This newsletter discusses optimizing condenser water system design and control to reduce installation and operating costs. It recommends designing systems with lower condenser water flow rates (1.9 gpm/ton) and larger temperature differences (15°F ΔT) based on industry guidance. This allows reducing pipe sizes, pump capacity, and cooling tower fan power. Near-optimal control of cooling tower fan speed alone can save 2-14% of annual operating costs depending on climate. Controlling both fan and pump speeds more precisely may further reduce costs but requires more complex control strategies to account for interactions between components.
This document discusses how to calculate system flow requirements for selecting a pump. It explains that the flow rate in gallons per minute (GPM) depends on the building's heat load and the designed temperature change of the fluid as it travels through the system. It also provides typical designed temperature changes for different system types. The document then presents two formulas for calculating GPM based on the heat load and designed temperature change, with one formula for water and another more general formula for glycol mixtures that accounts for their different properties. Tables with load factors for propylene and ethylene glycol mixtures at different temperatures and concentrations are also included.
This document provides a summary of the selection process for a water cooled chiller system for Comin Khmere Co. Ltd. The following key steps are described:
1) A building load calculation using HAP software determined a total cooling load of 2357 kW. This required selecting a chiller with a 843.9 kW cooling capacity and 4 chillers total.
2) A 1012.68 kW cooling tower was selected based on the chiller condenser load and design parameters.
3) Pumps were selected to move 40.4 l/s of chilled water and 48.5 l/s of condenser water, with pressure drops of 270 kPa and 280 kPa respectively accounted
This document discusses using a water mist pre-cooling system to improve the efficiency of air-cooled chillers. It first provides background on how air-cooled chillers work and their relatively low efficiency compared to water-cooled chillers. It then discusses how using evaporative cooling techniques like water mist can lower the temperature of air entering the condenser, lowering the condensing temperature and improving chiller efficiency. The document goes on to describe modeling done to analyze the performance of a chiller system equipped with a water mist pre-cooler under different control strategies. The modeling results suggest water mist pre-cooling can increase chiller COP when combined with variable condenser temperature control.
This document discusses the design of a 10,500-ton central chilled water plant in Washington D.C. Several design options were evaluated using life-cycle cost analysis. The selected design used a series-series counterflow arrangement of six electric centrifugal chillers with dual refrigerant circuits. This configuration reduced chiller power demands and pumping costs, resulting in the lowest life-cycle cost that was over $1.4 million less than parallel arrangements. The series-series counterflow design lowers the 'lift' required of the chillers by staging the evaporator and condenser temperatures between units.
This how easy we can control Delta-T
as per your wish:
"You Wish, We Control"
Benefits:
* Achieve High Delta-T across Load & PHX.
* Allow indoor unit to absorb maximum cooling from limited chilled water
* Less pumping.
* Fewer number of chillers working.
* Optimize working chillers & improve efficiency.
* Less Cooling Towers working and connected condenser pumps.
* Improve Cooling Effect indoor.
* Control Humidity level
* More & More ...... Satisfied Occupants & Peace of mind.
* Reduce your Cost Per TR
Looking forward to Repeat the Same Success @ your Premises.
This document discusses how to calculate system flow requirements for selecting a pump. It explains that the flow rate in gallons per minute (GPM) depends on the building's heat load and the designed temperature change of the fluid as it travels through the system. It also provides typical designed temperature changes for different system types. The document then presents two formulas for calculating GPM based on the heat load and designed temperature change, with one formula for water and another more general formula for glycol mixtures that accounts for their different properties. Tables with load factors for propylene and ethylene glycol mixtures at different temperatures and concentrations are also included.
This document provides a summary of the selection process for a water cooled chiller system for Comin Khmere Co. Ltd. The following key steps are described:
1) A building load calculation using HAP software determined a total cooling load of 2357 kW. This required selecting a chiller with a 843.9 kW cooling capacity and 4 chillers total.
2) A 1012.68 kW cooling tower was selected based on the chiller condenser load and design parameters.
3) Pumps were selected to move 40.4 l/s of chilled water and 48.5 l/s of condenser water, with pressure drops of 270 kPa and 280 kPa respectively accounted
This document discusses using a water mist pre-cooling system to improve the efficiency of air-cooled chillers. It first provides background on how air-cooled chillers work and their relatively low efficiency compared to water-cooled chillers. It then discusses how using evaporative cooling techniques like water mist can lower the temperature of air entering the condenser, lowering the condensing temperature and improving chiller efficiency. The document goes on to describe modeling done to analyze the performance of a chiller system equipped with a water mist pre-cooler under different control strategies. The modeling results suggest water mist pre-cooling can increase chiller COP when combined with variable condenser temperature control.
This document discusses the design of a 10,500-ton central chilled water plant in Washington D.C. Several design options were evaluated using life-cycle cost analysis. The selected design used a series-series counterflow arrangement of six electric centrifugal chillers with dual refrigerant circuits. This configuration reduced chiller power demands and pumping costs, resulting in the lowest life-cycle cost that was over $1.4 million less than parallel arrangements. The series-series counterflow design lowers the 'lift' required of the chillers by staging the evaporator and condenser temperatures between units.
This how easy we can control Delta-T
as per your wish:
"You Wish, We Control"
Benefits:
* Achieve High Delta-T across Load & PHX.
* Allow indoor unit to absorb maximum cooling from limited chilled water
* Less pumping.
* Fewer number of chillers working.
* Optimize working chillers & improve efficiency.
* Less Cooling Towers working and connected condenser pumps.
* Improve Cooling Effect indoor.
* Control Humidity level
* More & More ...... Satisfied Occupants & Peace of mind.
* Reduce your Cost Per TR
Looking forward to Repeat the Same Success @ your Premises.
2007 ASME Power Conference Troubleshooting Condenser Vacuum Issues At North O...Komandur Sunder Raj, P.E.
The document discusses low vacuum issues at a power plant's main condenser from 2004-2006. It examines the background, describes troubleshooting methods used, and discusses implemented and follow-up actions. Key issues included high air inleakage into the condenser leading to low vacuum levels and unit trips. Actions taken included repairing leaks, scraping condenser tubes, inspecting ejectors, and modifying operations to resolve the issues and restore stable unit operation.
Design and Development of Combined system of air cooler and water chiller sys...SANJAY NEOLIA
This document provides an overview of a project to develop a combined system of air cooler and water chiller. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, problem statement, objectives, working principles, calculations, results, conclusion and future work. The combined system aims to provide both chilled air and water to improve worker comfort in industrial settings. It is intended to be more efficient than separate air cooler and water chiller systems by using a single compressor. The document outlines the system components, calculations of performance metrics like coefficient of performance, and applications in places that require both cool air and water.
The demand of power is increasing exponentially results in installation of new stations whereas the sources of water are depreciating acutely. In future there may be a situation in which water sources may not cope up with this requirement.
Also the serious concerns of the regulatory authorities regarding usage of natural resources, definitely the norms will be further be tightened, which will curtail the freedom of usage of water in power plant.
In present scenario land acquisition is one of the toughest hurdles in plant installations which can be averted by locating stations in water scarce regions, by employing air cooled system which eliminates dependencies on water for CW.
Although dry cooling systems are costly technologies on techno-economic considerations, but foreseeing the future it is the need of hour to employ dry cooling system which offers possible solution for power plant installation eliminating the above mentioned challenges.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
It is related to piping system in Air-condition(AC) or Room heaters. In this slide, you come to know how heated or cooled water transfer from generater to terminal units(heat exchangers).
This document discusses chilled water distribution systems, including primary/secondary and variable primary flow systems. In a primary/secondary system, primary pumps provide constant flow while secondary pumps and two-way valves provide variable flow to terminals. A variable primary flow system uses two-way valves and variable speed primary pumps to modulate flow without secondary pumps. Proper design considerations for variable primary flow systems include maintaining minimum and maximum flows through chillers, using modulating isolation valves, ramping pump speeds gradually, and controlling pumps and chillers together to sequence efficiently based on load and temperature.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
When developing data center energy-use estimations, engineers must account for all sources of energy use in the facility. Most energy consumption is obvious: computers, cooling plant and related equipment, lighting, and other miscellaneous electrical loads. Designing efficient and effective data centers is a top priority for consulting engineers. Cooling is a large portion of data center energy use, second only to the IT load. Although there are several options to help maximize HVAC efficiency and minimize energy consumption, data centers come in many shapes, sizes, and configurations. By developing a deep understanding of their client’s data center HVAC requirements, consulting engineers can help maintain the necessary availability level of mission critical applications while reducing energy consumption.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing poor condenser vacuum in thermal power plants. It explains that a slight increase in condenser pressure can result in significant energy losses. It describes the key components and function of a surface condenser, and explains how lower condenser pressure allows more steam turbine exhaust energy to be converted. Diagnosing the root cause of higher pressure involves comparing to expected design pressures and evaluating potential issues like low cooling water flow, tube fouling, incondensable gases in the condenser shell, or excessive heat duty. Definitions of relevant temperature terms are also provided.
This document discusses water-side heat recovery from chillers. It provides context on the history of heat recovery use in the 1970s during an energy crisis and its renewed interest today due to rising energy costs and environmental regulations. It then covers various types of heat recovery systems using single or dual condenser chillers, appropriate water temperatures for heat recovery, and the impact of heat recovery on chiller capacity and efficiency depending on compressor type. The optimal approach is to recover heat at the lowest possible temperature to satisfy loads while minimizing additional chiller energy use.
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
This document provides information about power plant cooling water systems. It discusses the types of cooling water systems, including once-through and recirculating systems. It describes the components of cooling water systems, such as cooling towers and how they function using evaporation to cool water. It also discusses problems that can occur in cooling water systems, such as scale formation and corrosion, and methods to control these issues. The document is written by Umar Farooq, a chemist, and provides technical details on cooling water chemistry.
Pump and cooling tower energy performancemaulik610
This document provides an overview of pumps and cooling towers used in industrial applications. It discusses the main components, types, and operating characteristics of pumps, including centrifugal pumps which account for 75% of installed pumps. The document also examines how to assess pump performance by calculating parameters like pump shaft power and hydraulic power. For cooling towers, it outlines the components and types, and explains how to evaluate cooling tower performance using metrics such as range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and evaporation loss. The document concludes by identifying opportunities to improve the energy efficiency of pumps and cooling towers through equipment selection and optimization.
The document discusses the key components and operation of chilled water systems. It describes the main components as chillers, cooling towers, pumps, piping and air handling units. It then covers topics such as chiller types, flow calculations, recommended flow velocities, chiller efficiency ratings, expansion tanks, piping basics including materials and valves used, and testing and balancing (TAB) of the system.
Experimental investigation of waste heat recovery system for domestic refrige...IAEME Publication
This document describes an experimental investigation of a waste heat recovery system for a domestic refrigerator. The system utilizes the waste heat from the refrigerator's condenser, which is typically around 32-43°C, by installing a water tank to recover heat from the compressed refrigerant gas before it enters the condenser via a process called desuperheating. Tests were conducted with the refrigerator operating normally and operating as a refrigerator-water heater. Results found that waste heat recovery from domestic refrigerators is technically feasible and can economically preheat water. The document provides details on the experimental setup, which includes modifications made to a domestic refrigerator to integrate a water tank for desuperheating, and instrumentation used to collect temperature and energy consumption data.
This experiment studied the effects of cooling load and inlet water temperature on a cooling tower's performance. In experiment 1, cooling load was varied at 0.5 kW, 1 kW, and 1.5 kW while water flow rate and air flow were held constant. Higher cooling loads resulted in larger cooling ranges between inlet and outlet water temperatures. Experiment 2 varied water flow rate from 0.8 LPM to 1.6 LPM at a 1 kW cooling load. Higher water flow rates produced smaller cooling ranges and lower heat loads transferred. The results show that increasing cooling load or decreasing water flow rate improves a cooling tower's heat removal capabilities.
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
This document discusses various ways to optimize water-cooled cooling systems to reduce energy use. It describes how the efficiency of individual components like chillers and cooling towers has improved over time but greater savings are possible by optimizing overall system design and operation. Some strategies discussed include modulating cooling tower fan speed based on load to balance chiller and fan energy use, using closer cooling tower approach temperatures to lower chiller energy, controlling multi-cell tower fans simultaneously at lower speeds, and optimizing condenser water flow. Proper implementation of these strategies can significantly reduce cooling system energy use.
2007 ASME Power Conference Troubleshooting Condenser Vacuum Issues At North O...Komandur Sunder Raj, P.E.
The document discusses low vacuum issues at a power plant's main condenser from 2004-2006. It examines the background, describes troubleshooting methods used, and discusses implemented and follow-up actions. Key issues included high air inleakage into the condenser leading to low vacuum levels and unit trips. Actions taken included repairing leaks, scraping condenser tubes, inspecting ejectors, and modifying operations to resolve the issues and restore stable unit operation.
Design and Development of Combined system of air cooler and water chiller sys...SANJAY NEOLIA
This document provides an overview of a project to develop a combined system of air cooler and water chiller. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, problem statement, objectives, working principles, calculations, results, conclusion and future work. The combined system aims to provide both chilled air and water to improve worker comfort in industrial settings. It is intended to be more efficient than separate air cooler and water chiller systems by using a single compressor. The document outlines the system components, calculations of performance metrics like coefficient of performance, and applications in places that require both cool air and water.
The demand of power is increasing exponentially results in installation of new stations whereas the sources of water are depreciating acutely. In future there may be a situation in which water sources may not cope up with this requirement.
Also the serious concerns of the regulatory authorities regarding usage of natural resources, definitely the norms will be further be tightened, which will curtail the freedom of usage of water in power plant.
In present scenario land acquisition is one of the toughest hurdles in plant installations which can be averted by locating stations in water scarce regions, by employing air cooled system which eliminates dependencies on water for CW.
Although dry cooling systems are costly technologies on techno-economic considerations, but foreseeing the future it is the need of hour to employ dry cooling system which offers possible solution for power plant installation eliminating the above mentioned challenges.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
It is related to piping system in Air-condition(AC) or Room heaters. In this slide, you come to know how heated or cooled water transfer from generater to terminal units(heat exchangers).
This document discusses chilled water distribution systems, including primary/secondary and variable primary flow systems. In a primary/secondary system, primary pumps provide constant flow while secondary pumps and two-way valves provide variable flow to terminals. A variable primary flow system uses two-way valves and variable speed primary pumps to modulate flow without secondary pumps. Proper design considerations for variable primary flow systems include maintaining minimum and maximum flows through chillers, using modulating isolation valves, ramping pump speeds gradually, and controlling pumps and chillers together to sequence efficiently based on load and temperature.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
When developing data center energy-use estimations, engineers must account for all sources of energy use in the facility. Most energy consumption is obvious: computers, cooling plant and related equipment, lighting, and other miscellaneous electrical loads. Designing efficient and effective data centers is a top priority for consulting engineers. Cooling is a large portion of data center energy use, second only to the IT load. Although there are several options to help maximize HVAC efficiency and minimize energy consumption, data centers come in many shapes, sizes, and configurations. By developing a deep understanding of their client’s data center HVAC requirements, consulting engineers can help maintain the necessary availability level of mission critical applications while reducing energy consumption.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing poor condenser vacuum in thermal power plants. It explains that a slight increase in condenser pressure can result in significant energy losses. It describes the key components and function of a surface condenser, and explains how lower condenser pressure allows more steam turbine exhaust energy to be converted. Diagnosing the root cause of higher pressure involves comparing to expected design pressures and evaluating potential issues like low cooling water flow, tube fouling, incondensable gases in the condenser shell, or excessive heat duty. Definitions of relevant temperature terms are also provided.
This document discusses water-side heat recovery from chillers. It provides context on the history of heat recovery use in the 1970s during an energy crisis and its renewed interest today due to rising energy costs and environmental regulations. It then covers various types of heat recovery systems using single or dual condenser chillers, appropriate water temperatures for heat recovery, and the impact of heat recovery on chiller capacity and efficiency depending on compressor type. The optimal approach is to recover heat at the lowest possible temperature to satisfy loads while minimizing additional chiller energy use.
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
The objective of this paper was to investigate experimentally the effect of Evaporative-cooled condenser in a household refrigerator. The experiment was done using HCF134a as the refrigerant. The performance of the household refrigerator with air-cooled and Evaporative-cooled condenser was compared for different load conditions. The results indicate that the refrigerator performance had improved when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser on all load conditions. Evaporativecooled condenser reduced the energy consumption when compared with the air-cooled condenser. There was also an enhancement in coefficient of performance (COP) when evaporative-cooled condenser was used instead of air-cooled condenser. The Evaporative cooled heat exchanger was designed and the system was modified by retrofitting it, instead of the conventional air-cooled condenser by making drop wise condensation using water and forced circulation over the condenser. From the experimental analysis it is observed that the COP of evaporative cooled system increased by 13.44% compared to that of air cooled system. So the overall efficiency and refrigerating effect is increased. In minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, the system is much useful for domestic purpose. This study also revealed that combining a evaporative cooled system along with conventional water cooled system under the condition that the defrost water obtained from the freezer is used for drop wise condensation over condenser and water cooled condensation of the condenser at the bottom using remaining defrost water would reduce the power consumption, work done and hence further increase in refrigerating effect of the system. The study has shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable
This document provides information about power plant cooling water systems. It discusses the types of cooling water systems, including once-through and recirculating systems. It describes the components of cooling water systems, such as cooling towers and how they function using evaporation to cool water. It also discusses problems that can occur in cooling water systems, such as scale formation and corrosion, and methods to control these issues. The document is written by Umar Farooq, a chemist, and provides technical details on cooling water chemistry.
Pump and cooling tower energy performancemaulik610
This document provides an overview of pumps and cooling towers used in industrial applications. It discusses the main components, types, and operating characteristics of pumps, including centrifugal pumps which account for 75% of installed pumps. The document also examines how to assess pump performance by calculating parameters like pump shaft power and hydraulic power. For cooling towers, it outlines the components and types, and explains how to evaluate cooling tower performance using metrics such as range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and evaporation loss. The document concludes by identifying opportunities to improve the energy efficiency of pumps and cooling towers through equipment selection and optimization.
The document discusses the key components and operation of chilled water systems. It describes the main components as chillers, cooling towers, pumps, piping and air handling units. It then covers topics such as chiller types, flow calculations, recommended flow velocities, chiller efficiency ratings, expansion tanks, piping basics including materials and valves used, and testing and balancing (TAB) of the system.
Experimental investigation of waste heat recovery system for domestic refrige...IAEME Publication
This document describes an experimental investigation of a waste heat recovery system for a domestic refrigerator. The system utilizes the waste heat from the refrigerator's condenser, which is typically around 32-43°C, by installing a water tank to recover heat from the compressed refrigerant gas before it enters the condenser via a process called desuperheating. Tests were conducted with the refrigerator operating normally and operating as a refrigerator-water heater. Results found that waste heat recovery from domestic refrigerators is technically feasible and can economically preheat water. The document provides details on the experimental setup, which includes modifications made to a domestic refrigerator to integrate a water tank for desuperheating, and instrumentation used to collect temperature and energy consumption data.
This experiment studied the effects of cooling load and inlet water temperature on a cooling tower's performance. In experiment 1, cooling load was varied at 0.5 kW, 1 kW, and 1.5 kW while water flow rate and air flow were held constant. Higher cooling loads resulted in larger cooling ranges between inlet and outlet water temperatures. Experiment 2 varied water flow rate from 0.8 LPM to 1.6 LPM at a 1 kW cooling load. Higher water flow rates produced smaller cooling ranges and lower heat loads transferred. The results show that increasing cooling load or decreasing water flow rate improves a cooling tower's heat removal capabilities.
Condenser and Cooling Tower Power Plant EngineeringAjaypalsinh Barad
The file contains all details of the Condenser and Cooling Tower systems or Thermal power plant. This is the part of the subject Power Plant Engineering in GTU in 7th semester.
This document discusses various ways to optimize water-cooled cooling systems to reduce energy use. It describes how the efficiency of individual components like chillers and cooling towers has improved over time but greater savings are possible by optimizing overall system design and operation. Some strategies discussed include modulating cooling tower fan speed based on load to balance chiller and fan energy use, using closer cooling tower approach temperatures to lower chiller energy, controlling multi-cell tower fans simultaneously at lower speeds, and optimizing condenser water flow. Proper implementation of these strategies can significantly reduce cooling system energy use.
1. The study compared the power consumption of air cooling versus water cooling for an extrusion process using four different resins.
2. Water cooling used slightly more energy than air cooling for all resins, with the greatest difference seen in PET where water cooling used 80% more energy.
3. Air cooling is recommended for dedicated processes as it provides sufficient cooling with less energy use than water cooling, however the screw design must match the resin to avoid excessive heating or cooling needs.
This document discusses the optimization of parallel condensing in a steam power plant. It begins with background on steam power cycles and condensers, then discusses design criteria for water-cooled and air-cooled condensers. It presents the design procedure for a water-cooled condenser in 10 steps. Graphs analyze operating parameters like turbine exhaust pressure, air velocity, and transverse pitch. It concludes that a parallel condensing system utilizing both water-cooled and air-cooled condensers can reduce capital costs and improve performance compared to solely air-cooled systems, with the optimal mixture depending on water availability.
"Replacement of vapor compression system of domestic refrigerator by an eject...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on replacing vapor compression refrigeration systems with ejector refrigeration systems. It discusses how ejector refrigeration systems use low-grade waste heat as the power source, have fewer moving parts than compressors, and can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The document provides details on the design and testing of ejector refrigeration systems using various working fluids. It analyzes the performance of these systems and the impact of parameters like heat source temperature, refrigerant type, and ejector design on the system coefficient of performance.
The document summarizes some common design issues encountered with chilled water systems and provides solutions. It describes 4 cases of chilled water system design mistakes: 1) a new variable primary flow system that had inaccurate flow sensing, insufficient loop volume, and improperly sized bypass piping; 2) converting an existing primary-secondary system to variable primary flow without ensuring accurate flow sensing; 3) connecting a heat recovery chiller in parallel without sufficient flow control; and 4) not properly positioning pumps to allow for minimum bypass flow in a conversion. The document provides recommendations to address these issues, such as using a more accurate flow meter, increasing loop volume with a buffer tank, properly sizing bypass piping, and considering a variable primary/variable secondary system
lecture 3 - COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE.pdfDinaSaad22
Compressed air energy storage systems store energy by compressing air and storing it in underground reservoirs like depleted gas fields. When energy demand is high, the compressed air is released to drive turbines and generate electricity. There are two main types - diabatic systems that release heat during compression and require external heating for expansion, and adiabatic systems that store heat from compression and use it for expansion. Compressed gas energy storage uses other gases like CO2 instead of air and can couple with CO2 capture benefits.
This document discusses refrigeration cycles and systems. It introduces the concepts of refrigerators and heat pumps, and analyzes the ideal and actual vapor-compression refrigeration cycles. It discusses selecting the right refrigerant, the operation of refrigeration and heat pump systems, and innovative vapor-compression systems like cascade, multistage compression, and multipurpose refrigeration systems. It also covers gas liquefaction systems. The document provides examples to evaluate the performance of refrigeration cycles and systems.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF WASTE HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC REFRIGE...IAEME Publication
The document describes an experimental investigation of waste heat recovery from a domestic refrigerator. The refrigerator's condenser was immersed in a water tank to recover heat through desuperheating of the refrigerant gas. Testing was conducted with and without a water load under no-load and full-load refrigerator conditions. Outlet water temperature increased over time for all tests, reaching over 40°C within 30 minutes. Power consumption decreased as outlet water temperature increased. The coefficient of performance also decreased over time as the system approached steady state conditions. The results indicate waste heat recovery from domestic refrigerators is technically feasible and economically viable.
Chilled Water Systems Total Cost of Ownership.pptEstevanhuertas
This document discusses strategies for minimizing the capital and operating costs of chilled water systems. It provides an example of a low-flow, high delta-T chilled water system that reduces energy consumption. Variable primary flow systems are presented as having lower costs than conventional decoupled systems due to fewer components. Series evaporator arrangements are shown to improve chiller efficiency over single compressor designs. Chiller-tower optimization is recommended to define the optimal condenser water temperature using controls that minimize total system power.
This paper describes an experimental study of using the waste heat from a Panasonic Under-
Ceiling split room air - conditioner had a rated capacity of 3.51 kW (12,000 Btu/h). An under – ceiling
split type air conditioning for heating domestic water in private homes. Energy recovery improved the
performance, and the recovered energy could replace electricity completely for heating domestic water
use. An extra charge of refrigerant in the air-conditioner could prevent its compressor from over heating
during energy recovery. The experimental conducted on varies capacity of the range from 22.5 litres to
120 litres storage tank. Results show the water temperature increased lies in the range of 50 OC to 65
OC. It was found that, when the initial water temperature in the 22.5 litres storage tank 27 OC, the water
temperature reached 65 OC in 105 minutes. For 120 litres water, temperature increased from 27 OC to 62
OC,5 in 240 minutes.
Coefficient of Performance Enhancement of Refrigeration CyclesIJERA Editor
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated enhancing the coefficient of performance (COP) of refrigeration cycles by using different condenser designs. Three condenser designs were tested in a refrigerator: the original design and two new designs (one with plain copper tubes and one with copper tubes welded to a stainless steel plate). Measurements of temperature, pressure, heat rejection, and COP were taken over time under varying evaporator loads. The results showed that the COP of the new designs increased by up to 20% compared to the original design when no load was applied. COP generally increased with higher evaporator loads. The plain copper tube design performed best, providing better heat transfer than the welded plate design.
VOLUME-7 ISSUE-8, AUGUST 2019 , International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) , ISSN: 2321-9637 (Online) Published By: MG Aricent Pvt Ltd
This document summarizes a study on an adsorption refrigeration system for truck cabin cooling using engine exhaust heat. The proposed system uses two adsorbers, two condensers and an evaporator connected with two control valves. Experimental testing of a 1 kW prototype showed a cooling capacity of 1-1.2 kW and a COP of 0.4-0.45. The system uses a compact design with minimal components, making it portable for truck integration. Graphs show the system's refrigeration capacity, COP and heating time vary with exhaust gas temperature. The study concludes the proposed system can provide refrigeration without impacting engine efficiency and is a viable option for truck cabin cooling.
Different Types of heat pump water heaters, technological advancements and efficiency changes in each type with their advantages / disadvantages and future prospects.
This document provides guidelines for cooling tower design, including key parameters to consider. It discusses heat load calculation, circulating water rate, wet bulb temperatures, optimizing costs, makeup water, blowdown rates, and cycles of concentration. Electrical installations for cooling towers must use corrosion-resistant materials and hazardous area classifications due to possible flammable gas releases. Environmental and safety concerns like effluent quality and fire protection are also addressed.
Improve plant heat rate with feedwater heater controlHossam Zein
This document discusses improving thermal efficiency in power plants by optimizing feedwater heater performance and control. It contains the following key points:
1. Small deviations in heat rate can have large impacts on annual fuel costs, so precise control of feedwater heater levels is important for efficiency. Poor level control leads to heat losses.
2. Feedwater heaters use extraction steam to preheat feedwater and improve boiler efficiency. Accurate level control ensures optimal heat transfer. Instrument errors can degrade performance.
3. Two case studies show how unreliable level controls increased annual fuel costs by $243,000 in one plant and led to excessive heater bypasses in another. Updating controls provided paybacks of 1
The document discusses waste heat recovery from a domestic refrigerator. It describes how a waste heat recovery system was designed and retrofitted to the refrigerator in order to capture waste heat from the condenser. The waste heat is then used to keep food warm in an insulated oven attachment and to heat water. This saves significant amounts of energy by reusing heat that would otherwise be lost to the environment. The document also provides background on refrigeration systems, outlining the basic vapor compression cycle used in refrigerators and how each component functions to produce cooling.
This document discusses indirect evaporative cooling systems using cooling towers. It provides an overview of three strategies - a direct 1-stage model, indirect 1-stage model, and 2-stage model. At the design level, the direct 1-stage model has the lowest energy usage at 0.167 kW/ton, while the 2-stage model has the highest at 0.541 kW/ton. However, the document notes that design values do not show the full picture, and an annual simulation is needed to evaluate annual energy use and life cycle costs of the different models.
Boudoir photography, a genre that captures intimate and sensual images of individuals, has experienced significant transformation over the years, particularly in New York City (NYC). Known for its diversity and vibrant arts scene, NYC has been a hub for the evolution of various art forms, including boudoir photography. This article delves into the historical background, cultural significance, technological advancements, and the contemporary landscape of boudoir photography in NYC.
❼❷⓿❺❻❷❽❷❼❽ Dpboss Matka ! Fix Satta Matka ! Matka Result ! Matka Guessing ! Final Matka ! Matka Result ! Dpboss Matka ! Matka Guessing ! Satta Matta Matka 143 ! Kalyan Matka ! Satta Matka Fast Result ! Kalyan Matka Guessing ! Dpboss Matka Guessing ! Satta 143 ! Kalyan Chart ! Kalyan final ! Satta guessing ! Matka tips ! Matka 143 ! India Matka ! Matka 420 ! matka Mumbai ! Satta chart ! Indian Satta ! Satta King ! Satta 143 ! Satta batta ! Satta मटका ! Satta chart ! Matka 143 ! Matka Satta ! India Matka ! Indian Satta Matka ! Final ank
Heart Touching Romantic Love Shayari In English with ImagesShort Good Quotes
Explore our beautiful collection of Romantic Love Shayari in English to express your love. These heartfelt shayaris are perfect for sharing with your loved one. Get the best words to show your love and care.
This tutorial offers a step-by-step guide on how to effectively use Pinterest. It covers the basics such as account creation and navigation, as well as advanced techniques including creating eye-catching pins and optimizing your profile. The tutorial also explores collaboration and networking on the platform. With visual illustrations and clear instructions, this tutorial will equip you with the skills to navigate Pinterest confidently and achieve your goals.
This document announces the winners of the 2024 Youth Poster Contest organized by MATFORCE. It lists the grand prize and age category winners for grades K-6, 7-12, and individual age groups from 5 years old to 18 years old.
2. 2 Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 41–3 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
Let’s illustrate these effects by looking
at an example 700-ton chilled-water
system using different condenser
design parameters (Table 1).
Due to the reduction in pump and
tower fan energy, system power is
reduced at design conditions.
Sometimes if the condenser system
pressure drop is very low
(< 20 feet of head) the design
“GreenGuide” system power may be
similar to a system designed at the
AHRI standard rating conditions. How
do the energy and life cycle costs
compare? Taylor's analysis
concentrates on life cycle costs and
shows that reducing the condenser
water flow rate (increasing the ΔT)
reduces life cycle costs. In his
summary he states:
… life-cycle costs were minimized at
the largest of the three ΔTs analyzed,
about 15°F (8.3°C). This was true for
both office buildings and data centers
and for both single-stage centrifugal
chillers and two-stage centrifugal
chillers. It was also true for low,
medium, and high approach cooling
towers.
Summary. The information from the
ASHRAE GreenGuide, Kelly and Chan,
and Taylor all show that project teams
should design condenser water
systems nearer a 15ºF ΔT (1.9 gpm/
ton). Reducing condenser water flow
rates allows efficient system design,
can reduce system first cost due to
reduced condenser water pipe, pump,
and cooling tower size, and reduces life
cycle costs.
System Operation
Now that we’ve covered the design of
condenser water systems, we can
examine the control of the condenser
water system—specifically, cooling
tower fan and condenser water pump
speed operation.
For a better understanding of the
options, let’s examine two control
modes:
• Mode 1 varies cooling tower fan
speed only
• Mode 2 varies both cooling tower
fan and condenser water pump
speeds
Mode 1: Cooling tower fan speed
control. Many projects today use a
fixed setpoint to control the cooling
tower leaving water temperature. As the
heat rejection load and/or wet bulb
temperature drop, the tower fan speed
is reduced to maintain the setpoint. The
result is a reduction in cooling tower fan
power. A number of parties* have found
that “near-optimal” control can reduce
the sum of chiller-plus-tower energy
consumption.
The premise of finding a control point
that minimizes the sum of chiller-plus-
tower energy consumption can most
simply be demonstrated by examining a
point in time. Figure 1 shows chiller and
cooling tower fan performance at a point
in time during the year when the chiller
load is 40 percent and the outdoor air
wet bulb temperature is 65ºF.
If the tower fan operates at full speed, it
can produce 69.5ºF leaving water
temperature. The chiller power is lowest,
but the tower power is high.
The optimal system setpoint occurs at a
tower leaving temperature of 75ºF and
60 percent fan speed. The chiller power
rises. At these operating conditions, the
chiller-plus-tower fan power is reduced
by 8.7 percent.
Some assert that a system with a
variable-speed chiller may benefit from
operating the tower fan at full speed all
the time. While the optimal tower fan
speed is higher than for the constant
speed chiller, running the cooling tower
fan at full speed is not optimal. Figure 2
shows that for a system with a variable-
speed-drive chiller, the same conditions
(40 percent load and 65°F) result in
optimal control at ~71°F and a tower fan
speed of 70 percent, saving 7.5 percent
of chiller-plus-tower power. Note this
speed is higher than for the constant-
speed chiller but still not at full speed.
Cooling tower cells
A cooling tower cell consists of the
structure, media, and fan. It should be
noted that it is more efficient to operate
multiple tower cells at part speed than
one tower cell at full speed. For example,
one cell operating at full speed (40 hp)
and the other off gives about 58% of the
tower's capacity. Two cells with fans each
operating at 60%—a total of 20 hp—gives
60% of the tower's capacity.
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0
68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0
tower leaving-water temperature (°F)
kW
total kW
CSPD kW
fan kW
minimum
Figure 1. Tower control for constant-speed chiller (CSPD), (40% load, 65ºF WB)
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0
68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0
tower leaving-water temperature (°F)
kW
total kW
VSPD kW
fan kW
minimum
Figure 2. Tower control for variable-speed chiller (VSPD), (40% load, 65ºF WB)
* They include Braun and Diderrich4; Cascia5; Crowther and Furlong6; Hydeman, Gillespie and Kammerud7; Kelly and Chan8; and Schwedler.9 Represented in this list are three chiller manufacturers, three
chilled-water system control providers, a utility, and a cooling tower manufacturer.
3. providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 41–3 3
Component performance. Much
changes when the condenser water flow
is reduced. As previously mentioned:
• Pump power goes down.
• Chiller power rises (as flow rate goes
down, leaving condenser water
temperature rises).
• Initially, cooling tower heat exchange
effectiveness gets better, since the
cooling tower receives warmer water.
However, as flow is reduced further,
heat exchange effectiveness is
reduced. This may occur even above
the minimum flow rate allowed by the
cooling tower manufacturer.
Control method. Finally, the optimal
interaction of the cooling tower,
condenser water pump, and chiller is not
simple to determine since optimal control
changes at all system loads, operating
combinations, and outdoor air wet bulb
temperatures. In addition, slowing
condenser water pump and cooling tower
fan speeds too much when the chiller is
heavily loaded and the wet bulb
temperature is high will cause a
centrifugal chiller to surge.
An example. To provide a high-level
understanding of the trends, system
performance is shown for a 700-ton
system designed at:
• The AHRI standard rating conditions of
3 gpm/ton design condenser water
flow rate. (column 1, Table 1)
• The ASHRAE GreenGuide
recommended conditions; for this
example, 2 gpm/ton condenser water
flow rate was chosen. In addition, this
system was designed using an
oversized cooling tower to reduce
design cooling tower fan power by 50
percent. (column 3, Table 1)
Figures 4 through 15 (pp. 4-5) depict
various chiller loads and outdoor wet bulb
temperatures. The black dot indicates the
minimum chiller + condenser water pump
+ cooling tower fan power for each figure.
Trends are noted in Table 2 (p. 6); general
observations of these operating choices
are shared on p. 6.
• Hartman11 reveals only concepts with
few details that allow project teams to
implement such control themselves.
• Baker, Roe and Schwedler12 provide a
simple method for controlling
condenser water pump speed and
cooling tower fan speed, but the
method may not be optimal for all
chilled-water plants or at all
conditions.
None of the methods presently available
are simple, understandable, all-inclusive,
and straightforward at this time. So what
are the issues with varying both
condenser water pump and cooling tower
fan speed?
• There are limitations to minimum
condenser water flow rate.
• Changing condenser water flow rate
affects performance of the cooling
tower, condenser water pump, and
chiller.
• The control method is not easily
understandable.
Let's examine each of these issues.
Flow rate. First, there are limitations to
how far condenser water flow can be
reduced. The minimum condenser water
flow for a specific application is the
highest of:
• The minimum flow rate allowed by the
tower provider to maintain proper
distribution over the fill. Proper
distribution keeps tower surfaces
wetted, heat transfer at good rates
and avoids scaling.
• The minimum condenser flow rate
allowed by the chiller provider to keep
heat transfer in an acceptable range.
• The minimum pump speed required
to produce the tower static lift.
This is one point in time. How much can be
saved over the course of a year? In their
ASHRAE Journal article, Crowther and
Furlong10 found that for the system
analyzed, optimal tower fan speed control
saved 6.2 percent in Chicago, 4.7 percent in
Las Vegas, and 8.5 percent in Miami.
In a study performed for this newsletter
(Figure 3), a 720,000 ft2 hotel was analyzed
in a number of global locations using the
following possible control setpoints:
• Fixed tower setpoint at design tower
leaving temperature (85ºF in humid
climates, 80ºF in dry climates)
• Near optimal setpoint
• Fixed tower setpoint at 55ºF
When compared to making the tower water
as cold as possible, near optimal control
savings ranged from just under 2 percent in
Paris to 14 percent in Toronto. Although in a
relatively dry climate with a short cooling
season (e.g., Paris) the savings are small,
it's clear that chiller–tower near optimal
control saves energy and operating cost in
all locations. This control is available from at
least three control providers; therefore
highly consider specifying it on new projects
and implementing it on retrofit applications.
Mode 2: Variable-speed condenser water
pump and cooling tower fans. Now that
we understand near-optimal cooling tower
fan speed control, let’s add the variable of
additionally changing condenser water
pump speed.
Recently, a few parties have examined
variable-speed drives on both cooling tower
fans and condenser water pumps:
• Taylor provides a methodology that can
be customized for each specific chilled-
water system. It requires extensive
modeling for each system.
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Dubai Paris Sao Paulo Singapore
55ºF
optimal
design ECWT
($000)
Mexico City Orlando San Diego Toronto
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
(2%)
(14%)
(7%)
(7%)
(14%)
(4%)
(9%)
(3%)
(savings)
Figure 3. Chiller–plus–tower operating costs
6. 6 Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 41–3 providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer
Discussion: AHRI Standard
conditions (3 gpm/ton).
• Not surprisingly, when design
condenser water pump power and
cooling tower fan power are high,
there are significant system energy
savings (4 to 27 percent) available at
all part load and reduced wet bulb
conditions.
• Reducing condenser water flow
rate is beneficial at all the
conditions examined.
• Reducing cooling tower fan speed
is beneficial at 70 percent chiller
load and lower—and necessary to
reduce system energy use at chiller
loads of 50 percent or lower.
• At most operating conditions,
optimal system control can reach
that of a system designed at a
lower condenser water flow rate.
• With that said, below 50 percent
chiller load, the spread between the
minimum and maximum system
power (% max savings) is large.
Proper control at these loads is
imperative when the system design
condenser water flow rate is high
(3 gpm/ton). Therefore energy-saving
retrofit control opportunities are
available on condenser water systems
with design flow rates of 3 gpm/ton.
Discussion: GreenGuide conditions
(2 gpm/ton was used).
• Since pump and tower fan power are
lower at design conditions, there is
less advantage to optimizing the off-
design control.
• Reducing condenser water pump
speed is detrimental at high wet bulb
conditions.
• Reducing condenser water pump
speed is beneficial at reduced
ambient wet bulb conditions.
• Reducing tower fan speed has little
or no benefit until chiller load is less
than 50 percent.
Overall conclusions.
• On existing systems designed at
AHRI conditions, reducing
condenser water pump speed and
cooling tower fan speed offers
significant savings.
• Designing new systems at the
AHRI standard flow rate
significantly increases the risk of
control decisions resulting in
inefficient system operation—at all
load and wet bulb conditions.
continued on p. 8
Table 2. Study trends
Operating
Mode
AHRI Standard Conditions
3 gpm/ton design condenser water flow rate
GreenGuide Conditions
2 gpm/ton condenser water flow rate; oversized cooling tower
System kW
range
Potential %
savings
Water flow
control
Tower speed
control
System kW
range
Potential %
savings
Water flow
control
Tower speed
control
Figures
4-5
90% load
75ºF WB
393-412 4.6 Some savings by
reducing flow to
70%
Little savings by
reducing speed
380-399 4.8 Reducing flow
increases energy
usage
Reducing speed
increases energy
usage
Figures
6-7
70% load
65ºF WB
271-303 10.6 Reasonable savings
by reducing flow to
60%
Some savings by
reducing speed to
70%
271-314 13.6 Some savings by
reducing flow to
80%
No savings by
reducing fan speed.
Fan speeds below
70% increase
energy usage
significantly
Figures
8-9
70% load
55ºF WB
246-282 12.8 Reasonable savings
by reducing flow to
60%
Some savings by
reducing speed to
70%
245-278 11.8 Some savings by
reducing flow to
80%
No savings by
reducing fan speed.
Fan speeds below
70% increase
energy usage
significantly
Figures
10-11
50% load
65ºF WB
205-243 15.6 Significant savings
by reducing flow to
60%
Significant savings
by reducing speed
to 60%
207-224 7.6 Some savings by
reducing flow to
70%
Minimal savings by
reducing fan speed.
Fan speeds below
70% increase
energy usage.
Figures
12-13
50% load
55ºF WB
185-221 16.3 Reasonable savings
by reducing flow to
60%
Reasonable savings
by reducing speed
to 70%
185-206 10.2 Some savings by
reducing flow to
70%
Minimal savings by
reducing fan speed.
Fan speeds below
70% increase
energy usage.
Figures
14-15
30% load
55ºF WB
125-172 27.3 Reducing flow
saves significant
energy
Reducing speed
saves significant
energy
126-144 12.5 Some savings by
reducing flow to
70%
Some savings by
reducing speed to
70%
7. providing insights for today’s HVAC system designer Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 41–3 7
Condenser Water System
Components
This section provides an overview of
how condenser water system
components react to changing
conditions; these facts are used
throughout the newsletter.
Cooling towers. Cooling towers
reject energy (building load and heat of
compression) from water-cooled
chilled-water systems.To reject heat,
water is passed through the cooling
tower where a portion of it evaporates.
How close the leaving tower water
temperature is to the outdoor air wet-
bulb temperature is called the
approach.
The approach changes as outdoor
condition, heat rejection, and cooling
tower airflow vary. The lower the
approach temperature, the colder the
water temperature will be leaving the
cooling tower. The approach is
important because the tower leaving
water temperature is the same as the
chiller entering condenser water
temperature.
During operation, approach changes as
follows:13
• At a decreased heat rejection load,
approach decreases.
• At a constant heat rejection load,
as wet bulb decreases, approach
increases.
• As water flow decreases, approach
decreases.*
• As tower fan speed is reduced,
approach increases.
Let's turn our attention to cooling tower
performance as fan speed is reduced. It
is important to understand how tower
fan speed and airflow reduction affect
cooling tower fan energy.
At off-design conditions, cooling tower
fan speed may be modulated.
Figure 16 shows that the tower fan
power varies with the cube of the
speed—so reducing fan speed by just
30 percent (i.e., to 70 percent) results
in a power reduction of almost
66 percent.
Note that even when the tower fan is
off, due to convection there is still heat
rejection available—often a bit above
15 percent of the tower capacity.
Condenser water pumps. Condenser
water pumps supply the required
condenser water flow rate and
overcome the pressure drop through
the chiller's condenser, the condenser
water pipes, elbows and valves, and lift
the water from the basin to the top of
the cooling tower (the static lift). As
flow varies, the pressure drop through
the system and the condenser vary
approximately with the square, but
static lift remains constant.
The equation for pump power is shown
below. As flow rate and pressure drop
decrease, the pump power decreases.
The effect of condenser pump power
reduction on optimal system operation
is considered on p. 3 of this newsletter.
Condenser water pump kW =
gpm x ΔP x 0.746
3960 x PE x PME x PDE†
Chillers. A chiller's compressor must
produce the pressure difference (lift)
between the evaporator refrigerant
pressure and the condenser refrigerant
pressure. The evaporator pressure is
determined primarily by the chilled
water leaving temperature. Often
people think of the entering condenser
water temperature as setting the
pressure the chiller's compressor must
produce. That is incorrect. The
condenser refrigerant temperature and
pressure are determined primarily by
the leaving condenser water
temperature—which in turn is
determined by the entering condenser
water temperature, chiller heat
rejection, and flow rate.
As shown in the first two columns of
Table 3, for a given cooling tower, as
flow rate is reduced, the entering
tower water temperature rises. Note,
the range difference is 4.7°F, but since
the tower approach temperature
improves, the entering tower water
temperature only increases by 2.8°F.
Entering tower water temperature is
the same as the chiller leaving
condenser water temperature. So, as
flow rate is reduced, the chiller leaving
condenser water temperature rises, as
does the chiller power.
Table 3. Cooling tower operation/selection with decreased flow
Condition Load
(%)
WB
(ºF)
Range
(ºF)
Flow
(gpm)
Approach
(°F)
LWT
(ºF)
EWT
(ºF)
Fan speed
(%)
Tower
power (hp)
AHRI flow rate 100 78ºF 9.3ºF 2100 7 85ºF 94.3 100 40
Same tower, GreenGuide
recommended flow rate
100 78ºF 14ºF 1400 5.1 83.1ºF 97.1 100 40
Oversized cooling tower
(37% more cost)‡
100 78ºF 14ºF 1400 5.5 83.5°F 97.5 100 20
* At some reduced flow rate the approach increases, even if the flow rate is above the minimum for the tower. This is due to reduced heat transfer effectiveness.
† PE = Pump Efficiency; PME = Pump Motor Efficiency; PDE = Pump Drive Efficiency
‡The larger cooling tower can be paid for by the reduction in the condenser pipe and pump installed cost. In this case, the tower fan power was reduced by oversizing the tower.
45.0
40.0
0% 60% 80%
fanpower(hp)
% tower fan speed
100%
35.0
30.0
20.0
25.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
40%20%
Figure 16. Cooling tower fan performance
8. 8 Trane Engineers Newsletter volume 41–3 ADM-APN045-EN (September 2012)
Trane believes the facts and suggestions presented here to be accurate. However, final design and
application decisions are your responsibility. Trane disclaims any responsibility for actions taken on
the material presented.
Trane,
A business of Ingersoll Rand
For more information, contact your local Trane
office or e-mail us at comfort@trane.com
• Control is project, load, and
ambient condition dependent.
• On new projects, designing to the
ASHRAE GreenGuide conditions
(12–18°F temperature differences
resulting in 2.3 to 1.6 gpm/ton) and
oversizing the cooling tower to
reduce fan power offers savings at
all conditions and savings are less
dependent on coordinating system
control—especially at lower load
conditions.
Simply put, designing condenser water
systems at flow rates of 1.6 to
2.3 gpm/ton results in reduced
installed costs as well as a much
higher probability that the system will
operate efficiently—no matter how the
condenser water pump and cooling
tower fan are controlled.
What about the operator?
All of the previous analysis is predicated
on optimal control working properly, and
being allowed to continue to work
without “manual override.” Often the
chilled-water system operator wants to
understand system operation, so he or
she can change that operation when
necessary. For example, they may ask,
“What is the cooling tower setpoint?”
When condenser water pump and
cooling tower fan speeds are varied,
there is no cooling tower setpoint—since
the leaving cooling tower temperature is
a result of the system operation
decisions. This can be unsettling to
some system operators.
So it is imperative that the system
operator be “on board” with the control
methods, understand them, and have
the ability to both monitor and change
them if necessary.
Summary
1 Use the ASHRAE GreenGuide
guidance of 12-18ºF ΔT for
condenser water systems
(2.3 - 1.6 gpm/ton) to reduce plant
installed and life cycle costs.
2 Consider varying cooling tower fan
speeds on all installations.
3 Consider varying condenser water
pump and cooling tower fan
speeds on systems not designed
using the ASHRAE GreenGuide
guidance, and where the plant
operators are on board, trained,
and retrained when the operators
change. When used, keep the
control method understandable,
transparent, and as simple as
possible (but not any simpler).
By Mick Schwedler, manager, applications
engineering, and Beth Bakkum, information
designer, Trane. You can find this and previous
issues of the Engineers Newsletter at
www.trane.com/engineersnewsletter. To
comment, e-mail us at comfort@trane.com
References
[1] American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2010. ASHRAE
GreenGuide: The Design, Construction, and
Operation of Sustainable Buildings, 3rd ed.
Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
[2] Kelly, D. and T. Chan. 1999. “Optimizing Chilled
Water Plants.” Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning
(HPAC) Engineering. 71(1).
[3] Taylor, S. 2011. “Optimizing Design & Control
of Chilled Water Plants; Part 3: Pipe Sizing
and Optimizing ΔΤ.” ASHRAE Journal.
53(12):22-34.
[4] Braun, J.E., and G.T. Diderrich. 1990. “Near-
Optimal Control of Cooling Towers for Chilled
Water Systems.” ASHRAE Transactions.
(Volume 96, part 2, paper number SL-90-13-3):
806–813.
[5] Cascia, M. 2000. “Implementation of a Near-
Optimal Global Set Point Control Method in a
DDC Controller.” ASHRAE Winter Meeting
Transactions: 249–263.
[6] Crowther, H., and J. Furlong. 2004.
“Optimizing Chillers and Towers.” ASHRAE
Journal. 46(7): 34–40.
[7] Hydeman, M., K. Gillespie, and R. Kammerud.
1997. National Cool-Sense Forum. Pacific Gas
& Electric (PG&E).
[8] See note 2.
[9] Schwedler, M. 1998. “Take It to the Limit…or
Just Halfway?” ASHRAE Journal. 40(7): 32–39.
[10]See note 6.
[11] Hartman, T. “Direct Network Connection of
Variable-Speed Drives.” HPAC Engineering
(March 2003): 22–32. Available at <http://
www.hpac.com/member/archive/pdf/2003/
0303/hartman.pdf>
[12]Baker, M., D. Roe, and M. Schwedler. 2006.
“Prescription for Chiller Plants.” ASHRAE
Journal 48(6): H4–H10.
[13]SPX Cooling Technologies. 1986. “Cooling
Tower Performance: Basic Theory and
Practice.” Marley Cooling Tower Information
Index. Available at <http://spxcooling.com/pdf/
CTII-1.pdf>
Engineers
Newsletter
LIVE!
For event details and registration
contact your local Trane office.
October 2012
Air-to-Air Energy
Recovery
Join Trane for a discussion of
the various technologies used
for air-to-air energy recovery
and the importance of properly
controlling these devices in
different system types.