
It is the closeness to which an measured value matches the actual value
of a measurement over a specified range.
8. Precision
it is the closeness with which repeated measurements of the same
quantity matches with each other..
15. Accuracy and Precision
Sensors are designed to be both accurate and precise.
A sensor that is accurate but imprecise may come very close to
measuring the actual value of the process variable, but it will not be
reliable in its measurements.
A sensor that is precise but inaccurate may not come as close to
measuring the actual value of the controlled variable, but its
measurements will differ from the actual value by nearly the same
amount every time. This consistency makes it
possible to compensate for the sensor error.
Instruments Performance Characteristics
17. Instruments Performance Characteristics
Example:
• The true length of a steel beam is 6 m. Three repeated
readings with a laser meter has range of 0 to 40 m
indicates a length of 6.01 m, 6.0095 and 6.015 m
• Calculate the accuracy of the leaser meter?
• Calculate the precision of the leaser meter?
19. Instruments Performance Characteristics
9. Linearity
It is the closeness to which multiple measurements approximate a
straight line on a graph.
A straight line connecting the minimum and maximum input and
output operating points, would represent perfect linear operation of
the instrument.
In practice, exact linearity is difficult to achieve, thus, most sensors
show small changes of slope over their work range which is expressed
as non-linearity.
Non- linearity can be determined be measuring the maximum
deviation of the output to the ideal line, as shown in Figure 1.
Non-linearity is then expressed as a percentage of the maximum
output value.
21. Instruments Performance Characteristics
• Example
A level sensor has an input range of 0.0 to 3.0 m. Using the calibration results given in
the table, calculate:
a) The input and output span.
b) The maximum non-linearity percentage
Level m 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Output
mV
0 16.5 32 44 51.5 55.5 58
23. Instruments Performance Characteristics
• Input span = 3-0 = 3 cm and output span = 58-0 = 58 mV
• The non-linearity is approximately at (48 – 33 = 15 mV).
• Non-linearity expressed as percentage = (15/58)×100 ≈ 26 %.
24. Instruments Performance Characteristics
10. Stability
It is the ability of the sensor to keep its performance unchanged after
a period of time.
11. Hysteresis
It is when the sensor shows different output behavior while
input increases (loading) and decreases (unloading) over the
same range.
For example,An RTD may exhibit hysteresis while heating and
cooling
26. 12. Drift
It is the change in sensor reading over time while the input and
ambient conditions are constant
Instruments Performance Characteristics
27. Drift can be causes of the following:
• Mechanical vibrations
• Stresses due to high pressure
• Temperature effects
• Electric and magnetic fields
Instruments Performance Characteristics
28. Calibration
Every instrument has at least one input and one output.
The measurement of the output of a sensor must be in response to an accurately
known input.
This process is known as calibration, and the devices that produce the inputs are
described as calibration standards.
To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response
so the output accurately corresponds to its input throughout a specified range.
It is usual to provide measurements at a number of points of the working range
of the sensor, so that a ratio of output to input may be determined from the
measured points by calculation.
29. Calibration
This graph shows how any given percentage of input should correspond to the same
percentage of output, all the way from 0% to 100%.
31. Input Percentage
%
Level Input in m Level Transmitter
Output in mA
100 30 20
75
50
25
0 0 4
Calibration
Every Process Variable has a range to be measured. This range will always be represented
by Percentage of its span. This percentage is very helpful when calibrating the instrument
to its original values is required.
Example:
Electronic level transmitter is calibrated with a range of 0 to 30 m, and its output signal has
a range of 4 to 20 mA. Calculate the full corresponding calibration readings of the level
transmitter based on 25% of the input span.
32. Calibration
Equation to calculate Instrument output/input from the process
variable range to any standard signal used by transmitter
Input Value= the value of the process variable measured by the sensor
LRVs= Lower range value of the sensor
SPANs= The span of sensor
LRVt=Lower Range Value of Transmitter
SPANt=The span of Transmitter
33. Instrument Selection
• Instruments selection can be done by specifying the minimum
performance characteristics required in order to suit the
required performance of the process control.
• Performance characteristics, maintenance requirements ,and
consumption cost effect the instrument selection process.
34. Instrument Selection
• In order to evaluate the instrument selection, performance characteristics
are considered.
• Generally, the greater the requirements for good performance, the higher
the cost for purchase and maintenance requirements.
• For example, the higher the accuracy of sensor, the higher of its
manufacturing cost.
• Therefore, finding the appropriate performance and cost is preferred
more than specifying the best available preforming instrument.
