Compiling the HVAC , Electrical, Fire safety system in data center. The presentation is been made from various articles and white papers

1. m&e systems in Data center
by
Antony jebaraj
 This presentation covers the brief overview on the mechanical and electrical systems in data center
 The idea of the presentation is to give the compilation of existing standards, power distribution
, HVAC , Fire safety , Security systems in data center for knowledge sharing purpose only
 Slides were made from the extracts /contents of various white papers on data center topics
published from organization like –uptime institute , Siemens AG , Schneider Electric SAS, Cisco
,Eaton
Unrestricted

2. Types of data center
Enterprise data centers
These are built, owned, and operated by companies and are optimized for their end users. Most often
they are housed on the corporate campus.
Managed services data centers
These data centers are managed by a third party (or a managed services provider) on behalf of a
company. The company leases the equipment and infrastructure instead of buying it.
Colocation data centers
In colocation ("colo") data centers, a company rents space within a data center owned by others and
located off company premises. The colocation data center hosts the infrastructure: building, cooling,
bandwidth, security, etc., while the company provides and manages the components, including
servers, storage, and firewalls.
Cloud data centers
In this off-premises form of data center, data and applications are hosted by a cloud services provider
such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft (Azure), or IBM Cloud or other public cloud provider.
Modular data centers
Modular data center is one that is portable and exists at any location that requires data capacity.
This type of data system comprises modules and components with purpose-engineering. Modular Data
Centers provide scalable data center capacity with a range of power and cooling options.

3. DataCenter-Comparisonof TierClassification

4. Data center tier business characteristics with respect to system design and downtime

5. Uptime Institute-tier requirement summary

6. Typical tier levels form different application services

7. Fire protection –detection , alarm, evacuation and extinguishing
American fire safety standards
NFPA 1 Fire Code
NFPA 3
Standard for Commissioning of Fire
Protection and Life Safety Systems
NFPA 4
Standard for Integrated Fire Protection
and Life Safety System Testing
NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers
NFPA 12
Standard on Carbon Dioxide
Extinguishing Systems
NFPA 13
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler
Systems
NFPA 70® National Electrical Code®
NFPA 72® National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code®
NFPA 75
Standard for the Fire Protection of
Information Technology Equipment
NFPA 76
Standard for the Fire Protection of
Telecommunications Facilities
NFPA 77
Recommended Practice on Static
Electricity
NFPA 78 Guide on Electrical Inspections
NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke Control Systems
NFPA 101® Life Safety Code®
NFPA 101B
Code for Means of Egress for Buildings
and Structures
NFPA 170
Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency
Symbols
NFPA 900 Building Energy Code
NFPA 2001
Standard on Clean Agent Fire
Extinguishing Systems

9. Active methods of fire detection and protection

10. Active fire protection – for building and data center

11. Total flooding by clean agent fire suppression system for data center

12. Very early warning smoke detection system (ASD)-detection of fire at incipient stage

13. Security system for the data center

14. Evaluating various types of hvac systems for the data center
Available Options -Cooling & Air
conditioning system
Merits of the system De merits of the system Conclusion
#1: Serve your Data center area with
existing building HVAC system
o Lowest initial cost, as no new equipment is
being purchased
o No equipment lead time makes for a quick
installation turn
around
o Building cooling system is not designed to
maintain consistent
space temperatures and will allow fluctuations
o Requirement to operate building cooling
system 24/7
Cooling a server room off of the existing building
system is tempting and the low first cost can be
worth it in small data room
applications, assuming you are willing to operate
your building cooling system 24/7.
#2: Install dedicated DX split systems
or chilled water AHU/ fan coil
units
o Does not require the installation of any
additional
infrastructure, minimizing install cost.
o Can be installed modularly based on demand
o This equipment is not designed with internal
controls, leading to
temperature fluctuations.
o Typically less efficient and more prone to
failures as the
equipment is not designed for non-stop use.
This system works best if you are looking to add
1-2 separate data closets with no plans of future
expansion. If the data
space can be consolidated, there are less
expensive options that are more effective.
#3: Precision perimeter cooling units o Flexible installation with options to balance
install and energy
costs (VFDs, EC fans, economizer settings, back-up
coils, control
sensor options)
o Typically more energy efficient than traditional
units
o Precisely control your space temperature and
humidity
o Downflowunits with raised floor air
distribution makes it easy to
alter your supply air locations as your load
changes
o Higher initial cost of equipment
o Hot spots can occur at servers furthest from
cooling units
oIf needed, raised floor installation has a high
initial cost.
o Require some means of moving the cooling
to your equipment.
Perimeter units became the installation standard
for a reason. While the install cost can be high,
the flexibility of equipment
and install options is worth it in critical
applications
#4 –Precision In-Row cooling units -
CRAC/CRAH
o Typically more energy efficient than traditional
units
o Reduce bypass by delivering the cool air
directly to your
equipment
o Modular installation lowers day one cost and
allows your HVAC to
expand with your needs
o Relocation of a rack requires unit
reinstallation
o Requires hot aisle/cold aisle configuration to
deliver optimal
cooling
o While modular deployment minimizes first
cost, the need for
multiple installations creates a higher full build
out cost
In row installation provides the same level of
precision as perimeter units. The modular
installation increases total cost, but if
you are building out a critical space over time, it
will reduce day one cost
#5 –Top Cooling / Rack based cooling o Easy to plan for any power density ,isolated
from the existing cooling system
o Close coupling eliminates hot spots and vertical
temperature gradients; tandardized solutions
minimize human error
o Standardized components reduce the technical
expertise; in-house staff can perform routine
service procedures
o Cooling capacity can’t be shared with other
racks
o 2N redundancy required for concurrent
system repair and maintenance and
redundancy required for each rack
o Cooling system will likely be oversized and
capacity will be wasted which can drive up first
cost
In the case of rack-based cooling, this problem
of performance predictability is completely
eliminated since the exact location of the air
conditioner to the target load is determined.
The benefit is that the cooling performance can
be completely characterized in advance. If a
phased deployment is part of the system design,
the location of future air conditioning units
requires little planning or forethought, being
automatically deployed with each rack

15. Basic feature comparison and air path for various types of hvac system

16. Case study

17. Case study -Savings in area , energy and annual

18. Monitoring the temperature and rh levels are critical in data center

19. Power distribution in data center

20. Handling of Electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI)

21. Tier ii & iii

22. Tier iv

23. Power distribution inside the data center

24. UPS – major topologies

25. Ups batteries

26. ForecastedTrendsof theDataCenterIndustry-Infrastructure evolution
High density / Hyper Scale Scalable architecture Go Green -Energy Efficiency Full modularization and Digitalization
Simplified power supply architecture and
Convergence of liquid cooling and air
cooling
The CPU and server
capacity keep continuously
increasing with the evolving
of IT computing capacity.
As the demand for AI
applications increases, the
importance of AI
computing power further
rises. To balance efficiency
and costs, data centers will
develop towards high
density. Currently, the
average power capacity in a
data center is 6 to 8
kW/rack. It is anticipated
that power density of 15 to
20 kW/rack will
predominant data centers
by 2025
Generally, the lifecycle of IT
devices is three to five years,
and the power density doubles
every five years. However, the
lifecycle of data center
infrastructure is ten to 15
years. The data center facility
will support IT device evolution
for two to three generations. It
demands scalable expansion
and phased investment for
optimal capex in the lifecycle
of data center. In addition, the
data center must support
hybrid deployment of IT
devices with different power
densities because of diversified
IT services running there.
Currently, the power consumption of
data centers accounts for 3% of the
world’s total power consumption. It is
estimated that the total power
consumption of data center will reach
more than 1000TWh by 2025. Energy
saving, emission reduction, and
operating expense (OPEX) reduction are
big challenges. Reducing the power
usage effectiveness (PUE) of data centers
and building green data centers are
inevitable. It is an irresistible trend to
use clean energy and waste heat, and to
save resources (such as energy, land,
water, and materials) throughout the life
cycle of the data center. It is estimated
that the average PUE of new data center
in globe will drop to 1.1 in the next five
years.
More data centers will be constructed in
full modular mode to address the
problems of slow construction and high
initial investment costs. Modular design
will evolve from component
modularization to architecture
modularization and equipment room
modularization, finally achieving full
modularization of data center. Data
center facilities will inevitably evolve
towards digital and intelligent. With the
continuous improvement of IoT and AI
technologies, data centers will gradually
evolve from single-domain digitalization
in terms of O&M, energy saving, and
operation to full-lifecycle digitalization
and automatic driving in terms of
planning, construction, O&M, and
optimization. AI will be widely applied.
The power supply and distribution system
of a traditional data center is complex and
fragmented, occupies a large footprint,
and is difficult to locate faults. A simplified
power supply architecture will reduce
power conversion times, shorten the
power supply distance and footprint, and
improve the space utilization rate and
system energy efficiency. Indirect
evaporative cooling system, with modular
architecture, will shorten the deployment
time and simplifies O&M. In addition, by
fully utilizing the natural cooling
resources, power consumption of the
cooling system will be greatly reduced. In
areas with suitable climate, the chilled
water system will gradually be replaced
by indirect evaporative cooling system.

27. Reference and extracts derived from the following articles /papers
Cisco Article -https://www.cisco.com/c/en_in/solutions/data-center-virtualization/what-is-a-data-center.html
Uptime Institute Tier Classifications - Tier Requirement summary
Siemens AG Article -https://new.siemens.com/global/en/markets/data-centers/fire-safety.html
Siemens AG Article -https://new.siemens.com/global/en/products/energy/topics/totally-integrated-
power/markets/data-centers.html
Schneider Electric White https://download.schneider-electric.com/files?p_File_Name=VAVR-
6PHPBU_R2_EN.pdf&p_Doc_Ref=SPD_VAVR-6PHPBU_EN
The Nordic Business summit Articles -Efficiency of data center cooling