of type of lateral reinforcement as a confining material and also the
effect of mineral admixtures on compressive strength of concrete in the column composite. For this, the work is carried out in two
phases. In the first phase, Short columns were casted by varying volumetric ratio and spacing of lateral reinforcement. The effect
of spacing, volumetric ratio on ultimate load carrying capacity of short columns is studied. And in the second phase, Short
columns with different types of mineral admixtures like fly ash and GGBS are developed. All the columns were tested in the
Universal Testing Machine of 1000 kN capacity. The effect of these admixtures on ultimate load capacity of short columns is
studied. Also, modes of failures, crack pattern, stress-strain patterns are also studied in both stages. The test results indicate that
with increase in volumetric ratio of steel, the strength and ductility of column increases and the columns in which 20% GGBS is
replaced shows high strength. From the modes of failure it is observed that the short columns shows brittle fracture and zone of
rupture is observed at top and bottom ends of the columns and this zone of rupture is decreases with the decrease in spacing of
ties. The spacing of ties is strongly influencing zone of rupture in all type of columns is observed in this study.
Keywords: Short Column, Volumetric Ratio, Fly Ash, GGBS, Mode of Failure
Study of behaviour of composite beams with truss type shear connectoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to optimize the design of truss-type shear connectors used in composite beams. Various parameters of the shear connectors were analyzed, including angle of inclination, bar diameter, and depth of embedment. Angles between 60-75 degrees were found to be most efficient, with minimal changes when bar diameters were varied. The ultimate load capacity was found to be independent of depth of embedment. Additional models analyzed the influence of cohesion and friction at the interface, finding that cohesion up to 2 MPa resulted in behavior similar to a solid beam.
System shear connector digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
Effect of depth to thickness ratio and length to depth ratio on hollow sectio...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strengthening of reinforced concrete beam using steel fiber at different dept...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation for enhancing the shear and ultimate strength capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) beams using steel fiber at different depths. Ultimate loads, load-deflection curves, cracking and crushing patterns have been compared with those of the RC beams without steel fiber henceforth noted as controlled beam. A total of four sets of experiments each having three concrete beams, one set control beam and three sets with randomly distributed discrete steel fiber at different depths henceforth noted as fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) beam, were performed to determine the most economical structure in the perspective of ultimate strength and shear capacity. From the test results, it was found that incorporation of steel fiber in RC beams have shown to be effective in enhancing the shear strength capacity. It has also been observed that the strength increases with the use of varying depth of steel fiber. Beam strengthened using this scheme has shown 20% increase in shear strength and ultimate load in comparison to controlled beam.
Key Words: Reinforced Concrete Beams, High Strength Concrete, Steel fibers, strengthening
Flexural characteristics of sfrscc and sfrnc one way slabseSAT Journals
Abstract Fibre reinforced concrete with steel fibres attracted the attention of engineers and researchers during the last five decades. In recent times self-compacting concrete has been accepted as a quality product and are widely used. A large number of studies are available with respect to several parameters viz., load deflection behavior, toughness, flexural strength, ductility, effects of beam dimensions, concrete filling sequence, flexural toughness parameters, crack control etc. of fibre Reinforced Concrete. The present study aims to study the flexural behavior of SFRSCC and SFRNC slabs with steel fibres. Keywords: Self compacting concrete1, Fibre reinforced concrete2, Steel fibre reinforce normal concrete3, Steel fibre reinforce4, Self-compacting concrete5.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of built-up steel-concrete composite columns with angle sections under axial and eccentric loading. The study included testing composite columns with conventional concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, and additional reinforcement. Load-deflection behavior, moment-curvature relationships, and load-moment interaction diagrams are presented and discussed. Key findings include the concrete carrying most of the load and failing in compression before steel yields, and fiber reinforced and reinforced specimens exhibiting higher load capacities than conventional concrete specimens.
The Effects of Welding Processes and Microstructure on 3 Body Abrasive Wear R...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Study of behaviour of composite beams with truss type shear connectoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to optimize the design of truss-type shear connectors used in composite beams. Various parameters of the shear connectors were analyzed, including angle of inclination, bar diameter, and depth of embedment. Angles between 60-75 degrees were found to be most efficient, with minimal changes when bar diameters were varied. The ultimate load capacity was found to be independent of depth of embedment. Additional models analyzed the influence of cohesion and friction at the interface, finding that cohesion up to 2 MPa resulted in behavior similar to a solid beam.
System shear connector digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
Effect of depth to thickness ratio and length to depth ratio on hollow sectio...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strengthening of reinforced concrete beam using steel fiber at different dept...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation for enhancing the shear and ultimate strength capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) beams using steel fiber at different depths. Ultimate loads, load-deflection curves, cracking and crushing patterns have been compared with those of the RC beams without steel fiber henceforth noted as controlled beam. A total of four sets of experiments each having three concrete beams, one set control beam and three sets with randomly distributed discrete steel fiber at different depths henceforth noted as fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) beam, were performed to determine the most economical structure in the perspective of ultimate strength and shear capacity. From the test results, it was found that incorporation of steel fiber in RC beams have shown to be effective in enhancing the shear strength capacity. It has also been observed that the strength increases with the use of varying depth of steel fiber. Beam strengthened using this scheme has shown 20% increase in shear strength and ultimate load in comparison to controlled beam.
Key Words: Reinforced Concrete Beams, High Strength Concrete, Steel fibers, strengthening
Flexural characteristics of sfrscc and sfrnc one way slabseSAT Journals
Abstract Fibre reinforced concrete with steel fibres attracted the attention of engineers and researchers during the last five decades. In recent times self-compacting concrete has been accepted as a quality product and are widely used. A large number of studies are available with respect to several parameters viz., load deflection behavior, toughness, flexural strength, ductility, effects of beam dimensions, concrete filling sequence, flexural toughness parameters, crack control etc. of fibre Reinforced Concrete. The present study aims to study the flexural behavior of SFRSCC and SFRNC slabs with steel fibres. Keywords: Self compacting concrete1, Fibre reinforced concrete2, Steel fibre reinforce normal concrete3, Steel fibre reinforce4, Self-compacting concrete5.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of built-up steel-concrete composite columns with angle sections under axial and eccentric loading. The study included testing composite columns with conventional concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, and additional reinforcement. Load-deflection behavior, moment-curvature relationships, and load-moment interaction diagrams are presented and discussed. Key findings include the concrete carrying most of the load and failing in compression before steel yields, and fiber reinforced and reinforced specimens exhibiting higher load capacities than conventional concrete specimens.
The Effects of Welding Processes and Microstructure on 3 Body Abrasive Wear R...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel-concrete composite floor slabs. Cold-formed steel decking with trapezoidal profiles was used to construct composite floor slabs with concrete. Shear connectors in the form of stud bolts connected the steel decking to the concrete. Three specimens were tested - an RCC slab, a composite slab, and a composite truss. The composite truss was fabricated from steel and connected to the decking and concrete with shear connectors. All specimens were tested for load carrying capacity. The composite truss performed comparably to the RCC slab and was found to effectively transfer loads through composite action between the steel and concrete components.
Composite action of ferrocement slabs under static and cyclic loadingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the flexural behavior of ferrocement slabs with varying numbers of reinforcing wire mesh layers under static and cyclic loading conditions. Six ferrocement slabs were cast with 2, 3, or 4 layers of welded wire mesh reinforcement. The slabs were tested for first crack load, ultimate load, and load-deflection behavior. Results showed that increasing the number of reinforcing layers increased flexural strength and slowed crack propagation. Under both static and cyclic loading, slabs with 4 layers of mesh exhibited the highest strength, showing over a 70% increase in strength compared to 2-layer slabs.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Dynamic behavior of composite filled circular steel tubes with light weight c...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is presented. composite circular steel tubes- with light weight concrete as infill for three different grades of light weight concrete say M20,M30 and M40 are tested for ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under cyclic loading. steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and constant thickness. From this research study it is expected that ,regression models which were developed with minimum number of experiments based on taguchi’s method predicted the axial load carrying capacity very well and reasonably well at ultimate point. Cross sectional area of steel tube has most significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity also it is observed that, as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased. Keywords: Composite Columns, Hallow Steel Tubes, Light Weight Concrete Filled Steel Tubes, light weight concrete
This document provides an introduction and literature review on concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns. Some key points:
1) CFST columns utilize the advantages of both steel and concrete by using a steel hollow section filled with concrete. They are widely used in building construction.
2) Previous research has shown CFST columns have improved structural performance due to confinement of the concrete core by the steel tube. They also have construction advantages due to their simple erection sequence.
3) The literature review covers the behavior of CFST under different load cases like axial, bending, and combined loads. It also discusses design concepts, analytical methods, and codes/standards for CFST columns.
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
This document summarizes analytical studies on concrete filled steel tubes. A finite element model of a rectangular concrete filled steel tube short column was created using ANSYS software. The model was validated against experimental data. Both eigenvalue and nonlinear buckling analyses were performed to determine the ultimate axial load capacity of the column. The eigenvalue analysis provides the theoretical buckling strength, while the nonlinear analysis is more accurate as it considers factors like imperfections and plastic behavior. The results from the ANSYS model were used to develop an approximate formula for calculating the ultimate load of rectangular concrete filled steel tube short columns based on material properties.
1. The document examines the flexural behavior of concrete beams with low-grade concrete near the neutral axis zone or a hollow neutral axis.
2. Testing found that beams with low-grade concrete near the neutral axis had similar flexural strengths to control beams, with up to a 6% increase or decrease depending on the concrete grades used.
3. Beams with a hollow neutral axis also showed similar flexural strengths to control beams, with up to a 4% increase or decrease depending on the diameter of the hollow section and concrete grades.
4. In general, the study found that using low-grade concrete near the neutral axis or a hollow neutral axis did not significantly reduce the flexural strength of the beams
Concrete filled steel tubes subjected to axial compressioneSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete-filled steel tubular columns have excellent earth-quake resistant properties such as high strength and ductility and large energy absorption capacity. For concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST), local buckling commonly observed in bare steel columns is effectively prevented, giving a higher capacity. However if the concrete core and the steel tube are loaded simultaneously the steel tube expands more than the concrete core under moderate loads since Poisson’s ratio is higher for the steel section. The objective of this paper is To evaluate the accuracy of codal design approach by comparing experimental results with the analytical results obtained using EC4, ACI-318 and AISC-LRFD, for prediction of load carrying capacity of CFST columns under axial compression. Based on this the experimental programme is conducted on concrete filled steel tubes of length 300mm, thickness 1 to 3mm for circular, square and rectangular cross section with three different grades of concrete.200 T capacity Compression testing machine is used for experimental investigation.. The experimental results are compared with analytical results obtained by stated code of practices. From this it is concluded that EC4 gives conservative results. From which it is observed that EC4 gives conservative results with experimental results and it is concluded that EC4 provisions may be used for further analytical study to develop an expression to predict the section capacity CFST columns. As the grade of concrete increases the load carrying capacity is also increases. This paper presents the details of study carried out and the conclusions arrived. Keywords: CFST, high strength, local buckling, analytical, ACI-318, EC4, AISC-LRFD.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that experimentally and numerically studied the pull-out behavior of steel fibers in concrete. Experiments were conducted on straight and hooked steel fibers under various lateral pressures. The experiments showed large variations in results partly due to local crushing of the cement matrix. A numerical model was developed using an interface damage model and contact simulation to model fiber-concrete bonding. The model studies the influence of heterogeneous concrete properties on hooked fiber pull-out behavior by varying cement, aggregate, and interface strengths and toughnesses. Simulated results agreed with experiments, showing local concrete fracture influences pull-out behavior.
Reuse of Lathe Waste Steel Scrap in Concrete PavementsIJERA Editor
These project works assess on the study of the workability and mechanical strength properties of the concrete reinforced with industrialized waste fibers or the recycled fibers. In each lathe industries wastes are available in form of steel scraps are yield by the lathe machines in process of finishing of different machines parts and dumping of these wastes in the barren soil contaminating the soil and ground water that builds an unhealthy environment. Now a day’s these steel scraps as a waste products used by innovative construction industry and also in transportation and highway industry. In addition to get sustainable progress and environmental remuneration, lathe scrap as worn-recycle fibers with concrete are likely to be used. When the steel scrap reinforced in concrete it acquire a term; fiber reinforced concrete and steel fibers in concrete defined as steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC).Different experimental studies are done to identify about fresh and hardened concrete properties of steel scrap fiber reinforced concrete (SSFRC) and their mechanical properties are found to be increase due to the addition of steel scrap in concrete i.e. compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, fatigue strength and split tensile strength were increased but up to 0.5-2% scrap content . When compared with usual concrete to SSFRC, flexural strength increases by 40% and considerable increases in tensile and compressive strength. These steel scrap also aid to improve the shrinkage reduction, cracking resistance i.e. preventing crack propagation and modulus of elasticity. The workability of fresh SSFRC are carried out by using slump test but it restricted to less scrap contents. This work focuses on the enhancement of structural strength and improvement in fatigue life of concrete pavements by reuse of scrap steel in concrete. These concrete roads with SSFRC promises an appreciably eminent design life, offer superior serviceability and minimize crack growth and corrosion. The pioneer idea of this work is the reuse of waste lathe scrap as recycled steel fibers, which provides more cost-effective and eco-friendly sustainable SFRC PAVEMENTS.
This document presents an experimental study that analyzed the behavior of recycled aggregate concrete filled steel tube (RACFST) columns under different loading conditions. Eighteen RACFST specimens were tested with two concrete grades (30 MPa and 40 MPa) and three diameter-to-thickness ratios (25.283, 32.598, 38.948). The test results showed that the diameter-to-thickness ratio had a greater influence on the compression behavior than other factors like concrete strength or loading rate. The stiffness of RACFST specimens was strongly influenced by the ratio compared to the influence of concrete strength or loading rate. A finite element model was also developed and verified using the experimental results.
Investigations on Properties of Concrete using Steel Fiber Reinforced as Part...ijtsrd
Scope of using alternate materials as partial replacement of Coarse Aggregate is being searched for Concrete without sacrificing strength or increasing strength from economical and other aspects like using industrial waste for its efficient use. Investigations were done on M 25grade concrete by replacing coarse aggregate partially by steel fiber to get maximum strength. This Study presents the satisfactory results on various strength tests of concrete containing steel fiber as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate and would help to resolve solid waste disposal problem. However, further research work is still necessary in order to have a more in depth understanding. Hitesh Malviya | Pratiksha Malviya ""Investigations on Properties of Concrete using Steel Fiber Reinforced as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22861.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/22861/investigations-on-properties-of-concrete-using-steel-fiber-reinforced-as-partial-replacement-of-coarse-aggregate/hitesh-malviya
The document summarizes a numerical study on the behavior of concrete-filled steel tube columns under axial loads. A finite element model was developed using ABAQUS to simulate the composite action between the steel tube and concrete core. The model considers the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of confined concrete and elastic-plastic behavior of steel. The results of the model were validated by comparing ultimate loads to experimental data, with a maximum difference of 5-10%. Analytical calculations from codes like ACI and Eurocode were also compared to the experimental and numerical ultimate loads.
1) The study tested 4 reinforced self-compacting concrete beams to analyze the effect of construction joints on structural performance.
2) The beams included a reference beam without a joint, and beams with horizontal, vertical at mid-span, and vertical at 1/4 span joints.
3) Test results showed construction joints had a more significant effect on ultimate load than first crack load. The horizontal joint beam performed best with a 6.7% reduction in first crack load and 26.7% reduction in ultimate load compared to the reference beam. The vertical 1/4 span joint beam performed worst with reductions of 16.7% and 56.2% respectively.
This document discusses estimating the shear modulus of elastomeric bridge bearings using operational modal analysis. Two bearings were tested - an old bearing that had been in use for over 35 years, and a new bearing to replace it. Modal analysis was performed on the bearings to extract their dynamic characteristics and estimate shear modulus. The results showed shear moduli of 1.3-1.8 MPa for the new bearing and 0.6-0.8 MPa for the old bearing, indicating a reduction in properties after years of use. Natural frequencies were around 5-10% lower for the old bearing, while damping was 10-50% lower. The estimated shear moduli were within the ranges specified by bridge design
Comparative Analysis between Tube in Tube Structure and Conventional Moment R...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of a conventional moment resisting frame structure to a tube-in-tube steel structure through computer modeling and analysis. Five 50-story building models are analyzed: a conventional frame, two tube-in-tube structures with different column spacing, and two tube-in-tube structures with additional X bracing. The analyses indicate that the tube-in-tube structures perform better in resisting lateral loads but have greater displacements. Reducing column spacing and adding bracing in the tube-in-tube models increases their stiffness and decreases displacements and drift, while increasing base shear and accelerations. The tube-in-tube structure with close column spacing and bracing provides the best performance against static and dynamic loads
This document summarizes an experimental study on using swimmer bars as shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete deep beams compared to vertical stirrups. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than or equal to 2. Four different shear reinforcement patterns were tested: vertical stirrups (control), single swimmer bars, rectangular shaped swimmer bars, and rectangular shaped swimmer bars with cross bracings. Test results showed that beams with single swimmer bars had the highest failure load, increasing flexural strength by about 22% compared to the control beam. Beams with rectangular swimmer bars also increased strength but by a lesser amount. Crack patterns were diagonal shear cracks in all beams.
IRJET- Effect of Steel Ratio and Mineral Admixtures on Short ColumnsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of lateral reinforcement and mineral admixtures on short concrete columns. In the first phase, short columns were cast with varying volumetric ratios and spacing of lateral steel reinforcement. In the second phase, rice husk ash (RHA) was used as a mineral admixture in short columns. The columns were tested to determine their ultimate load capacity. Test results showed that increasing the volumetric ratio of steel reinforcement and using 10% RHA both increased the strength and ductility of the columns. Brittle failure was observed in columns without RHA or tightly spaced reinforcement. Zones of rupture at the top and bottom decreased with less reinforcement spacing. Compressive strength generally increased with the
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
Keywords: Composite Columns, Concrete Filled Steel Tube, Stiffeners, Self Compact Concrete etc.,
COMPARISON OF AUTOGENOUS SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE WITH AND WITHOUT STE...IRJET Journal
The document presents research on the autogenous shrinkage behavior of concrete with and without steel fibers. It includes the following key points:
- Testing was conducted on normal concrete and two types of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) - with crimped and hooked steel fibers. The SFRC mixtures demonstrated lower autogenous shrinkage compared to normal concrete.
- Among the SFRC mixtures, concrete with crimped steel fibers showed the most effective reduction in autogenous shrinkage. Within fiber types, mixtures with shorter fiber lengths performed best.
- Compressive strength testing also showed that SFRC mixtures outperformed normal concrete, with hooked fiber concrete exhibiting higher strength.
- The results indicate steel fiber
Experimental Investigation on Steel Concrete Composite Floor SlabIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel-concrete composite floor slabs. Cold-formed steel decking with trapezoidal profiles was used to construct composite floor slabs with concrete. Shear connectors in the form of stud bolts connected the steel decking to the concrete. Three specimens were tested - an RCC slab, a composite slab, and a composite truss. The composite truss was fabricated from steel and connected to the decking and concrete with shear connectors. All specimens were tested for load carrying capacity. The composite truss performed comparably to the RCC slab and was found to effectively transfer loads through composite action between the steel and concrete components.
Composite action of ferrocement slabs under static and cyclic loadingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the flexural behavior of ferrocement slabs with varying numbers of reinforcing wire mesh layers under static and cyclic loading conditions. Six ferrocement slabs were cast with 2, 3, or 4 layers of welded wire mesh reinforcement. The slabs were tested for first crack load, ultimate load, and load-deflection behavior. Results showed that increasing the number of reinforcing layers increased flexural strength and slowed crack propagation. Under both static and cyclic loading, slabs with 4 layers of mesh exhibited the highest strength, showing over a 70% increase in strength compared to 2-layer slabs.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Dynamic behavior of composite filled circular steel tubes with light weight c...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is presented. composite circular steel tubes- with light weight concrete as infill for three different grades of light weight concrete say M20,M30 and M40 are tested for ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under cyclic loading. steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and constant thickness. From this research study it is expected that ,regression models which were developed with minimum number of experiments based on taguchi’s method predicted the axial load carrying capacity very well and reasonably well at ultimate point. Cross sectional area of steel tube has most significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity also it is observed that, as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased. Keywords: Composite Columns, Hallow Steel Tubes, Light Weight Concrete Filled Steel Tubes, light weight concrete
This document provides an introduction and literature review on concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns. Some key points:
1) CFST columns utilize the advantages of both steel and concrete by using a steel hollow section filled with concrete. They are widely used in building construction.
2) Previous research has shown CFST columns have improved structural performance due to confinement of the concrete core by the steel tube. They also have construction advantages due to their simple erection sequence.
3) The literature review covers the behavior of CFST under different load cases like axial, bending, and combined loads. It also discusses design concepts, analytical methods, and codes/standards for CFST columns.
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
This document summarizes analytical studies on concrete filled steel tubes. A finite element model of a rectangular concrete filled steel tube short column was created using ANSYS software. The model was validated against experimental data. Both eigenvalue and nonlinear buckling analyses were performed to determine the ultimate axial load capacity of the column. The eigenvalue analysis provides the theoretical buckling strength, while the nonlinear analysis is more accurate as it considers factors like imperfections and plastic behavior. The results from the ANSYS model were used to develop an approximate formula for calculating the ultimate load of rectangular concrete filled steel tube short columns based on material properties.
1. The document examines the flexural behavior of concrete beams with low-grade concrete near the neutral axis zone or a hollow neutral axis.
2. Testing found that beams with low-grade concrete near the neutral axis had similar flexural strengths to control beams, with up to a 6% increase or decrease depending on the concrete grades used.
3. Beams with a hollow neutral axis also showed similar flexural strengths to control beams, with up to a 4% increase or decrease depending on the diameter of the hollow section and concrete grades.
4. In general, the study found that using low-grade concrete near the neutral axis or a hollow neutral axis did not significantly reduce the flexural strength of the beams
Concrete filled steel tubes subjected to axial compressioneSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete-filled steel tubular columns have excellent earth-quake resistant properties such as high strength and ductility and large energy absorption capacity. For concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST), local buckling commonly observed in bare steel columns is effectively prevented, giving a higher capacity. However if the concrete core and the steel tube are loaded simultaneously the steel tube expands more than the concrete core under moderate loads since Poisson’s ratio is higher for the steel section. The objective of this paper is To evaluate the accuracy of codal design approach by comparing experimental results with the analytical results obtained using EC4, ACI-318 and AISC-LRFD, for prediction of load carrying capacity of CFST columns under axial compression. Based on this the experimental programme is conducted on concrete filled steel tubes of length 300mm, thickness 1 to 3mm for circular, square and rectangular cross section with three different grades of concrete.200 T capacity Compression testing machine is used for experimental investigation.. The experimental results are compared with analytical results obtained by stated code of practices. From this it is concluded that EC4 gives conservative results. From which it is observed that EC4 gives conservative results with experimental results and it is concluded that EC4 provisions may be used for further analytical study to develop an expression to predict the section capacity CFST columns. As the grade of concrete increases the load carrying capacity is also increases. This paper presents the details of study carried out and the conclusions arrived. Keywords: CFST, high strength, local buckling, analytical, ACI-318, EC4, AISC-LRFD.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that experimentally and numerically studied the pull-out behavior of steel fibers in concrete. Experiments were conducted on straight and hooked steel fibers under various lateral pressures. The experiments showed large variations in results partly due to local crushing of the cement matrix. A numerical model was developed using an interface damage model and contact simulation to model fiber-concrete bonding. The model studies the influence of heterogeneous concrete properties on hooked fiber pull-out behavior by varying cement, aggregate, and interface strengths and toughnesses. Simulated results agreed with experiments, showing local concrete fracture influences pull-out behavior.
Reuse of Lathe Waste Steel Scrap in Concrete PavementsIJERA Editor
These project works assess on the study of the workability and mechanical strength properties of the concrete reinforced with industrialized waste fibers or the recycled fibers. In each lathe industries wastes are available in form of steel scraps are yield by the lathe machines in process of finishing of different machines parts and dumping of these wastes in the barren soil contaminating the soil and ground water that builds an unhealthy environment. Now a day’s these steel scraps as a waste products used by innovative construction industry and also in transportation and highway industry. In addition to get sustainable progress and environmental remuneration, lathe scrap as worn-recycle fibers with concrete are likely to be used. When the steel scrap reinforced in concrete it acquire a term; fiber reinforced concrete and steel fibers in concrete defined as steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC).Different experimental studies are done to identify about fresh and hardened concrete properties of steel scrap fiber reinforced concrete (SSFRC) and their mechanical properties are found to be increase due to the addition of steel scrap in concrete i.e. compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, fatigue strength and split tensile strength were increased but up to 0.5-2% scrap content . When compared with usual concrete to SSFRC, flexural strength increases by 40% and considerable increases in tensile and compressive strength. These steel scrap also aid to improve the shrinkage reduction, cracking resistance i.e. preventing crack propagation and modulus of elasticity. The workability of fresh SSFRC are carried out by using slump test but it restricted to less scrap contents. This work focuses on the enhancement of structural strength and improvement in fatigue life of concrete pavements by reuse of scrap steel in concrete. These concrete roads with SSFRC promises an appreciably eminent design life, offer superior serviceability and minimize crack growth and corrosion. The pioneer idea of this work is the reuse of waste lathe scrap as recycled steel fibers, which provides more cost-effective and eco-friendly sustainable SFRC PAVEMENTS.
This document presents an experimental study that analyzed the behavior of recycled aggregate concrete filled steel tube (RACFST) columns under different loading conditions. Eighteen RACFST specimens were tested with two concrete grades (30 MPa and 40 MPa) and three diameter-to-thickness ratios (25.283, 32.598, 38.948). The test results showed that the diameter-to-thickness ratio had a greater influence on the compression behavior than other factors like concrete strength or loading rate. The stiffness of RACFST specimens was strongly influenced by the ratio compared to the influence of concrete strength or loading rate. A finite element model was also developed and verified using the experimental results.
Investigations on Properties of Concrete using Steel Fiber Reinforced as Part...ijtsrd
Scope of using alternate materials as partial replacement of Coarse Aggregate is being searched for Concrete without sacrificing strength or increasing strength from economical and other aspects like using industrial waste for its efficient use. Investigations were done on M 25grade concrete by replacing coarse aggregate partially by steel fiber to get maximum strength. This Study presents the satisfactory results on various strength tests of concrete containing steel fiber as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate and would help to resolve solid waste disposal problem. However, further research work is still necessary in order to have a more in depth understanding. Hitesh Malviya | Pratiksha Malviya ""Investigations on Properties of Concrete using Steel Fiber Reinforced as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22861.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/22861/investigations-on-properties-of-concrete-using-steel-fiber-reinforced-as-partial-replacement-of-coarse-aggregate/hitesh-malviya
The document summarizes a numerical study on the behavior of concrete-filled steel tube columns under axial loads. A finite element model was developed using ABAQUS to simulate the composite action between the steel tube and concrete core. The model considers the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of confined concrete and elastic-plastic behavior of steel. The results of the model were validated by comparing ultimate loads to experimental data, with a maximum difference of 5-10%. Analytical calculations from codes like ACI and Eurocode were also compared to the experimental and numerical ultimate loads.
1) The study tested 4 reinforced self-compacting concrete beams to analyze the effect of construction joints on structural performance.
2) The beams included a reference beam without a joint, and beams with horizontal, vertical at mid-span, and vertical at 1/4 span joints.
3) Test results showed construction joints had a more significant effect on ultimate load than first crack load. The horizontal joint beam performed best with a 6.7% reduction in first crack load and 26.7% reduction in ultimate load compared to the reference beam. The vertical 1/4 span joint beam performed worst with reductions of 16.7% and 56.2% respectively.
This document discusses estimating the shear modulus of elastomeric bridge bearings using operational modal analysis. Two bearings were tested - an old bearing that had been in use for over 35 years, and a new bearing to replace it. Modal analysis was performed on the bearings to extract their dynamic characteristics and estimate shear modulus. The results showed shear moduli of 1.3-1.8 MPa for the new bearing and 0.6-0.8 MPa for the old bearing, indicating a reduction in properties after years of use. Natural frequencies were around 5-10% lower for the old bearing, while damping was 10-50% lower. The estimated shear moduli were within the ranges specified by bridge design
Comparative Analysis between Tube in Tube Structure and Conventional Moment R...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of a conventional moment resisting frame structure to a tube-in-tube steel structure through computer modeling and analysis. Five 50-story building models are analyzed: a conventional frame, two tube-in-tube structures with different column spacing, and two tube-in-tube structures with additional X bracing. The analyses indicate that the tube-in-tube structures perform better in resisting lateral loads but have greater displacements. Reducing column spacing and adding bracing in the tube-in-tube models increases their stiffness and decreases displacements and drift, while increasing base shear and accelerations. The tube-in-tube structure with close column spacing and bracing provides the best performance against static and dynamic loads
This document summarizes an experimental study on using swimmer bars as shear reinforcement in reinforced concrete deep beams compared to vertical stirrups. Deep beams are defined as having a shear span to depth ratio of less than or equal to 2. Four different shear reinforcement patterns were tested: vertical stirrups (control), single swimmer bars, rectangular shaped swimmer bars, and rectangular shaped swimmer bars with cross bracings. Test results showed that beams with single swimmer bars had the highest failure load, increasing flexural strength by about 22% compared to the control beam. Beams with rectangular swimmer bars also increased strength but by a lesser amount. Crack patterns were diagonal shear cracks in all beams.
IRJET- Effect of Steel Ratio and Mineral Admixtures on Short ColumnsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of lateral reinforcement and mineral admixtures on short concrete columns. In the first phase, short columns were cast with varying volumetric ratios and spacing of lateral steel reinforcement. In the second phase, rice husk ash (RHA) was used as a mineral admixture in short columns. The columns were tested to determine their ultimate load capacity. Test results showed that increasing the volumetric ratio of steel reinforcement and using 10% RHA both increased the strength and ductility of the columns. Brittle failure was observed in columns without RHA or tightly spaced reinforcement. Zones of rupture at the top and bottom decreased with less reinforcement spacing. Compressive strength generally increased with the
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
Keywords: Composite Columns, Concrete Filled Steel Tube, Stiffeners, Self Compact Concrete etc.,
COMPARISON OF AUTOGENOUS SHRINKAGE BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE WITH AND WITHOUT STE...IRJET Journal
The document presents research on the autogenous shrinkage behavior of concrete with and without steel fibers. It includes the following key points:
- Testing was conducted on normal concrete and two types of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) - with crimped and hooked steel fibers. The SFRC mixtures demonstrated lower autogenous shrinkage compared to normal concrete.
- Among the SFRC mixtures, concrete with crimped steel fibers showed the most effective reduction in autogenous shrinkage. Within fiber types, mixtures with shorter fiber lengths performed best.
- Compressive strength testing also showed that SFRC mixtures outperformed normal concrete, with hooked fiber concrete exhibiting higher strength.
- The results indicate steel fiber
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement of torsional resistance in fibrous normal strength concrete beamseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper highlights the influence of thickness of concrete cover on the torsional resistance in the fibrous rectangular solid concrete beams under pure torsion. In this investigation, thickness of concrete cover vary between 18 and 53 mm. To study the influence of concrete cover in under-reinforced fibrous normal strength concrete, four fibrous concrete beams were cast and test under pure torsion. The under-reinforced concrete beams was designed based on ACI-318-14. The transverse and longitudinal reinforcement indexes are kept constant in the beams. While the aspect ratio of the beam cross section and span to depth ratio of the beams are 1.22 and 5.75, respectively. The test results were claimed that the torsional resistance provided by concrete and reinforcements plus fibre were enhanced at crack and peak loads up to 76.4% and 64.4%, respectively. In contrast, twisting angle, shear strain in concrete, strain in transverse and longitudinal reinforcements were reduced up to 57.8%, 65%, 89.3% and 95.6%, respectively. The spacing between cracks and the angle of inclination of crack at failure was increased whereas the number of cracks reduced. The dimensional analysis was used to proposed equations to predict torsional resistance at crack and peak loads including the contribution of concrete cover. In addition, the Buckingham П theorem was used for this purpose. Based on the 34 data from previous researches and the data in this research, nonlinear multiple regressions in Minitab software version 16 was used to predict the coefficients of the proposed П-groups equations. The proposed models have shown a good agreement with test results. Keywords: Fibrous Concrete, Concrete Cover, and Dimensional Analysis
Nonlinear fe modelling of anchorage bond in reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The transfer of forces from the surrounding concrete to the reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete (RC) can be influenced by several parameters. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the influence of specimen geometry, bar diameter, strength of concrete, lateral confinement and embedment length on the bond properties of concrete. The embedment length of the bar was varied between 50mm and 400mm by varying the diameter of the bar, strength of concrete and lateral confinement. The different bar diameters of 16, 20 and 25mm were selected along with three different concrete strengths of 25, 40 and 65MPa. The specimens with the above parameters were modeled by using a nonlinear finite element analysis package. It has been found that for the same geometry, the specimens with small bond length exhibited high bond strength. With the range of bar diameters considered the bond strength of concrete decreases as the diameter of the bar increases. The splitting failure has been observed in unconfined concrete, while the pullout failure was predominant when the concrete laterally confined. In case of large embedment length, the post peak plateau is prolonged with small diameter bars when compared to the large diameter bars. The descending branch of the bond stress-slip response with large diameter bars has been found to be steep. Keywords: Bond Stress, FE Analysis, Embedment Length, Confinement, Bar Diameter, Pull-out Specimens.
IRJET- Improvement of Performance of Concrete using Straight and 3D Steel...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the effects of adding different types of steel fibers to concrete. Straight steel fibers, single closed loop fibers, and double closed loop fibers were added to concrete mixes in amounts from 0.5% to 2% by weight of cement. Specimens were tested to determine their compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. It was found that the addition of steel fibers increased the mechanical properties of concrete up to an optimal fiber content of 1-1.5%. Double closed loop fibers provided the best improvement to strength, increasing compressive strength by up to 42.6% and split tensile strength by up to 62.4% compared to plain concrete. The study
IRJET- Comparative Study on the Characteristic Behaviour of CFDSST, CFDSSAT &...IRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative study on the behavior of concrete filled double skin steel tube (CFDSST), concrete filled double skin steel aluminum tube (CFDSSAT), and concrete filled double skin steel PVC tube (CFDSSPT) columns with and without external steel rings. A series of axial compression tests were performed on 18 column specimens - 6 of each type. The results showed that the load carrying capacity and ductility of the CFDSST, CFDSSAT, and CFDSSPT specimens increased with the addition of external steel rings compared to those without rings. Of the three types, the CFDSSAT specimens exhibited the highest ultimate load values.
Flexural behaviour of interior r.c.beam column joint with and without slab un...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Experimental Evaluation of Strength of Damaged RCC Beam Repaired us...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study that evaluated the strength of reinforced concrete beams that were damaged and repaired. Control beams and beams with modeled damage involving cover spalling were tested. The damaged beams were repaired using a steel mesh oriented at 45 or 90 degrees, epoxy bonding agent, and modified concrete mortar. The repaired beams were tested and their strength, deflection, and crack patterns were compared to the control beams. The results showed that beams repaired with steel mesh at 45 degrees and modified mortar achieved higher strengths than the control beams, indicating that this repair method was effective at restoring and potentially increasing the beam capacity.
Use of mechanical_splices_for_reinforcing_steelPralhad Kore
The document discusses the use of mechanical splices (couplers) as an alternative to traditional lap splicing for reinforcing steel. It provides details on different types of couplers, including threaded couplers. Experimental testing showed that couplers achieved similar or higher yield and ultimate stresses as compared to normal and welded reinforcing bars. While ductility was slightly reduced, factors like epoxy injection and staggered splicing can improve ductility. A cost analysis found that couplers provide significant cost savings over lap splices due to reduced steel requirements. Therefore, the study concludes that mechanical splices are an effective and economic replacement for lap splices.
Behaviour of fibre reinforce concrete beam in pure torsioneSAT Journals
Abstract It has been observed that a plain concrete member when subjected to cracking torque fails along a spiral inclined at 450 to the axis of the member. It is obvious that reinforcement in the form of 450 rectangular spirals will be most effective in resisting torque in case of a member of rectangular section. Provision of only longitudinal bars without stirrups increases torsional strength to the extent of 15%, the most appropriate system of torsional reinforcement consists of longitudinal bars together with closed transverse stirrups. In view of above observations, an attempt is made to study the following aspects: Behaviour of reinforced concrete beam under. 1)Pure torsional, (a)Without glass fibres (b)With glass fibres 2)The effect of increase of fibre percentage on torsional resistance of beam. 3) To develop torque. Vs. twist relation of the beams. The experimental program consists of casting 4 reinforced concrete beams of size 150mm X150 mm and length 2m. Two of them were cast without fibres to make a comparative study with the remaining 3 beams; one beam is cast with 0.5% fibre by weight, one beam 1.0% fibre by weight in the rest one beam 1.5% fibre by weight added. The longitudinal reinforcement, spacing of shear stirrups is kept constant. Keywords: Aspect ratio, Glass Fibres, Reinforced concrete, Beam,Torsional strength
Logical assessment of hooked end steel fibre reinforced concrete in m 40 grad...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Road Infrastructure is an important driving force to achieve rapid and sustained economic growth in the changing technological innovation. A decent road system has an essential bearing on the monetary development of the nation. It is the obligation of roadway designer to keep concrete roads in activity commendable state by keeping pace with the fast extension and fortifying of the road arrangement yet they are experiencing issues to keep the roads in great condition. Consequently road development in our nation will be a ceaseless procedure, with concrete road reinforcing to be a real action for a long time to come. When rigid pavements are built, the mix design of concrete is focused around the compressive quality, which is utilized to guarantee that the target flexural quality as visualized in outline is attained to by and by, however exorbitant in beginning speculation, is modest in long run in light of low upkeep costs.
This paper deals with experimental investigation on mechanical properties of M40 grade concrete by incorporating hooked end steel fibres in dosages of 2%, 2.5% and 3.0% by weight of cement into the mix. A comparative analysis has been carried out for conventional concrete to that of the hooked end steel fibre reinforced in relation to compressive and flexural strengths.
Keywords: Hooked end steel fibre, Concrete Mix Design, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength.
IRJET- Impact of Accelerated Corrosion Test in Flexural Behaviour of RC B...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the impact of accelerated corrosion on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams. Beams with 5%, 10%, and 15% corrosion were tested and their ultimate load carrying capacity and deflection behavior were compared to control beams. The accelerated corrosion was induced using an impressed current technique with NaCl solution. The results showed that as the level of corrosion increased, the ultimate load capacity of the beams decreased. Beams with 5% corrosion saw a 10% reduction in load capacity compared to control beams, while beams with 10% and 15% corrosion saw 23% and 39% reductions, respectively. Corroded beams also exhibited greater deflection than control beams under loading.
Experimental studies on confined steel concrete composite beams under pure be...eSAT Journals
Abstract
An experimental investigation of the ultimate strength and behaviour of a new type of composite beam called CSCC beam (Confined Steel Concrete Composite Beam) is a concrete beam shuttered with cold formed steel sheet which acts as a composite beam by means of shear connectors and bracings. Stud shear connectors are used to take up the bond between sheet and concrete. The passive confinement by the cold formed sheet in the sides and bottom influences the strength and ductility of the system. These beams are provides very good confinement of concrete. Totally eight CSCC beams are tested and the entire behaviour of the beams are monitored to predict the physical response of the beams under three different types loading such as pure bending, pure torsion and combined bending and torsion. Two point loading was obtained for pure bending. The deformation criteria (deflection, moment and flexural rigidity) are also included in the investigation throughout the entire load history experimentally. The results obtained by the experimental values which are found to be in good agreement.
Keywords—composite beams; pure bending
An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Shear Connectors in Composite...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares the structural behavior of different types of shear connectors in composite beams through analytical and experimental methods. Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS to model composite beams with channel, stud, and bolt shear connectors. Standard push-out tests were also performed on composite sections with various connectors. The analytical and experimental results showed that channel shear connectors had the highest load carrying capacity and ductility compared to stud and bolt connectors. Failure modes also differed between connector types.
IRJET- Behaviour of Cold Form Steel under Point Loading & Statically Defi...IRJET Journal
This document presents an analytical and experimental study on the behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) channel sections under point loading. Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS to analyze CFS channel sections with various stiffener configurations. Experimental testing was also performed on CFS channel sections with and without stiffeners. The results found that CFS channel sections with rectangular stiffeners and lips had the highest load carrying capacity and lowest deformation compared to other section configurations based on both analytical and experimental analysis. In particular, the rectangular stiffened CFS channel section with a 30mm lip was found to have a load carrying capacity of 42.25kN and deformation of 3.06mm from experimental testing.
Study of corrosion of reinforced steel bars in recycled aggregate concrete wi...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the corrosion of reinforced steel bars in recycled aggregate concrete with fly ash. Tests were conducted including salt ponding, linear polarization resistance, impressed voltage, and weight loss. The results showed that recycled aggregate concrete had higher water absorption and lower strength than normal concrete. However, concrete with 10-20% fly ash replacement had corrosion rates close to or equal to normal concrete in the salt ponding and linear polarization resistance tests. The impressed voltage test also indicated recycled concrete with 10% fly ash replacement had a slightly longer time before damage than normal concrete. Therefore, the addition of 10-20% fly ash can improve durability and reduce corrosion in recycled aggregate concrete.
Study of corrosion of reinforced steel bars in recycled aggregate concrete wi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Large number of old buildings and other structures have reached the end of their service life and are being demolished, resulting in generation of demolished concrete. Some of this concrete wastes are used as backfill material and much being sent to landfills. Recycling concrete by using it as replacement to new aggregate in concrete could reduce concrete waste and conserve natural source of aggregate. Recycled aggregate reduce cost savings. Use of recycled aggregate in concrete can be useful for reducing dumping problems and scarcity of virgin aggregates. In present study, in addition to the recycled aggregate, fly ash has been used to study the durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete were compared with Conventional Concrete with varying fly ash content. While the corrosion protection of the reinforcing steel in no substitute for design and the placement of good quality concrete, it does provide for a viable and economical extension of structural integrity and service life in the day to day and practical environment in which concrete structures are constructed. The process of corrosion, its forms of attack and consequent deterioration of reinforcement concrete structures is well understood and documented. This paper explores the economic and practical benefits offered by the application of recycled aggregate concrete and advantages of recycled aggregate concrete with and without admixtures. Keywords: Recycled aggregate, Fly ash, Concrete, and corrosion in steel
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
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Similar to Effect of steel ratio and mineral admixtures on crushing load of short columns (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
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Effect of steel ratio and mineral admixtures on crushing load of short columns
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 259
EFFECT OF STEEL RATIO AND MINERAL ADMIXTURES ON
CRUSHING LOAD OF SHORT COLUMNS
K. Chandrika1
, Ch. Rambabu2
, T. Chandra Sekhar Rao3
1
PG scholar, Civil Engineering Department, DMS S.V.H. College of Engineering, Machilipatnam, A.P., India
2
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, DMS S.V.H. College of Engineering, Machilipatnam, A.P., India
3
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Bapatla College of Engineering, Bapatla, A.p., India
Abstract
An experimental study is carried out to investigate the effect of type of lateral reinforcement as a confining material and also the
effect of mineral admixtures on compressive strength of concrete in the column composite. For this, the work is carried out in two
phases. In the first phase, Short columns were casted by varying volumetric ratio and spacing of lateral reinforcement. The effect
of spacing, volumetric ratio on ultimate load carrying capacity of short columns is studied. And in the second phase, Short
columns with different types of mineral admixtures like fly ash and GGBS are developed. All the columns were tested in the
Universal Testing Machine of 1000 kN capacity. The effect of these admixtures on ultimate load capacity of short columns is
studied. Also, modes of failures, crack pattern, stress-strain patterns are also studied in both stages. The test results indicate that
with increase in volumetric ratio of steel, the strength and ductility of column increases and the columns in which 20% GGBS is
replaced shows high strength. From the modes of failure it is observed that the short columns shows brittle fracture and zone of
rupture is observed at top and bottom ends of the columns and this zone of rupture is decreases with the decrease in spacing of
ties. The spacing of ties is strongly influencing zone of rupture in all type of columns is observed in this study.
Keywords: Short Column, Volumetric Ratio, Fly Ash, GGBS, Mode of Failure.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Column is the most authoritative structural element because
it carries the entire load of the structure. The failure of the
column leads to the total collapse of the whole frame
structure as it transmits the vertical loads i.e. loads from roof
slab and beam, including self-weight to the foundation.
Now-a-days R.C.C. columns are widely used. To achieve
overall stability of structures, inelastic deformability of
reinforced concrete columns is essential and it is achieved
only through proper confinement of the concrete. At the
same time, concrete is being used for various constructional
purposes to make it suitable for different conditions. In these
conditions, ordinary concrete may fail to exhibit the required
strength and durability. For this, Admixtures are added in
concrete to improve the quality of concrete. Mineral
admixtures like fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast
furnace slag, metakaolin and rice husk ash which possess
certain characteristics through which they influence the
properties of concrete differently.
1.1 Advantages of Mineral Admixtures
The major reasons for using admixtures are:
1. To lower the heat of hydration and thermal shrinkage.
2. To increase the water tightness.
3. To reduce the alkali – aggregate reaction.
4. To improve resistance to sulphate attacks.
5. To improve extensibility of concrete.
6. To reduce dissolution and leaching.
7. To improve workability.
8. To reduce the cost of concrete construction.
9. To improve the quality of concrete during the different
stages of concrete making in various weather conditions.
1.2 Objectives
The objectives of this work are:
To study the load carrying capacity of columns which are
confined with different types of lateral reinforcements
and with different types of admixtures.
To study the effect of volumetric ratio on short columns
To study the crack patterns and modes of failure of short
columns.
To study the zone of rupture in the short columns.
To study the ductility of columns confined with different
types of lateral reinforcements.
To study load – deflection and stress - strain patterns in
the columns.
2. MATERIALS USED
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade was used and
tested, it was obtained that normal consistency, specific
gravity as 28, 3.11.
Locally available sand was used as fine aggregate and it
was confirmed to zone II for which specific gravity is
2.61 and water absorption is 1.8%.
Crushed stone aggregate of 10 mm size was used as
coarse aggregate and tested for which specific gravity
was obtained as 2.75.
Potable water free from organic matter, silt, oil,
chlorides or acidic material was used for the entire
concreting purpose.
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 260
6 mm diameter bars of grade Fe250 are used as
longitudinal reinforcement and 4mm diameter ties, spiral
of grade Fe250 are used as lateral reinforcement.
The admixtures Fly Ash and GGBS are used for which
specific gravities are obtained as 2.67 and 2.81.
The moulds having 100 mm diameter and 600 mm
length which are made with Cast Iron are used for
casting of concrete columns.
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The present work is mainly focused on studying the effect of
type of lateral reinforcement as a confining material and also
the effect of mineral admixtures on compressive strength of
concrete in the column composite. The short columns of size
100 mm diameter and 600 mm length were selected. The
short columns were casted and are tested for ultimate load
carrying capacity. The above work is carried out in two
phases.
First phase of work is targeted to study the effect of load
carrying capacity of the short columns, keeping steel ratio of
longitudinal reinforcement constant by varying percentage
of lateral reinforcement.
Second phase is focused on development of short columns
with different types of admixtures and to study the effect of
load carrying capacity of columns.
Also the modes of failures, crack pattern, ductility effect and
poisons effect are also observed in two phases of work.
3.1 Phase I
A total of nine short column specimens had an overall
height of 600 mm with circular cross-section of 100 mm
diameter were casted and tested. They included six circular
tied columns and the remaining three are spiral columns.
All these nine columns are divided into three series. Three
columns are tested for each series.All the details regarding
the phase I column specimens are given in Table 1 and Fig.
1.At first, to know the compressive strength of concrete,
cube specimens were casted and tested in 1000 kN capacity
compression testing machine. The compressive strength
after 28 days was recorded as 27.20 N/mm2
.
Table 3.1 Description of Phase I Column Specimens
Speci
men
f’ck
MPa
Longitudinal
reinforcement
Transverse reinforcement
Number
&
diameter,
mm
ρt
(%)
Dia
mm
Spacing
(s)
mm
Volumet
ric ratio,
ρs (%)
Series
A
27.2 6 No, 6 1.5 4 100 0.62
Series
B
27.2 6 No, 6 1.5 4 30 1.57
Series
C
27.2 6 No, 6 1.5 4 25 2.51
Fig 3.1 Details of confinement of column specimens
3.2 Phase II
In this phase, seven sets of column specimens are casted
along with control mix (i.e. Series A, AF10, AF20, AF30,
AG10, AG20, AG30) and each set consists of three
columns. Columns are developed by replacing the cement
with different types of admixtures; they are Fly Ash and
GGBS. And the control mix column specimen was also
casted to compare the remaining columns.The confinement
is same for all the set of column specimens. For this, six
longitudinal bars of 6 mm diameter and 4 mm diameter
lateral ties at a spacing of 100 mm c/c are used. The
description of these mixes is given in Table 2 below.
Table 3.2 Description of Phase II Column specimens
Mix
Designation
Replacement of
cement with fly ash
%
Replacement of
cement with GGBS
%
Series A 0 0
AF10 10 0
AF20 20 0
AF30 30 0
AG10 0 10
AG20 0 20
AG30 0 30
4. CASTING AND CURING OF SHORT
COLUMN SPECIMENS
The fabricated steel confinement were fixed in the steel
moulds and provide with cover 15mm for top and bottom
reinforcement and 10mm for concrete. A metal base plate
which is having a plane surface is provided at the top and
bottom of the mould. The base plate is provided on the
mould in such a way that there is no leakage from the mould
during the filling and is attached to the mould by means of
screws. The parts of the mould are assembled positively and
rigidly held together and make it sure during the filling and
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 261
handling of the mould. Mould oil is applied between the
sections of the mould, the contact surface between the
bottom of the mould and base plate to make it ensure that
there is no water leakage during the filling. To prevent
adhesion of concrete, the interior surface of the assembled
mould has to be thinly coated with mould oil. A steel bar of
16mm in diameter, 0.6m long and bullet pointed at the lower
end serve as a tamping bar.
The casting was carried out in the laboratory. An electric
table vibrator was used to consolidate the concrete and to
remove air bubbles at each of the lifts. There after the top
surface of the column specimen is smoothed using trowel.
After 24 hours, the specimens were demoulded and
submerged in a water tank for curing. After 28 days the test
specimens were removed from the water and left to dry until
testing.
5. TESTING PROCEDURE
After completing the curing period of the test specimens, all
specimens were kept in dry place for few hours for attaining
surface dry condition. The columns were placed in the
testing rig with 50 mm thick steel plates at each end of the
specimen to distribute the applied load uniformly to the
column. The testing was carried out in the loading frame and
the compressive load was applied with the hydraulic
universal testing machine of capacity 1000 kN. Concentric
compressive load was applied on all the specimens.
To measure the lateral deflection, a strain gauge of
sensitivity 0.002 mm is provided at the mid height of a
column specimen and to measure the longitudinal
deflection, a strain gauge of sensitivity 0.002 mm is
provided at the bottom surface of specimen. Gradually the
load was applied and the deflection was measured at various
load stages at regular intervals, at the same time strain
values were also measured and initiation of crack, ultimate
load to failure and mode of failure were observed.
Fig. 5.1 Experimental test set up
6. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 PHASE I
Comparative analysis of short column specimens which are
confined with different types of confinements is given in
table 6.1 and the comparative graph of load carrying
capacity of columns is shown in graph 6.1. From the table
and graph, it is evident that the ultimate load capacity
increases with increase in lateral reinforcement steel and
there is a considerable decrease in longitudinal as well as
lateral deflections.
Table 6.1 Test Results of Short Columns in Phase I
Series
First
Crack
load
(kN)
Ultimate
load
capacity
(kN)
Longitudinal
deflection
(mm)
Lateral
deflection
(mm)
A 61.00 134.90 5.27 3.30
B 88.60 175.60 3.32 2.86
C 90.25 195.25 1.17 1.25
Graph 6.1 Comparative graph of load carrying capacity of
short columns in phase I
6.1.1 Modes of failure
In case of short column which fail in compression shows the
brittle fracture. The zone of rupture in short columns was
observed near one-fourth height from top of the column for
series A. But this length reduces to one-sixth for series B
and one – ninth for series C columns. The first crack
appeared near the corner and propagated vertically, thereby
separating the mortar layer from the core concrete followed
by failure of column. The mode of failure and crack patterns
are shown in fig 6.1
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 262
Fig 6.1 Modes of failure of short columns in phase I
6.1.2 Stress – Strain Curve
A comparative study is carried out to evaluate the
capabilities of various confinement models of short
columns. The comparative stress-strain curve is drawn for
three sets of columns which are given in graph 6.2. It shows
that all the models are estimate correctly that they show
ascending part of stress-strain curve and the strain taken by
the spiral reinforced column is less compared to other series
of columns.
Graph 6.2 Comparative stress – strain curve of short
columns in phase I
6.1.3 Effect of Lateral Reinforcement on Ductility of
Short Columns
Ductility of a structure is defined as its ability to undergo
deformation beyond the initial yield deformation under
sustained load. Ductility characterizes the deformation
capacity of members after yielding, or their ability to
dissipate energy.
The ductile behavior of columns is increases with the
decrease in spacing of lateral ties. A measure of ductility of
the structures may be expressed by ductility factor. Ductility
factor may be defined as the ratio maximum lateral
deflection at any load level or at the end of the post elastic
range to lateral deflection when first yield is reached. This
factor is also known as displacement ductility factor which
is given as
Ductility factor = =
The ductility factors for the three series of short columns
corresponding to their loads and deflections are given in
table 6.2
Table 6.2 Ductility factors of phase I short columns
Serie
s
Yield
load
(kN)
Yield
deflect
ion
y
(mm)
Ultimat
e load
(kN)
Ultimate
deflectio
n
u (mm)
Ductilit
y
factor
=
A 61.00 2.1 134.90 3.30 1.57
B 88.60 1.2 175.60 2.86 2.39
C 90.25 0.79 195.25 1.25 2.42
From the above table it was evident that the ductility factors
are increasing with increasing in lateral reinforcement steel
and Series C column which is confined with spiral
reinforcement shows ductility increment for about 54%
compared to Series A columns in which ties are equally
placed
6.1.4 Effect of volumetric ratio and spacing of
lateral Steel
With increase in the volumetric ratio of lateral confinement,
the increase in lateral confining pressure is increases. Also,
the spacing in lateral steel is important parameter that
directly affects the distribution of confinement pressure on
the concrete core in addition to the stability of the concrete.
The ductile behavior of columns is increases with the
decrease in spacing of lateral ties. The columns with low
volumetric ratio or increased spacing of lateral steel exhibit
brittle behavior, showing faster rate of strength decrement.
6.2 PHASE II
Comparative analysis of short column specimens in which
cement is replaced with different types of mineral
admixtures is given in table 6.3and the comparative graph of
load carrying capacity of short columns is shown in graph
6.3. From the table and graph, it is evident that the short
column specimen (AG20) in which cement is replaced with
20% of GGBS shows maximum ultimate load capacity i.e.
179.80 kN. And also the longitudinal and lateral deflections
are less compared to the other specimens.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 263
Table 6.3 Test results of short columns in phase II
Mix
First
crack
load
(kN)
Ultimate
load
capacity
(kN)
Longitudinal
deflection
(mm)
Lateral
deflection
(mm)
A Series
(CM)
64 134.90 5.27 3.30
AF10
(FA 10%)
85 156.30 5.20 2.90
AF20
(FA 20%)
92 177.85 4.28 2.50
AF30
(FA 30%)
78 140.20 5.40 3.50
AG10
(GG 10%)
84 158.25 4.85 2.52
AG20
(GG 20%)
95 179.80 4.26 2.42
AG30
(GG 30%)
67 125.20 7.50 4.20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
CM AF10 AF20 AF30 AG10 AG20 AG30
Ultimate
load
capacity, kN
Graph 6.3 Comparative graph of load carrying capacity of
short columns in phase II
6.2.1 Modes of failure
In case of short column, which fail in compression shows
the brittle fracture. The zone of rupture in short columns was
observed near one-fourth height of the column either from
top or bottom. The first crack appeared near the corner and
propagated vertically, thereby separating the mortar layer
from the core concrete followed by failure of column. The
mode of failure and crack pattern are shown in fig. 6.2
Fig 6.2 Modes of failure of short columns in phase II
6.2.2 Stress – strain curve
A comparative study is carried out to evaluate the
capabilities of various confinement models of short
columns. The comparative stress-strain curve is drawn for
three sets of columns which is given in graph 6.4. It shows
that all the models are estimate correctly that they show
ascending part of stress-strain curve.
Graph 6.4 comparative stress-strain curve for CM, AF20,
AG20
7. CONCLUSIONS
The load carrying capacity of the columns increases with
increase in lateral reinforcement.
The short columns which are laterally confined with
spiral reinforcement show highest load carrying capacity
and shows lowest longitudinal as well as lateral
deflection compared to other series of columns.
The ductility of short columns increases with increase in
ductility factor of short columns i.e. the columns which
are confined with spiral shows good ductility.
The column in which cement is replaced with 20% of
GGBS i.e. AG20 shows highest load carrying capacity
and also show lowest longitudinal and lateral deflection.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 264
From the mode of failure of columns it was observed
that the longitudinal cracks are formed at the top and
bottom ends of the short columns.
The zone of rupture is observed near one-fourth height
of the column either from top and bottom for series A,
this length decreases with decrease in spacing of lateral
reinforcement.
From the comparative stress-strain curves, it was
observed that the strain taken by the spiral reinforced
column and GGBS 20% column is less compared to
other set of columns.
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