Fish in Food Systems in Nigeria
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Existing research suggests small indigenous fish are overlooked as a valuable source of nutrients to address vitamin A, iron, zinc and calcium deficiencies. Central elements to identifying the role of fish in nutrition-sensitive food systems are the consumption patterns, harvest methods, post-harvest processes, and cultural perceptions. This presentation will talk about how the review triangulated available fish species production and consumption data in order to identify gaps where further research must be done in nutrition-sensitive food systems.
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Fish in Food Systems in Nigeria
- 1. Fish in Food Systems in Nigeria Brianna Bradley
- 2. Food System Framework (HLPE, 2017)
- 3. WorldFish Strategy – 2022 Targets for Nigeria
- 4. WorldFish Strategy - Technologies for African Agriculture Transformation (TAAT) How TAAT is working to promote fish and nutrition security to achieve the 2022 impacts in Nigeria: •Value added fish products made from Tilapia •Fish powder (rich in protein and calcium) to pap •Targeting women of reproductive age, pregnant women and children A family shows their fish smoker, Tungan Mairuwa village, Kainji Lake, NW Nigeria. Photo by David Mills.
- 5. About Nigeria The most populous country in Africa Aquaculture is growing – 12% per year SSF is still main producer of fish Largest aquaculture producer in Sub-Saharan Africa Population (million) 186 Population growth rate 6.6 % Female:Male ratio 49:50 Rural % 63.4 Average household size 5.4 Poverty rate % 62.6 Life expectancy at birth (years) 53.4
- 6. Multiple Burdens of Nutrition in Nigeria Stunting Wasting Underweight Overweight 43.6% (children under 5) 10.8% 11% women 25% women
- 7. B12 Important for nerve development, red blood cell formation, and prevention of spinal cord defects during pregnancy
- 8. • Out of date: 1992 and reprinted in 2006 • Only mentions big fish (low fat or high fat): tilapia, stock-fish, mackerel Food-based Dietary Guidelines For Nigeria
- 9. Fish Consumption Year Animal protein from fish Aquaculture (tonnes) SSF (tonnes) 2002 75% 30,664 450,965 2013 52% 253,898 668,754 Difference -23% 828% (+) 148% (+) Data from Emmanuel et al., 2014 •Aquaculture is growing to meet fish demands of the growing population •Per capita fish consumption is projected to continue declining if current aquaculture production goes on as is
- 11. Commonly Consumed Species in Lagos State (Gomna and Rana, 2007)
- 12. Commonly Consumed Species in Niger State (Gomna and Rana, 2007)
- 13. Okro soup Dried fish Pepper soup
- 14. There is no nutritional information available for the majority (24 species) of fish consumed. Distribution of documented nutrient data on the 42 species harvested and consumed in Nigeria.
- 15. Fish Consumption - Patterns • Disaggregation of fish consumption into species is rare • Seasonality has little effect on annual consumption Data from Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2015
- 16. (Famine Early Warning Systems Network, 2014)
- 17. • Found in freshwater, marine and brackish water • African catfish Clarias gariepinus is the most farmed (2011) • Nutrient data: missing for Heterobranchus spp. • Avoided by some pregnant women and children under 2 • Dried catfish found in markets (Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis) • Has been found to treat calcium-deficiency rickets in children (Thacher et al., 2015) • Smoking increases market value and preservability Common Fish Catfish
- 18. Fishers on Kainji Lake, NW Nigeria, carefully handle their spiky-finned ‘squeaker’ fish (Synodontis sp.), Nigeria. Photo by David Mills.
- 19. • Pseudotolithus spp. • Most abundant/popular commercial demersal species in coastal and brackish fisheries • Important to small-scale fisheries • Entire fish is usually not used – gutted before smoking Pseudotolithus elongatus Length at maturity: 19.1cm Common Fish Croakers
- 20. Common Fish Clupeids • Small pelagic fish, caught in large quantities in the harvest season • Perceived as a “poor man’s fish” • Sold in markets by women, sun-dried and smoked • Fresh clupeids sold to male fish vendors to fry and sell as snacks at street stalls • Used as fish feed in aquaculture • Over harvesting and large losses have caused an increase in price • Incomplete nutrient info
- 21. (Emmanuel et al., 2014) Aquaculture Systems and Techniques
- 22. • Value additions are usually made from traditional systems of smoking, sun-drying and frying • Sometimes the fish are gutted and their heads removed • Fish cakes and fish cake burgers made from shrimp by-catch developed by fisherfolk as an entrepreneurial endeavor (Department For International Development & Food and Agricutural Organisation, 2002) Fish Products Image: Akintola and Fakoya, 2017
- 23. Women’s involvement in Fish Production • Outnumber men in SSF fish processing • Often not compensated for their labor • In a study of 100 fish farmers in Oyo State 17% were women (Olaoye et al., 2014) • 64% of 100 women in fish-trading interviewed in Ibaka had less than 6 years of education (Udong, 2011)
- 24. Research Gaps • Consumption Data: • species and amounts (g) • Women and Children (first 1000 days) • Efficacy of fish based products for multiple burdens of malnutrition • More data on post-harvest losses in particular with informal markets • Need to quantify value of SSF • Opportunities of co-production systems, ie. Roots, tubers and bananas
- 25. Potential Partnerships • Within WorldFish • VCN can partner with TAAT • IITA: nutrition surveys • Distribute report to A4NH for future programming, Flagship 1 • Lagos State University – quantify importance of SSF • University of Calabar – fish consumption surveys • Ministry of Health and Ministry Agriculture (Department of Fisheries) • Potential for Private Sector – fish powder and other value additions
- 26. Potential Next Steps… • Promoting fish in the first 1000 days, ie. Catfish and crayfish • Fish powder out of clupeids • Educating on micronutrients – Federal Ministries and individuals • Partnering with research institutions to explore the effect of products on the multiple burdens of malnutrition (stunting, anemia, overweight, cog dev) • Research where post-harvest losses need intervention • Fish consumption patterns in rural and urban communities • Currently partnering with RTB CRP to look at fish production systems overlap with potato production
Editor's Notes
- When talking about fish in food systems, I used the framework by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE). This ties into the work Pip does with small scale fisheries, but as the value chains and nutrition team, we also use this framework to research how fish in regional food systems support food and nutrition security. Focused on diets, and incorporated most of the components leading up to consumption in the report Cultural beliefs around fish influencing choices in eating fish – example: pregnant women are not to eat stock fish or their children will look like stock fish Production practices and where fish is coming from
- From the CRP (CGIAR research program) Value Chains and Nutrition Focus on – alleviating nutrient deficiencies especially in women & making sure adequate number of food groups are being consumed for women of reproductive age
- We spoke to Bernadette Fregene who shared with us there are fish finger, fish nuggets, fish crackers being made from tilapia Pap for children complementary feeding and elderly Value chains and nutrition can work more closely with TAAT to make sure women are getting diversity and make healthier products
- Highlight poverty rate – compare to other countries in Africa Low LE
- Needs to be addressed Worldfish uniquely places to promote fish high in nutrients (small fish)
- Fish is a food-based intervention, as opposed to government distr tablets Potential to be a mix of micronutrients Locally sourced and accepted in Nigeria -important for women in the first 1000 days
- There are no micronutrient specific recommendations
- Could be due to population changes – aquaculture is growing to catch up Ghana has more than 60% protein from fish consumption Small scale fisheries production isn’t growing as much as aquaculture Small scale fisheries main producer of fish Hidden harvests case study will in partnership with FAO, will help us quanitify benefits of ssf and promot ssf
- Most people eat fish 2-3 times per week We need to do nutrition surveys to find out the micronutrient content Plans to work with IITA to do more detailed dietary consumption surveys and ask about species
- Coastal state
- Gomna and rana Inland Both ssf and aquaculture
- Pepper soup – porridge with yam and dried fish Okro soup – has smoked crayfish in it
- The percentages in the figure of the existing nutrient data does not account for overlapping of species across databases. Species with incomplete nutrition data only listed fatty acid content of the fish. 15 species have documented nutrient information
- Increase in frozen fish consumption could be caused by lower temperatures in harvest season – fish respond less to feeding (personal contact Suleiman Isa) Harvest season refers to staple crop seasons More opps during harvest seasons for inputs Promotion of snails (potential) found to be high in micronutrients
- April through august fishing low/lean season for all species from a report in Ibaka Due to rainy season and rough seas we do not know for inland SSF and northern areas
- Lagos and Niger Inter-household and Intra-household study (gomna and Rana 2007) Can fetch at high prices – grilled tilapia for special events Powder made from by-products head and bones (nutritious parts) Value additions bring in higher profit Others: smoked, fresh, filleted, powder, with spices
- Rickets: skeletal disorder that's caused by a lack of vitamin D or calcium Social and behavior change potential at fish taboo (women and no scales) – since effective in internventions
- By-products potential for value chain additions
- WF can promote polyculture
- Other products outside of WF Although there is no indication; a) that the products were made with the intention of providing nutritional benefit, b) whether they were locally accepted and c) what species were used. However, these findings are useful Smoked shrimp products have been found to be healthiest form for cardiovascular health (2013)
- Fish processing often complementary to another economic activity they do Most of the women were withdrawn from school at a very young age to help their mothers in fish trading
- All for report and future programming Nigeria is an overlapping country between WF and A4NH University of Calabar – fish consumption surveys (Henrietta Ene-Obong is AFROFOODS coordinator (food compositiong collection of Nigeria))
- Catfish- rickets in children Crayfish- high protein and to diversify Clupeids- using the entire small fish RTB overlap- to see fish feed and human health effects