This ebook will provide an overview of the building systems that are most commonly over-engineered, pointing out the pitfalls that must be avoided and the negative consequences that can come from excessive capacity
A chilled beam is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the room. Heating works in much the same fashion, similar to a steam radiator. There are two types of chilled beams. Some passive types rely solely on convection whilst there is a "Radiant"/convective passive type which cools through a combination of radiant exchange (40%) and convection (60%) which can provide higher thermal comfort levels, while the active type (also called an "induction diffuser") uses ducts to push ("induce") air toward the unit (increasing its heating and cooling capacity).
The chilled beam is distinguishable from the chilled ceiling. The chilled ceiling uses water flowing through pipes like a chilled beam does; however, the pipes in a chilled ceiling lie behind metal ceiling plates, and the heated and cooled plates are the cause of convection and not the pipe unit itself. Chilled beams are about 85 percent more effective at convection than chilled ceilings.
This document summarizes an energy efficiency project replacing vapor compression chillers with thermoelectric chillers at a semiconductor manufacturing facility in Maine. It describes the key players involved, including the facility owner National Semiconductor Maine, the state energy program Efficiency Maine, and the engineering contractor ERS. Pre- and post-installation metering found the thermoelectric chillers reduced energy use from 781 MWh to 106 MWh annually, saving 675 MWh directly with additional indirect savings estimated at 153 MWh. The total predicted annual savings were 828 MWh or $91,077 at $0.11/kWh. Efficiency Maine provided incentives that made the project financially viable for National Semiconductor.
أساسيات ومبدأ عمل أبراج التبريد
Fundamentals of Cooling Tower, Types, Applications, Performance, Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation & Service Maintenance
This document discusses and compares centralized and decentralized air conditioning systems. Centralized systems use chilled water distributed via ductwork to cool multiple spaces from a central location, while decentralized systems directly cool individual spaces. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and factors to consider in selecting a system, such as building design, efficiency, maintenance requirements, and more. It then provides more detail on types of centralized systems and their components.
This document provides guidelines for connecting new or renovated buildings to the centralized campus chilled water plants. Buildings can connect directly to the primary chilled water loop or indirectly via a plate and frame heat exchanger. For direct connections, the chilled water supply is 42°F with a 16°F delta T and the system pressure is set at 80 PSIG. Indirect connections are required if a building's static pressure exceeds this. Guidelines are provided for pumps, valves, meters, and other components as well as testing, balancing, and commissioning requirements to ensure building systems interface properly with the central plants.
WP-59 The Different Types of Air Conditioning Equipment for IT Environmentszain kirmani
The document discusses 10 basic configurations for air conditioning equipment in IT environments. It describes the 5 fundamental cooling transport methods that combine with 2 physical arrangements to create the configurations. The cooling methods are air cooled systems, air cooled self-contained systems, glycol cooled systems, water cooled systems, and chilled water systems. The physical arrangements are ceiling mounted systems and floor mounted systems. A selection method is provided to help choose the best configuration for a particular IT environment.
A comprehensive energy audit of large commercial office buildings should evaluate all energy loads and equipment on a room-by-room basis to identify the most savings opportunities. This includes detailed lighting inventories, HVAC assessments, and plug load analyses conducted for each space. Room-specific recommendations allow for clear implementation. Comprehensive audits that analyze the whole building can identify unusual losses and optimize improvement interaction for maximum savings.
A chilled beam is a type of convection heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system designed to heat or cool large buildings.It is now regarded as the most space efficient and environmental friendly method of heating and cooling a building.The primary advantage of the chilled beam system is its lower operating cost.Chilled beams reduce energy consumption.It is now regarded as the most space efficient and environmental friendly method of heating and cooling a building.It improves the comfort levels by cutting out the intrusive noise and aesthetic problems.It provides good energy efficiency and reduction in carbon dioxide emission. Since they do not require high forced air flows, chilled beam systems also require reduced air distribution duct network.
A chilled beam is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the room. Heating works in much the same fashion, similar to a steam radiator. There are two types of chilled beams. Some passive types rely solely on convection whilst there is a "Radiant"/convective passive type which cools through a combination of radiant exchange (40%) and convection (60%) which can provide higher thermal comfort levels, while the active type (also called an "induction diffuser") uses ducts to push ("induce") air toward the unit (increasing its heating and cooling capacity).
The chilled beam is distinguishable from the chilled ceiling. The chilled ceiling uses water flowing through pipes like a chilled beam does; however, the pipes in a chilled ceiling lie behind metal ceiling plates, and the heated and cooled plates are the cause of convection and not the pipe unit itself. Chilled beams are about 85 percent more effective at convection than chilled ceilings.
This document summarizes an energy efficiency project replacing vapor compression chillers with thermoelectric chillers at a semiconductor manufacturing facility in Maine. It describes the key players involved, including the facility owner National Semiconductor Maine, the state energy program Efficiency Maine, and the engineering contractor ERS. Pre- and post-installation metering found the thermoelectric chillers reduced energy use from 781 MWh to 106 MWh annually, saving 675 MWh directly with additional indirect savings estimated at 153 MWh. The total predicted annual savings were 828 MWh or $91,077 at $0.11/kWh. Efficiency Maine provided incentives that made the project financially viable for National Semiconductor.
أساسيات ومبدأ عمل أبراج التبريد
Fundamentals of Cooling Tower, Types, Applications, Performance, Energy Efficiency, Water Conservation & Service Maintenance
This document discusses and compares centralized and decentralized air conditioning systems. Centralized systems use chilled water distributed via ductwork to cool multiple spaces from a central location, while decentralized systems directly cool individual spaces. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and factors to consider in selecting a system, such as building design, efficiency, maintenance requirements, and more. It then provides more detail on types of centralized systems and their components.
This document provides guidelines for connecting new or renovated buildings to the centralized campus chilled water plants. Buildings can connect directly to the primary chilled water loop or indirectly via a plate and frame heat exchanger. For direct connections, the chilled water supply is 42°F with a 16°F delta T and the system pressure is set at 80 PSIG. Indirect connections are required if a building's static pressure exceeds this. Guidelines are provided for pumps, valves, meters, and other components as well as testing, balancing, and commissioning requirements to ensure building systems interface properly with the central plants.
WP-59 The Different Types of Air Conditioning Equipment for IT Environmentszain kirmani
The document discusses 10 basic configurations for air conditioning equipment in IT environments. It describes the 5 fundamental cooling transport methods that combine with 2 physical arrangements to create the configurations. The cooling methods are air cooled systems, air cooled self-contained systems, glycol cooled systems, water cooled systems, and chilled water systems. The physical arrangements are ceiling mounted systems and floor mounted systems. A selection method is provided to help choose the best configuration for a particular IT environment.
A comprehensive energy audit of large commercial office buildings should evaluate all energy loads and equipment on a room-by-room basis to identify the most savings opportunities. This includes detailed lighting inventories, HVAC assessments, and plug load analyses conducted for each space. Room-specific recommendations allow for clear implementation. Comprehensive audits that analyze the whole building can identify unusual losses and optimize improvement interaction for maximum savings.
A chilled beam is a type of convection heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system designed to heat or cool large buildings.It is now regarded as the most space efficient and environmental friendly method of heating and cooling a building.The primary advantage of the chilled beam system is its lower operating cost.Chilled beams reduce energy consumption.It is now regarded as the most space efficient and environmental friendly method of heating and cooling a building.It improves the comfort levels by cutting out the intrusive noise and aesthetic problems.It provides good energy efficiency and reduction in carbon dioxide emission. Since they do not require high forced air flows, chilled beam systems also require reduced air distribution duct network.
Row-based data center cooling works by capturing hot air from IT equipment before it mixes with surrounding room air, rather than supplying cold air. It does this through back-to-front airflow of row coolers located near IT racks in a pod-based layout. While commonly misunderstood, row coolers do not require turning vanes or placement in every row to effectively cool both rows of a pod through hot air capture. They can also cool loads outside their immediate pod when designed and placed properly.
This document provides details on a life-cycle cost analysis for the HVAC system design of a classroom building at UC Merced. It examines two HVAC system options: variable air volume with dedicated outdoor air (VAVR DFDD) and displacement ventilation with dedicated outdoor air (DV DD). Energy modeling shows the DV DD system reduces heating energy use by 59% and total energy use by 6% compared to the baseline VAVR DFDD system. The document also provides sample maintenance and replacement cost details to support the full life-cycle cost analysis of each system option.
Topic 04 chilled beam system note version smallpnnazz
Chilled beam systems are an alternative to conventional HVAC systems like VAV that use beams suspended from ceilings to cool rooms. Water is circulated through pipes in the beams to absorb heat from the air. As the air around the beam cools, it falls to the floor and is replaced by warmer rising air, creating convection currents. There are passive and active beam types. Passive beams rely on natural convection while active beams integrate supply air nozzles. Chilled beams provide cooling through both radiation and convection with benefits like lower energy use and better indoor air quality compared to conventional systems.
Ashrae CRC presentation doas with chilled beambostjanpeterman
This document provides an overview of chilled beam systems and compares them to conventional VAV systems. Some key points:
- Chilled beams were developed in Norway in 1975 and have been widely used in Europe, with US installations now emerging as an alternative to VAV.
- There are passive, active, and multi-service chilled beams that provide radiant cooling via circulated water and can integrate other building services. Active beams also provide ventilation.
- Chilled beam systems have advantages like lower construction costs due to smaller ducts and AHUs, lower energy and maintenance costs, and increased comfort.
- While initial HVAC costs are higher, general construction costs can be lower due to reduced floor-to
This is a presentation regarding the introduction to the heating and cooling system technology called variable refrigerant flow systems. (non-commercial)
The Use of Ceiling Ducted Air Containment in Data CentersSchneider Electric
Ducting hot IT-equipment exhaust to a drop ceiling can be an effective air management strategy, improving the reliability and energy efficiency of a data center. Typical approaches include ducting either individual racks or entire hot aisles and may be passive (ducting only) or active (include fans). This paper examines available ducting options and explains how such systems should be deployed and operated. Practical cooling limits are established and best-practice recommendations are provided.
Central heating systems come in various types but all aim to distribute heated water or steam to heat radiators and emitters in a building. Common central heating systems include traditional boiler and radiator systems, condensing boilers, system boilers, and underfloor heating. Proper installation and maintenance following the building regulations is important for safety and efficiency.
Certifying is often mistakenly referred to as commissioning. In many cases, owners will purchase commissioning, but receive certifying services. It is important to know what you’re paying for. Project goals and budget typically determine which service is needed. If public recognition, such as LEED, is desired to illustrate that a building is sustainable and meets specific environmental goals, then certification is necessary. On the other hand, if the project goal is to ensure optimal building performance, then commissioning is the preferred choice.
The document discusses how performing HVAC load calculations using ACCA Manual J Version 8 can benefit energy raters. It provides an overview of Manual J, explaining that it establishes procedures for estimating room-by-room heating and cooling loads. Adhering to Manual J helps ensure proper sizing of HVAC equipment and elimination of comfort issues. It also discusses how factors like infiltration, duct leakage, and duct design influence load calculations and notes load calculations can enhance energy raters' skills and provide an additional revenue source.
The group designed, constructed, and tested a heat pipe to cool small engines as an alternative to existing air or liquid cooling methods. They created CAD models and conducted simulations before building a 1” diameter copper pipe with distilled water as the working fluid. Four tests showed improvements as radiator fins and a tighter seal were added. The final test demonstrated effective heat transfer from the evaporator end, through the pipe, and out of the condenser end and radiator fins. While construction challenges arose, the project met its goal of creating a functional small engine cooling heat pipe and provided insights into heat pipe design and principles.
New chiller requirements go into effect on Jan. 1, 2015. ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, Addendum ch details minimum performance requirements of heating and air conditioning equipment, including chillers, boilers, and packaged equipment, which continue to increase from the previous standard.
Equipment efficiencies are increased for heat pumps, packaged terminal air conditioners, single package vertical heat pumps, air conditioners, and evaporative condensers. Additional provisions address commercial refrigeration equipment, improved controls on heat rejection and boiler equipment, requirements for expanded use of energy recovery, small motor efficiencies, and fan power control and credits. Control revision requirements have been added to the standard such as direct digital controls in many applications. Finally, the 2013 edition completes the work that was begun on equipment efficiencies for chillers in the 2010 edition.
While Addendum ch may simplify these requirements for consulting engineers, chiller manufacturers are faced with equipment redesigns to comply by the deadline. Also, designers must pay special attention to which path of compliance will be used when testing chillers with or without variable frequency drives (VFDs).
Data center cooling infrastructure slideLivin Jose
CRAC vs CRAH, what is Air-Side Economizer, What is chillers, What is cooling tower, what is CRAC, What is CRAH, what is the importance of cooling in data center, what is Water Side Economizer,
Active chilled beam systems provide several benefits over traditional air-based HVAC systems. They can deliver the same cooling as ducts 300-350 times their size using only a 1" diameter water pipe. This leads to lower energy consumption, smaller ductwork and floor space savings, and a healthier indoor environment with 100% outside air. Key benefits also include reduced fan power by 32% and cooling energy by 38% compared to base VAV systems.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems, including the different types of HVAC systems and their components. It discusses air conditioning chillers, air handling systems, fans and pumps, HVAC piping, instrumentation and controls, and the HVAC commissioning process. The primary purpose of HVAC systems is to provide healthy and comfortable interior conditions for occupants using minimal energy and reducing pollutant emissions. Key components include chillers, air handling units, fans, ducts, coils, filters and controls. Proper commissioning ensures systems are installed correctly and perform as intended.
Understanding HVAC systems is essential for its proper maintenance. Quarterly maintenance of your HVAC systems is important to extend the system’s lifespan and save hundreds of dollars on unexpected repairs. Regular maintenance of residential HVAC systems is essential when it comes not only to the proper function of boilers, furnaces, and AC units but also for better energy efficiency and in-home air quality. A properly maintained HVAC system can cut hydro costs from five to ten percent, as well as improving comfort and air quality.
For More info:
https://sierraair.ca/residential/
When developing data center energy-use estimations, engineers must account for all sources of energy use in the facility. Most energy consumption is obvious: computers, cooling plant and related equipment, lighting, and other miscellaneous electrical loads. Designing efficient and effective data centers is a top priority for consulting engineers. Cooling is a large portion of data center energy use, second only to the IT load. Although there are several options to help maximize HVAC efficiency and minimize energy consumption, data centers come in many shapes, sizes, and configurations. By developing a deep understanding of their client’s data center HVAC requirements, consulting engineers can help maintain the necessary availability level of mission critical applications while reducing energy consumption.
As more and more jurisdictions and building owners are placing increased emphasis on sustainable and responsible building strategies, design teams are looking beyond traditional HVAC solutions to maximize energy efficiency while maintaining occupant comfort and safety.
In-slab radiant heating systems have enjoyed popularity both here in the United States and abroad for years. Now, with the availability of improved control systems and better understanding within the design and construction community, the same concept can be applied to radiant cooling as an energy-efficient and cost-effective solution. This program will cover the radiant cooling heat transfer fundamentals, system performance and capacity, typical construction methods, and control strategies. Attendees will gain an understanding of how in-slab radiant cooling systems can be used as part of an energy-efficient design solution to reduce overall energy consumption.
Active chilled beams are ceiling-mounted devices that provide cooling and ventilation to rooms. They work by drawing room air through a water coil to cool it before mixing it with primary air from the central system and distributing it into the room. Compared to conventional HVAC systems, active chilled beams reduce energy usage by transferring more of the cooling load to a more efficient water distribution system and circulating less air. They also improve occupant comfort through uniform temperatures and constant airflow. Active chilled beam systems are a popular "green" solution that lowers operating costs while meeting codes and standards.
The document summarizes information about the AIRCOSAVER, a device that retrofits existing air conditioning systems to improve their energy efficiency. It works by detecting when a system is overcooling and switching the compressor off to avoid wasting energy. This can save up to 30% on energy costs with minimal impact on comfort. The second generation AIRCOSAVER is easier to install and provides stronger protection for compressors and savings in more systems up to 10 tons. Overall, the AIRCOSAVER is presented as an affordable way to significantly improve the efficiency of existing air conditioning units.
The document discusses spray technology solutions for gas cooling and conditioning in primary metals production. It describes how spray cooling using evaporative spray technology can efficiently reduce gas temperature and volume to provide benefits like precise temperature and humidity control, reduced maintenance needs, and lower emissions and energy costs. It promotes the AutoJet gas conditioning system as an automated solution that precisely controls spray and optimizes equipment efficiency for greater savings.
Row-based data center cooling works by capturing hot air from IT equipment before it mixes with surrounding room air, rather than supplying cold air. It does this through back-to-front airflow of row coolers located near IT racks in a pod-based layout. While commonly misunderstood, row coolers do not require turning vanes or placement in every row to effectively cool both rows of a pod through hot air capture. They can also cool loads outside their immediate pod when designed and placed properly.
This document provides details on a life-cycle cost analysis for the HVAC system design of a classroom building at UC Merced. It examines two HVAC system options: variable air volume with dedicated outdoor air (VAVR DFDD) and displacement ventilation with dedicated outdoor air (DV DD). Energy modeling shows the DV DD system reduces heating energy use by 59% and total energy use by 6% compared to the baseline VAVR DFDD system. The document also provides sample maintenance and replacement cost details to support the full life-cycle cost analysis of each system option.
Topic 04 chilled beam system note version smallpnnazz
Chilled beam systems are an alternative to conventional HVAC systems like VAV that use beams suspended from ceilings to cool rooms. Water is circulated through pipes in the beams to absorb heat from the air. As the air around the beam cools, it falls to the floor and is replaced by warmer rising air, creating convection currents. There are passive and active beam types. Passive beams rely on natural convection while active beams integrate supply air nozzles. Chilled beams provide cooling through both radiation and convection with benefits like lower energy use and better indoor air quality compared to conventional systems.
Ashrae CRC presentation doas with chilled beambostjanpeterman
This document provides an overview of chilled beam systems and compares them to conventional VAV systems. Some key points:
- Chilled beams were developed in Norway in 1975 and have been widely used in Europe, with US installations now emerging as an alternative to VAV.
- There are passive, active, and multi-service chilled beams that provide radiant cooling via circulated water and can integrate other building services. Active beams also provide ventilation.
- Chilled beam systems have advantages like lower construction costs due to smaller ducts and AHUs, lower energy and maintenance costs, and increased comfort.
- While initial HVAC costs are higher, general construction costs can be lower due to reduced floor-to
This is a presentation regarding the introduction to the heating and cooling system technology called variable refrigerant flow systems. (non-commercial)
The Use of Ceiling Ducted Air Containment in Data CentersSchneider Electric
Ducting hot IT-equipment exhaust to a drop ceiling can be an effective air management strategy, improving the reliability and energy efficiency of a data center. Typical approaches include ducting either individual racks or entire hot aisles and may be passive (ducting only) or active (include fans). This paper examines available ducting options and explains how such systems should be deployed and operated. Practical cooling limits are established and best-practice recommendations are provided.
Central heating systems come in various types but all aim to distribute heated water or steam to heat radiators and emitters in a building. Common central heating systems include traditional boiler and radiator systems, condensing boilers, system boilers, and underfloor heating. Proper installation and maintenance following the building regulations is important for safety and efficiency.
Certifying is often mistakenly referred to as commissioning. In many cases, owners will purchase commissioning, but receive certifying services. It is important to know what you’re paying for. Project goals and budget typically determine which service is needed. If public recognition, such as LEED, is desired to illustrate that a building is sustainable and meets specific environmental goals, then certification is necessary. On the other hand, if the project goal is to ensure optimal building performance, then commissioning is the preferred choice.
The document discusses how performing HVAC load calculations using ACCA Manual J Version 8 can benefit energy raters. It provides an overview of Manual J, explaining that it establishes procedures for estimating room-by-room heating and cooling loads. Adhering to Manual J helps ensure proper sizing of HVAC equipment and elimination of comfort issues. It also discusses how factors like infiltration, duct leakage, and duct design influence load calculations and notes load calculations can enhance energy raters' skills and provide an additional revenue source.
The group designed, constructed, and tested a heat pipe to cool small engines as an alternative to existing air or liquid cooling methods. They created CAD models and conducted simulations before building a 1” diameter copper pipe with distilled water as the working fluid. Four tests showed improvements as radiator fins and a tighter seal were added. The final test demonstrated effective heat transfer from the evaporator end, through the pipe, and out of the condenser end and radiator fins. While construction challenges arose, the project met its goal of creating a functional small engine cooling heat pipe and provided insights into heat pipe design and principles.
New chiller requirements go into effect on Jan. 1, 2015. ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010: Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, Addendum ch details minimum performance requirements of heating and air conditioning equipment, including chillers, boilers, and packaged equipment, which continue to increase from the previous standard.
Equipment efficiencies are increased for heat pumps, packaged terminal air conditioners, single package vertical heat pumps, air conditioners, and evaporative condensers. Additional provisions address commercial refrigeration equipment, improved controls on heat rejection and boiler equipment, requirements for expanded use of energy recovery, small motor efficiencies, and fan power control and credits. Control revision requirements have been added to the standard such as direct digital controls in many applications. Finally, the 2013 edition completes the work that was begun on equipment efficiencies for chillers in the 2010 edition.
While Addendum ch may simplify these requirements for consulting engineers, chiller manufacturers are faced with equipment redesigns to comply by the deadline. Also, designers must pay special attention to which path of compliance will be used when testing chillers with or without variable frequency drives (VFDs).
Data center cooling infrastructure slideLivin Jose
CRAC vs CRAH, what is Air-Side Economizer, What is chillers, What is cooling tower, what is CRAC, What is CRAH, what is the importance of cooling in data center, what is Water Side Economizer,
Active chilled beam systems provide several benefits over traditional air-based HVAC systems. They can deliver the same cooling as ducts 300-350 times their size using only a 1" diameter water pipe. This leads to lower energy consumption, smaller ductwork and floor space savings, and a healthier indoor environment with 100% outside air. Key benefits also include reduced fan power by 32% and cooling energy by 38% compared to base VAV systems.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems, including the different types of HVAC systems and their components. It discusses air conditioning chillers, air handling systems, fans and pumps, HVAC piping, instrumentation and controls, and the HVAC commissioning process. The primary purpose of HVAC systems is to provide healthy and comfortable interior conditions for occupants using minimal energy and reducing pollutant emissions. Key components include chillers, air handling units, fans, ducts, coils, filters and controls. Proper commissioning ensures systems are installed correctly and perform as intended.
Understanding HVAC systems is essential for its proper maintenance. Quarterly maintenance of your HVAC systems is important to extend the system’s lifespan and save hundreds of dollars on unexpected repairs. Regular maintenance of residential HVAC systems is essential when it comes not only to the proper function of boilers, furnaces, and AC units but also for better energy efficiency and in-home air quality. A properly maintained HVAC system can cut hydro costs from five to ten percent, as well as improving comfort and air quality.
For More info:
https://sierraair.ca/residential/
When developing data center energy-use estimations, engineers must account for all sources of energy use in the facility. Most energy consumption is obvious: computers, cooling plant and related equipment, lighting, and other miscellaneous electrical loads. Designing efficient and effective data centers is a top priority for consulting engineers. Cooling is a large portion of data center energy use, second only to the IT load. Although there are several options to help maximize HVAC efficiency and minimize energy consumption, data centers come in many shapes, sizes, and configurations. By developing a deep understanding of their client’s data center HVAC requirements, consulting engineers can help maintain the necessary availability level of mission critical applications while reducing energy consumption.
As more and more jurisdictions and building owners are placing increased emphasis on sustainable and responsible building strategies, design teams are looking beyond traditional HVAC solutions to maximize energy efficiency while maintaining occupant comfort and safety.
In-slab radiant heating systems have enjoyed popularity both here in the United States and abroad for years. Now, with the availability of improved control systems and better understanding within the design and construction community, the same concept can be applied to radiant cooling as an energy-efficient and cost-effective solution. This program will cover the radiant cooling heat transfer fundamentals, system performance and capacity, typical construction methods, and control strategies. Attendees will gain an understanding of how in-slab radiant cooling systems can be used as part of an energy-efficient design solution to reduce overall energy consumption.
Active chilled beams are ceiling-mounted devices that provide cooling and ventilation to rooms. They work by drawing room air through a water coil to cool it before mixing it with primary air from the central system and distributing it into the room. Compared to conventional HVAC systems, active chilled beams reduce energy usage by transferring more of the cooling load to a more efficient water distribution system and circulating less air. They also improve occupant comfort through uniform temperatures and constant airflow. Active chilled beam systems are a popular "green" solution that lowers operating costs while meeting codes and standards.
The document summarizes information about the AIRCOSAVER, a device that retrofits existing air conditioning systems to improve their energy efficiency. It works by detecting when a system is overcooling and switching the compressor off to avoid wasting energy. This can save up to 30% on energy costs with minimal impact on comfort. The second generation AIRCOSAVER is easier to install and provides stronger protection for compressors and savings in more systems up to 10 tons. Overall, the AIRCOSAVER is presented as an affordable way to significantly improve the efficiency of existing air conditioning units.
The document discusses spray technology solutions for gas cooling and conditioning in primary metals production. It describes how spray cooling using evaporative spray technology can efficiently reduce gas temperature and volume to provide benefits like precise temperature and humidity control, reduced maintenance needs, and lower emissions and energy costs. It promotes the AutoJet gas conditioning system as an automated solution that precisely controls spray and optimizes equipment efficiency for greater savings.
This document discusses and compares different HVAC system types for buildings including cold water systems, VRF systems, and package units. It provides details on system components, installation considerations, costs, energy efficiency, and maintenance requirements. Key points covered include that cold water systems have higher costs in Israel but longer lifespans, VRF systems are less costly but need space for outdoor units, and package units require ductwork to transport air to and from indoor units. Heat pump and heat recovery systems are also discussed.
The document summarizes a study that tested advanced load monitoring controllers on hydronic boiler systems in multifamily buildings in Chicago to reduce cycling and save energy. The controllers monitored supply water temperatures and prevented boilers from firing for up to 15 minutes during low load conditions. Testing found energy savings of up to 14% during shoulder months for a building with boilers cycling over 100 times per day, while a building with fewer cycles saw 7% savings. Savings depend on how oversized boilers are for their loads and are greater in shoulder seasons when cycling rates are higher. The controllers can be easily installed and provide savings without affecting tenant comfort, but the level of savings varies by system and proper prediction requires knowledge of cycling rates and equipment sizing
This document discusses several methods for optimizing energy consumption in air conditioning plant systems, including improving chiller efficiency, fan power, humidity controls, cooling tower efficiency, chilled/condenser water pumps, chiller plant system control, under-floor systems, and energy recovery systems. It provides case studies on topics like chiller plant design concepts, efficient component selection, installation, commissioning, and operation to reduce energy usage by 30-50%.
This document discusses various ways to optimize water-cooled cooling systems to reduce energy use. It describes how the efficiency of individual components like chillers and cooling towers has improved over time but greater savings are possible by optimizing overall system design and operation. Some strategies discussed include modulating cooling tower fan speed based on load to balance chiller and fan energy use, using closer cooling tower approach temperatures to lower chiller energy, controlling multi-cell tower fans simultaneously at lower speeds, and optimizing condenser water flow. Proper implementation of these strategies can significantly reduce cooling system energy use.
The document discusses cooling challenges for data centers and presents various cooling solutions. Specifically, it notes that cooling now accounts for 60-70% of data center energy costs. It then outlines challenges like increasing power densities and need for efficiency, availability, manageability, and serviceability. Various cooling architectures are presented, including room-based cooling, row-based cooling, and close-coupled cooling. Free cooling options using ambient air are also discussed.
Turbine Inlet Air Cooling (TIAC) - Case Studies - Economics - Performance - C...Salman Haider
Efficiency Enhancement of a Gas Turbine in Hot climate conditions. Design strategies and technology varieties. Detailed Case Studies of TIAC equipped power plants, economic and performance analysis. Study of Climate effect on GT Performance in three different locations.
Setty & Associates International is an engineering firm established in 2002 with 47 members specializing in mechanical, electrical, and other engineering disciplines. The document discusses and compares three options for mechanical systems for a building: self-contained roof top units, a chiller/boiler with air handling units, and a variable refrigerant flow system. Each option is described in one or two sentences.
The document describes Lennox's line of rooftop units, air conditioners, heat pumps, air handlers, and indoor/outdoor coils for commercial HVAC systems. Key features include high SEER and IEER ratings that exceed ASHRAE standards by up to 92%, an industry-leading control system, over 3 million possible factory configurations, fan power savings up to 83%, and the ability to integrate directly with solar power for effective efficiencies up to 34 SEER and 43 IEER. A range of models are available from 1.5 to 50 tons with gas, electric, or heat pump options.
How do i optimize industrial refrigeration systemAlaquainc
In processing equipment services, processors should focus on five stages to get the most out of a contemporary industrial refrigeration system:
• Lowering the costs of installation and maintenance
• Improving productivity
• Assuring the food safety
• Following FSMA and HACCP requirements
• Switching to more environmentally friendly refrigerants
Combining techniques can bring a number of advantages. This post will look at five techniques to improve the efficiency of industrial refrigeration systems.
Presentation to Corporate-chain business (1)Emily Parfet
Real Energy has developed an energy efficient evaporator coil called the Reihl Coil that can save over 50% of the energy used by conventional evaporator coils for walk-in coolers and freezers. The Reihl Coil uses phase change material to more rapidly absorb heat, reduces compressor run time, and provides passive cooling when the compressor is off. It is patented, approved for safety, and guaranteed to save businesses at least 38% on their cooler electricity costs with most systems paying for themselves within 2-4 years.
The Raider rooftop unit from Lennox offers reliable performance, compatibility with existing installations, and immediate availability. It undergoes a rigorous quality control process during manufacturing. The unit is compatible with popular curb sizes, can save up to $1,500 on replacement jobs by eliminating the need for an adapter curb, and is stocked for quick delivery. It is available in gas/electric, electric/electric, and heat pump models.
Opportunities to garner profits through application of accurate measurement instrumentation to steam production and condensate recovery by eliminating inefficiencies in operation.
The document discusses how improving instrumentation and level control in steam generation and condensate recovery systems can increase efficiency and reduce costs for industries that rely heavily on steam. Key areas that better level measurement can optimize include the boiler/steam drum, deaerator, feedwater heaters, blowdown flash tank, condensate receiver tanks, and heat exchangers. Technologies like guided wave radar that are unaffected by process conditions can provide more accurate level measurement and eliminate sources of error compared to differential pressure, buoyancy, or other inferential methods. This allows tighter control of levels throughout the steam cycle for maximum heat transfer, less blowdown waste, and recovery of more condensate for fuel and water savings.
This newsletter discusses optimizing condenser water system design and control to reduce installation and operating costs. It recommends designing systems with lower condenser water flow rates (1.9 gpm/ton) and larger temperature differences (15°F ΔT) based on industry guidance. This allows reducing pipe sizes, pump capacity, and cooling tower fan power. Near-optimal control of cooling tower fan speed alone can save 2-14% of annual operating costs depending on climate. Controlling both fan and pump speeds more precisely may further reduce costs but requires more complex control strategies to account for interactions between components.
Mission critical facilities like data centers have three key characteristics: 1) they must operate continuously without shutdowns, 2) they require redundant power and cooling systems, and 3) they have technical equipment with high power demands. The document discusses how standards like ASHRAE 90.1 have evolved over time to account for changes in data center design and energy efficiency, starting from initially excluding computer equipment, to later adding specific requirements for data centers. It also provides examples of how innovations in equipment design have allowed facilities to use higher temperature cooling to reduce energy use.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
1. 1 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
THE TOP 5 MOST
OVER-ENGINEERED
BUILDING COMPONENTS
2. 2 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
INTRODUCTION
When specifying the mechanical and electrical equipment
for a building, it is easy to assume that extra capacity is a
good thing, but it actually can be just as counterproductive
as having undersized installations. In the first place, extra
capacity comes at a higher upfront cost, which makes
the building owner assume unnecessary expenses.
There are also many types of equipment that experience
performance issues when over-engineered, which can
range from low energy efficiency to a diminished service
life. In a few words, oversized systems come with both a
higher price tag and an increased operating cost.
This ebook will provide an overview of the building systems
that are most commonly over-engineered, pointing
out the pitfalls that must be avoided and the negative
consequences that can come from excessive capacity.
3. 3 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
1 AIR DUCTS
Air ducts play a very important role in HVAC systems that use packaged rooftop
units or chillers with air-handling units, and designing duct systems properly is
critical in order to guarantee high performance.
For NYC buildings, duct systems must meet the requirements set forth in:
• The NYC Building Code
• The NYC Mechanical Code, which dedicates its entire Chapter 6 to duct systems
• The ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals
• The HVAC Duct Construction Standards by SMACNA (Sheet Metal & Air
Conditioning Contractors’ National Association)
Proper duct design is based on controlling two key variables: airspeed
and pressure drop.
When these variables exceed their optimal design range, the duct system becomes
both noisy and inefficient. Ideally, a duct system should be designed for a pressure
drop of 0.08 inches of water per every 100 feet of length, and air velocity should be
kept under 1200 feet per minute.
Learn which HVAC system is the right system for your building.
4. 4 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
Both pressure drop and velocity decrease as the cross-sectional area of a
duct becomes larger, but there is an upper limit to how much duct size can be
increased.
• The system becomes more expensive for the simple reason that material and labor
costs are higher.
• The design process of other building systems may be complicated by the fact that
ducts take up so much space. It may even be necessary to reduce ceiling height,
disrupting the architectural design.
• Oversized ducts increase fan power because a larger air volume has to be moved
through the system.
An ideal duct design keeps pressure drop and air speed under design values, while
optimizing the cross-sectional area of ductwork.
5. 5 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
2 BOILERS
Even in buildings where high-efficiency boilers are used, heating is normally one of
the highest energy expenses; this is especially true for New York and other cities to
the northeast of the country, which have cold winters. There are boiler systems for
practically any type of energy input, including fossil fuels such as oil or natural gas,
electricity, or alternative sources such as sunlight and biodiesel.
Given the critical role they play in buildings, as well as the potential negative
consequences that can come from system malfunctioning, the NYC Department
of Buildings has a dedicated Boiler Unit. This unit oversees the installation and
operation of boilers, and runs a yearly inspection cycle for all systems currently in
operation. Boilers are addressed in the NYC Building Code, Mechanical Code, and
Plumbing Code, and the Fuel Gas Code also applies if the boiler is combustion-based.
Redundancy is desirable in boiler systems, but installing two boilers sized for the full
building load each can result in plenty of unused capacity and a high upfront cost.
The best design recommendation is to size each boiler for 60% of the total building
load, which provides a favorable degree of redundancy, as well as an extra 20%
capacity that can be used during initial building warmup.
Avoiding “rules of thumb” is strongly recommended, since they can result in
boiler systems that are two to three times larger than required.
6. 6 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
Boilers could eventually be displaced by variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems,
which offer a much higher energy efficiency, as well as greater flexibility to meet
varying heating loads. As implied by their name, VRF systems use refrigerant to
deliver or remove heat, and speed is controlled according to the current building load.
THE ADVANTAGES OF VRF SYSTEMS ARE SIGNIFICANT:
• They can use heat pumps, which operate in both heating and cooling modes,
displacing both boilers and traditional AC condensers. The latest heat pump
models offer a comparable efficiency to a chiller in cooling mode, and in heating
mode they can provide savings of over 70% compared to a resistance heater.
• Heat is transported in refrigerant lines, which are much more compact than water
pipes and air ducts.
• VRF systems are modular, which allows them to be expanded incrementally
according to building needs – boilers, chillers, and packaged rooftop units are
limited in this aspect by their fixed capacities.
VRF systems are very popular in Japan, where they were developed, as well as
in Europe. They are relatively new in the US market, but their installed cost is
comparable to that of a traditional chiller-based system.
7. 7 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
3 AIR CONDITIONERS
The performance of air conditioning equipment improves in direct proportion
to how well the unit matches the application. There is a common but erroneous
belief that oversizing the unit is preferable, so that it can cool indoor spaces
faster while reducing the compressor runtime. However, this comes with many
performance issues. Also, even though the compressor runs less time, it also
draws more power than a properly sized unit, so energy savings are minimal or
zero.
Air conditioning systems are addressed in the NYC Building Code and Mechanical
Code. The ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals is also a solid reference when
designing any HVAC system.
POOR HUMIDITY CONTROL
An effective air conditioning system doesn’t only remove indoor heat; it also keeps
humidity within a range that is comfortable for human beings. When an AC system
is oversized, it can reach the required indoor temperature within a shorter amount of
time, and then the compressor is turned off – or slowed down in modern units with
variable speed capabilities. The problem when AC units operate like this is that there
is not enough time for them to bring indoor humidity to acceptable levels, and this
results in an indoor environment that is cold but humid, similar to a refrigerator. Other
than causing discomfort, this is a situation that can result in respiratory health issues
among occupants.
8. 8 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
EXCESSIVE COMPRESSOR CYCLING
An oversized AC unit has spare cooling power, so it can bring indoor temperature in
less time than a properly sized system. This means that the unit will tend to operate in
a series of short bursts, which can wear down electrical and mechanical components,
reducing their service life. On the other hand, a properly sized compressor runs for
longer periods but without frequent starts and stops, which is the intended mode of
operation.
When AC installations are compared based on their total ownership cost, considering
both energy and maintenance expenses as well as their service life, a system of
optimal capacity is superior to both undersized and oversized systems.
DISCOMFORT FOR OCCUPANTS
Since an oversized AC unit has excessive cooling power for the application, sitting
right under an air duct opening or in front of an evaporator can be very uncomfortable.
The fans of evaporators are normally sized in proportion to the AC unit, so the air is
both cold and fast-moving, causing a chilling effect.
9. 9 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
4 ELECTRICAL POWER
Plenty of devices and systems used in buildings run on electric power, and
that includes many types of mechanical equipment. When specifying electrical
installations, the same principle used in mechanical systems applies: components
should have just the right capacity for the application, not less and not more.
Electrical installations in New York City are required to comply with the following
codes:
• NYC Building Code – in particular, Chapter 27
• NYC Electrical Code
• NFPA 70: National Electric Code
• In the case of emergency and standby power systems, compliance with NFPA 110,
NFPA 111, and the NYC Fuel Gas Code is also required.
OVERSIZED FEEDERS AND BRANCH CIRCUITS
Undersized electrical circuits tend to fail quickly, sometimes within hours, but
oversized circuits have no negative consequences in terms of operation. In fact, an
oversized electrical circuit experiences a lower voltage drop and power loss than a
properly sized circuit. However, this benefit is negligible compared with the project
cost increase that comes with oversized electrical installations.
Get a free calculation of your electric load.
10. 10 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
ELECTRIC MOTORS
The case of motors is different from that of conductors, and there are several
negative consequences when they are oversized:
• Motor efficiency is reduced under part-load conditions. For a given mechanical
load, a properly specified motor operating near full load will be more efficient than
an oversized motor.
• Power factor is also reduced. The oversized motor draws a high reactive current,
which can contribute to power factor charges in the power bill. The extra reactive
current also uses up capacity in transformers, distribution boards, and circuits,
without contributing to the transmission of useful power.
When motors will be subject to part-load conditions frequently, the best option is to
use technologies that allow speed control: Electronically commutated motors (ECMs)
can be used for fractional horsepower applications, and variable frequency drives
(VFDs) with three-phase motors can be deployed for larger loads.
11. 11 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
If the motors in a building will be upgraded, three aspects must be considered to
achieve the best possible results:
• Adequate horsepower.
• Upgrading to a higher efficiency tier, for example NEMA Premium.
• Implementing automation and speed control measures.
In chiller-based air conditioning systems, it is possible to achieve exceptional synergy
if the chiller plant has variable-speed multi-stage compressors, while the associated
water pumps and AHUs use motors with speed control.
12. 12 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
5 SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
A complex building layout normally means that the fire sprinkler system will have a
piping layout of similar complexity, as well as a high sprinkler headcount. When the
teams in charge of architectural design and fire protection design work in isolation,
complex sprinkler systems are a common consequence.
These systems come with many drawbacks:
• The upfront cost is increased, both in terms of materials and labor.
• Pumps must be sized larger to provide the adequate water pressure and flow rate
for a system with more piping length and a higher sprinkler count.
The following are some design recommendations to optimize sprinkler layouts,
reducing their complexity and upfront cost:
• Coordinating fire sprinkler design and architectural design, so that the interference
of ceiling features, such as offsets and soffits, is minimized.
• Merging smaller rooms into single areas whenever possible, because each time a
small room is added, the sprinkler count is increased by one.
Learn more about our sprinkler engineering services.
13. 13 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
When designing sprinkler systems in New York, it is important to observe the
requirements set for in the following standards and codes:
• NYC Building Code – in particular, Chapter 7 (Fire and Smoke Protection Features),
Chapter 9 (Fire Protection Systems) and Appendix Q (Modifications to National
Standards)
• NYC Fire Code
• NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
• NFPA 13D – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-
Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes
• NFPA 13R – Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise
Residential Occupancies
It is important to note that Appendix Q of the Building Code takes precedence over
national standards, introducing modifications that are specific for New York.
14. 14 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
CONCLUDING REMARKS
There are many reasons not to oversize mechanical and electrical building systems.
In most cases, oversized systems are just as problematic as undersized systems, if
not more, causing performance issues and extra maintenance expenses. Even when
there are no performance issues associated with extra capacity, it represents a higher
upfront cost that must be assumed by the building owner.
Hiring professional MEP designers is the best way to ensure all building systems will
be specified optimally according to the application at hand. Meeting applicable codes
and standards is mandatory for a building to be approved, but these documents often
specify just the minimum requirements; with professional design, a project can meet
code requirements while maximizing performance.
15. 15 The Top 5 Most Over-Engineered Building Components
Over-engineering a project drives up construction cost
without any benefit. Get your construction project back on
budget with a free value engineering service.
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