This document provides an overview of the power sector in India, including:
1. It discusses the history and growth of the power industry in India since the late 1800s, with the first demonstrations of electric lighting in Calcutta and Bombay.
2. It outlines that India now has over 417 GW of total installed power generation capacity from sources like coal, gas, hydro, nuclear, and renewables.
3. The document also notes generation targets set by the Ministry of Power to reach 1,750 billion units in 2023-24, a 7% increase over the previous year.
Pakistan faces a severe energy crisis, with electricity outages of up to 18 hours per day. While coal is an abundant domestic energy source, it has not been developed for power generation in decades. The discovery of large coal reserves offers potential to generate over 100,000 MW of electricity in the next 30 years. However, reliable coal supplies are needed for significant growth in coal power. Currently, thermal power from oil, gas and coal makes up 70% of Pakistan's electricity capacity. Residential users account for the majority of electricity consumption.
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing electrical energy crisis. It outlines the various means of electricity generation currently used in Pakistan, including non-renewable resources like oil and gas, and renewable resources like hydroelectric, wind and solar. Recent renewable energy projects utilizing wind, solar and hydroelectric power are also reviewed. The key causes of Pakistan's electricity shortages are discussed as lack of infrastructure upgrades, high transmission losses, power theft, and lack of adequate planning to meet rising demand. Recommendations are made to better utilize Pakistan's natural resources and shift generation toward more renewable sources to overcome the energy crisis.
The document presents on renewable energy sources and provides an overview of renewable energy in India. It discusses that renewable energy comes from sources that replenish naturally and includes solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. It then summarizes India's energy situation and potential from various renewable sources. The challenges facing renewable energy development in India are also outlined, such as high costs and regulatory issues. The presentation concludes that renewable energy has significant potential in India to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and create rural employment opportunities.
Pakistan is currently facing a severe energy crisis due to a shortage of electricity. The country needs around 15,000-20,000 MW of electricity per day but can only produce around 11,500 MW, resulting in daily power outages of 12 hours or more. This energy crisis is the result of lack of investment in new energy infrastructure to keep up with rising demand, outdated transmission systems, and an over-reliance on expensive imported fossil fuels rather than developing domestic renewable resources like hydropower that Pakistan has in abundance. Addressing Pakistan's energy crisis through improved policy and investment in renewable sources is essential for powering economic growth.
Pakistan is currently facing a severe energy crisis with electricity shortages of up to 12 hours per day. The crisis is hampering economic growth and development. It is caused by factors like growing energy demand outpacing supply due to lack of adequate planning and investment in energy infrastructure. Pakistan relies heavily on imported fossil fuels for its energy needs and has failed to sufficiently utilize its indigenous energy resources like coal reserves in Thar and hydroelectric potential. The energy crisis has wide-ranging negative economic, social, agricultural, and industrial impacts and exacerbates poverty and unemployment. Solutions include reducing energy consumption, developing new domestic energy sources, and utilizing alternative renewable resources.
This document proposes a solution to generate clean energy from municipal solid waste and biomass. It discusses the problems of increasing energy needs, climate change, and waste accumulation. The proposed solution involves collecting solid waste and biomass, gasifying it through a process that converts it into syngas, and then converting the syngas into various types of energy like electricity. If implemented, this solution could help address energy and waste issues while reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the use of renewable resources.
1) India relies heavily on coal for energy but has limited oil and gas reserves, importing over 25% of its primary energy needs.
2) Coal contributes over half of India's primary energy production and consumption while oil accounts for about a third. Natural gas and renewable sources like hydro, wind and solar are also increasingly important.
3) To become more energy secure and sustainable, India is pursuing strategies to improve energy efficiency, increase domestic production, shift to less polluting energy sources, and boost access to energy nationwide.
Pakistan faces a severe energy crisis, with electricity outages of up to 18 hours per day. While coal is an abundant domestic energy source, it has not been developed for power generation in decades. The discovery of large coal reserves offers potential to generate over 100,000 MW of electricity in the next 30 years. However, reliable coal supplies are needed for significant growth in coal power. Currently, thermal power from oil, gas and coal makes up 70% of Pakistan's electricity capacity. Residential users account for the majority of electricity consumption.
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing electrical energy crisis. It outlines the various means of electricity generation currently used in Pakistan, including non-renewable resources like oil and gas, and renewable resources like hydroelectric, wind and solar. Recent renewable energy projects utilizing wind, solar and hydroelectric power are also reviewed. The key causes of Pakistan's electricity shortages are discussed as lack of infrastructure upgrades, high transmission losses, power theft, and lack of adequate planning to meet rising demand. Recommendations are made to better utilize Pakistan's natural resources and shift generation toward more renewable sources to overcome the energy crisis.
The document presents on renewable energy sources and provides an overview of renewable energy in India. It discusses that renewable energy comes from sources that replenish naturally and includes solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. It then summarizes India's energy situation and potential from various renewable sources. The challenges facing renewable energy development in India are also outlined, such as high costs and regulatory issues. The presentation concludes that renewable energy has significant potential in India to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and create rural employment opportunities.
Pakistan is currently facing a severe energy crisis due to a shortage of electricity. The country needs around 15,000-20,000 MW of electricity per day but can only produce around 11,500 MW, resulting in daily power outages of 12 hours or more. This energy crisis is the result of lack of investment in new energy infrastructure to keep up with rising demand, outdated transmission systems, and an over-reliance on expensive imported fossil fuels rather than developing domestic renewable resources like hydropower that Pakistan has in abundance. Addressing Pakistan's energy crisis through improved policy and investment in renewable sources is essential for powering economic growth.
Pakistan is currently facing a severe energy crisis with electricity shortages of up to 12 hours per day. The crisis is hampering economic growth and development. It is caused by factors like growing energy demand outpacing supply due to lack of adequate planning and investment in energy infrastructure. Pakistan relies heavily on imported fossil fuels for its energy needs and has failed to sufficiently utilize its indigenous energy resources like coal reserves in Thar and hydroelectric potential. The energy crisis has wide-ranging negative economic, social, agricultural, and industrial impacts and exacerbates poverty and unemployment. Solutions include reducing energy consumption, developing new domestic energy sources, and utilizing alternative renewable resources.
This document proposes a solution to generate clean energy from municipal solid waste and biomass. It discusses the problems of increasing energy needs, climate change, and waste accumulation. The proposed solution involves collecting solid waste and biomass, gasifying it through a process that converts it into syngas, and then converting the syngas into various types of energy like electricity. If implemented, this solution could help address energy and waste issues while reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the use of renewable resources.
1) India relies heavily on coal for energy but has limited oil and gas reserves, importing over 25% of its primary energy needs.
2) Coal contributes over half of India's primary energy production and consumption while oil accounts for about a third. Natural gas and renewable sources like hydro, wind and solar are also increasingly important.
3) To become more energy secure and sustainable, India is pursuing strategies to improve energy efficiency, increase domestic production, shift to less polluting energy sources, and boost access to energy nationwide.
1) India relies heavily on coal for energy but has limited oil and gas reserves, importing over 25% of its primary energy needs.
2) Coal contributes over half of India's primary energy production and consumption while oil accounts for about a third. Natural gas and renewable sources like hydro, wind and solar are also increasingly important.
3) To ensure sustainable energy development, India is pursuing strategies like improving energy efficiency, developing renewable resources, electrifying rural areas, and attracting private investment across the energy sector.
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing electricity crisis. It notes that Pakistan currently faces electricity shortages of up to 18 hours per day. The key causes of the crisis include a shortage of domestic energy resources compared to rising demand, poor governance, corruption, and high debt in the energy sector. Potential solutions discussed include increasing investment and capacity in hydropower, coal, nuclear, solar, and biogas energy. Improved energy planning and aggressive expansion of power generation across various technologies is needed to address Pakistan's electricity needs.
Sustainability with Regards to coal energy ProductionSangeen Jogezai
This document discusses the role of coal in sustainable energy production. It argues that coal will continue playing a major role in providing energy access to developing countries due to its abundant availability and low cost. While coal has disadvantages like carbon emissions and environmental damage, technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) can reduce its carbon footprint. The document also summarizes Pakistan's energy crisis and its plans to use domestic coal reserves at Thar to increase power supply. It recommends using all energy sources, including coal with proper emissions controls, until renewable resources become more affordable and prevalent.
Energy crises in pakistan butt presentationgoodamazing
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing electricity crisis. It notes that Pakistan currently faces electricity shortages of up to 18 hours per day. The key causes of the energy crisis include a shortage of hydropower due to low water levels, insufficient coal production, high dependence on expensive imported oil, and problems in the nuclear and renewable energy sectors. Corruption and mismanagement have also exacerbated the crisis. The effects on industry, unemployment, and foreign investment are negatively impacting Pakistan's economy. Solutions proposed include increasing investment and capacity in solar, biomass, nuclear and coal power generation.
India relies heavily on coal for energy but has limited oil and gas reserves. It aims to increase access to electricity and transition to more renewable resources like solar and wind over the long term. Currently, coal contributes over half of India's primary energy while oil and natural gas make up most of the remainder. The document outlines India's current energy sources and consumption patterns as well as strategies to improve efficiency, expand electricity access, develop renewable energy, and transition its energy mix to be more sustainable.
Near term issues include paying off circular debt to relieve financial pressures, investing to reduce line losses from the distribution system, and encouraging industries to generate their own power to reduce grid demand. Long term issues involve converting inefficient plants, investing in renewable energy like solar, and utilizing coal reserves. Failure to address these issues risks exacerbating energy shortages and damaging economic growth.
Pakistan has faced an ongoing energy crisis for years due to rising demand outpacing supply. The gap between demand and supply reached 4,500MW in 2008, indicating a 40% deficit. While some short-term measures were taken, long-term solutions were not pursued aggressively. Pakistan has significant untapped hydropower and renewable energy potential but projects like Kalabagh Dam and Neelum-Jehlum were delayed, increasing costs. Alternative energy sources like solar and wind could power much of the country if developed properly. However, circular debt issues, line losses, lack of infrastructure investments, and insufficient focus on large-scale projects have impeded progress in resolving the crisis.
This document summarizes an assignment on power generation status and potential for nuclear power in Bangladesh. It outlines that installed power capacity and maximum generation have increased annually but generation has increased at a lower rate, leading to increased load shedding. Demand for electricity is projected to rise substantially by 2015. It advocates for nuclear power as a stable, large-scale solution that produces little greenhouse gases and meets future demand, highlighting Bangladesh's plans to build its first nuclear plant. Safety and environmental advantages of modern nuclear plants are also noted.
This document provides an introduction to renewable energy resources. It discusses various forms of energy and their sources, including primary sources like coal, oil, and natural gas. It also covers non-conventional or renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, and wind. India's energy usage is dominated by coal at around 57%, while renewable sources like solar, wind and biomass contribute around 33%. The document outlines the potential for developing various renewable resources in India.
This document discusses Pakistan's energy crisis and options for conservation and renewable energy. It notes that Pakistan has been facing shortages in oil and electricity for the past 5-6 years. It then discusses various renewable energy sources that could help address this crisis, including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and tidal energy. Small hydro in particular is highlighted as an option well-suited for rural areas not connected to the grid. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of conserving energy and utilizing renewable resources like solar, wind, water, and biomass to help Pakistan's economy and address its current energy challenges.
Pakistan's energy problems and solutionsPassion Impex
Pakistan is facing an energy crisis due to increasing demand and insufficient supply. Demand for electricity has grown at 9% annually while supply has only increased at 7% due to underinvestment in the energy sector. Half of Pakistan's population lacks access to electricity. Though Pakistan has significant coal reserves, coal makes up less than 6% of its energy mix due to underutilization of resources. To remedy the crisis, short term plans include increasing private energy production while long term plans focus on developing domestic coal resources and pursuing international energy agreements.
Pakistan is facing an energy crisis due to a growing gap between energy supply and demand. The demand for electricity is increasing at 9% annually while supply is only increasing at 7%, leading to regular load shedding. Half of Pakistan's population still lacks access to electricity. The crisis is exacerbated by underutilization of domestic coal reserves, aging infrastructure, high oil import costs, and mismanagement. Solutions proposed include increasing investment in renewable resources like solar and wind, developing domestic coal power, and improving energy efficiency.
India has experienced rapid growth in electricity demand but continues to face shortages. Electricity demand has grown at 9% annually from 2005-2011 but production has not kept pace, leading to deficits of 8.5% in base load supply and 9.8% in peak supply. Key reasons for the shortage include high transmission and distribution losses, delays in expanding production capacity, and lower quality domestic coal resources. Future demand is expected to further increase due to economic and population growth while efforts are ongoing to boost supply through new plants, grids, and renewable sources.
This document discusses solar energy prospects and challenges in India. It notes that solar energy has significant potential to meet India's growing energy demands. However, large-scale adoption faces technical challenges including improving solar cell efficiency, integrating solar power into the electric grid, and developing affordable energy storage solutions. Additionally, the levelized cost of energy from solar is currently higher than from conventional sources. The Indian government has implemented policies like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission to promote solar power, but progress in achieving targets has been limited. Continued efforts are needed to address challenges and make solar energy economically viable compared to coal and other fossil fuels.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on biomass power. It discusses increasing global population and energy demand, the role of alternative energies, and implications for the future. Key points include that demand for oil is projected to grow 30-50% in the next two decades; biomass has potential as a viable fuel but major infrastructure changes would be needed; and providing stable, affordable energy for a growing population will require utilizing all available energy sources including fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables. The conclusions are that all forms of energy production will be needed to meet demand.
Pakistan's energy infrastructure is underdeveloped and poorly managed, leading to a severe energy crisis. Demand for energy exceeds supply, resulting in frequent power outages. The country relies heavily on imported fossil fuels like oil and gas to meet its energy needs. While Pakistan has significant indigenous energy resources like coal reserves and hydropower potential, these remain largely untapped due to a lack of integrated planning. Widespread theft of electricity further exacerbates the energy shortage situation. Common methods used to steal power include directly tapping distribution lines, tampering with meters, and manipulating meter readings through technical means.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's energy sector and the ongoing energy crisis. It discusses Pakistan's sources of energy, including fossil fuels like natural gas, petroleum and coal as well as renewable sources like hydropower. The key causes of the energy crisis are outlined as growing demand, lack of planning, an imbalanced energy mix, and underutilization of resources. Major consequences of the crisis include negative impacts on the economic, agriculture, industrial and social sectors along with increasing unemployment and poverty. Recommendations to address the crisis involve reducing energy use, developing domestic energy sources like Thar coal, and utilizing alternative renewable resources.
The power sector in India has undergone significant changes since independence in 1947. Initially, the sector was controlled by the British with a generating capacity of 1,362 MW. Post independence, the Electricity Supply Act of 1948 established the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Boards to regulate and supply power. Until the 1990s, state governments managed generation, transmission and distribution. Economic reforms in 1991 introduced privatization. The Electricity Act of 2003 further restructured the sector by introducing license-free generation, open access to transmission and gradual implementation of open access in distribution. Currently, India ranks 5th in production but faces issues like shortage of fuel, infrastructure gaps and high transmission losses that impact reliable supply.
M6A1 Group Project - Alternative Energy Final - 20190616 ChristopherGibson31
The document summarizes current energy production methods in the United States and discusses alternative energy sources. It notes that the top three energy sources are natural gas at 35.1%, coal at 27.4%, and nuclear at 19.3%. The document also discusses the pros and cons of various renewable energy sources like solar and wind as well as challenges around energy storage and integrating renewable energy into the national grid. It concludes by arguing that developing energy storage capabilities is key to transitioning to more renewable energy sources.
The document proposes an automatic rack-in and rack-out system for vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) to eliminate safety risks from manual operation. It would use a portable, motorized unit mounted on the VCB front with a sliding arm, magnetic legs, and crank socket to remotely control racking from a wall-mounted control unit. The control unit houses a programmable logic controller to operate the motor and encoder that measures racking distance based on pre-programmed logic. It is designed for easy installation and removal from VCBs while complying with industry standards.
A control room in a substation houses a control board that allows operators to control substation equipment, switch power between circuits, open and close circuits as needed, and monitor remote equipment. The control room displays alarms, breaker states, and power measurements to help operators safely and effectively monitor electricity generation, regulate power flows, and ensure emergency procedures are in place. The control room protects control equipment like switchboards and batteries and allows operators to install monitoring, communication, and protection devices to study the electric system.
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Similar to First day Module ( Power_Scenario etc).pptx
1) India relies heavily on coal for energy but has limited oil and gas reserves, importing over 25% of its primary energy needs.
2) Coal contributes over half of India's primary energy production and consumption while oil accounts for about a third. Natural gas and renewable sources like hydro, wind and solar are also increasingly important.
3) To ensure sustainable energy development, India is pursuing strategies like improving energy efficiency, developing renewable resources, electrifying rural areas, and attracting private investment across the energy sector.
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing electricity crisis. It notes that Pakistan currently faces electricity shortages of up to 18 hours per day. The key causes of the crisis include a shortage of domestic energy resources compared to rising demand, poor governance, corruption, and high debt in the energy sector. Potential solutions discussed include increasing investment and capacity in hydropower, coal, nuclear, solar, and biogas energy. Improved energy planning and aggressive expansion of power generation across various technologies is needed to address Pakistan's electricity needs.
Sustainability with Regards to coal energy ProductionSangeen Jogezai
This document discusses the role of coal in sustainable energy production. It argues that coal will continue playing a major role in providing energy access to developing countries due to its abundant availability and low cost. While coal has disadvantages like carbon emissions and environmental damage, technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) can reduce its carbon footprint. The document also summarizes Pakistan's energy crisis and its plans to use domestic coal reserves at Thar to increase power supply. It recommends using all energy sources, including coal with proper emissions controls, until renewable resources become more affordable and prevalent.
Energy crises in pakistan butt presentationgoodamazing
The document discusses Pakistan's ongoing electricity crisis. It notes that Pakistan currently faces electricity shortages of up to 18 hours per day. The key causes of the energy crisis include a shortage of hydropower due to low water levels, insufficient coal production, high dependence on expensive imported oil, and problems in the nuclear and renewable energy sectors. Corruption and mismanagement have also exacerbated the crisis. The effects on industry, unemployment, and foreign investment are negatively impacting Pakistan's economy. Solutions proposed include increasing investment and capacity in solar, biomass, nuclear and coal power generation.
India relies heavily on coal for energy but has limited oil and gas reserves. It aims to increase access to electricity and transition to more renewable resources like solar and wind over the long term. Currently, coal contributes over half of India's primary energy while oil and natural gas make up most of the remainder. The document outlines India's current energy sources and consumption patterns as well as strategies to improve efficiency, expand electricity access, develop renewable energy, and transition its energy mix to be more sustainable.
Near term issues include paying off circular debt to relieve financial pressures, investing to reduce line losses from the distribution system, and encouraging industries to generate their own power to reduce grid demand. Long term issues involve converting inefficient plants, investing in renewable energy like solar, and utilizing coal reserves. Failure to address these issues risks exacerbating energy shortages and damaging economic growth.
Pakistan has faced an ongoing energy crisis for years due to rising demand outpacing supply. The gap between demand and supply reached 4,500MW in 2008, indicating a 40% deficit. While some short-term measures were taken, long-term solutions were not pursued aggressively. Pakistan has significant untapped hydropower and renewable energy potential but projects like Kalabagh Dam and Neelum-Jehlum were delayed, increasing costs. Alternative energy sources like solar and wind could power much of the country if developed properly. However, circular debt issues, line losses, lack of infrastructure investments, and insufficient focus on large-scale projects have impeded progress in resolving the crisis.
This document summarizes an assignment on power generation status and potential for nuclear power in Bangladesh. It outlines that installed power capacity and maximum generation have increased annually but generation has increased at a lower rate, leading to increased load shedding. Demand for electricity is projected to rise substantially by 2015. It advocates for nuclear power as a stable, large-scale solution that produces little greenhouse gases and meets future demand, highlighting Bangladesh's plans to build its first nuclear plant. Safety and environmental advantages of modern nuclear plants are also noted.
This document provides an introduction to renewable energy resources. It discusses various forms of energy and their sources, including primary sources like coal, oil, and natural gas. It also covers non-conventional or renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, and wind. India's energy usage is dominated by coal at around 57%, while renewable sources like solar, wind and biomass contribute around 33%. The document outlines the potential for developing various renewable resources in India.
This document discusses Pakistan's energy crisis and options for conservation and renewable energy. It notes that Pakistan has been facing shortages in oil and electricity for the past 5-6 years. It then discusses various renewable energy sources that could help address this crisis, including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and tidal energy. Small hydro in particular is highlighted as an option well-suited for rural areas not connected to the grid. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of conserving energy and utilizing renewable resources like solar, wind, water, and biomass to help Pakistan's economy and address its current energy challenges.
Pakistan's energy problems and solutionsPassion Impex
Pakistan is facing an energy crisis due to increasing demand and insufficient supply. Demand for electricity has grown at 9% annually while supply has only increased at 7% due to underinvestment in the energy sector. Half of Pakistan's population lacks access to electricity. Though Pakistan has significant coal reserves, coal makes up less than 6% of its energy mix due to underutilization of resources. To remedy the crisis, short term plans include increasing private energy production while long term plans focus on developing domestic coal resources and pursuing international energy agreements.
Pakistan is facing an energy crisis due to a growing gap between energy supply and demand. The demand for electricity is increasing at 9% annually while supply is only increasing at 7%, leading to regular load shedding. Half of Pakistan's population still lacks access to electricity. The crisis is exacerbated by underutilization of domestic coal reserves, aging infrastructure, high oil import costs, and mismanagement. Solutions proposed include increasing investment in renewable resources like solar and wind, developing domestic coal power, and improving energy efficiency.
India has experienced rapid growth in electricity demand but continues to face shortages. Electricity demand has grown at 9% annually from 2005-2011 but production has not kept pace, leading to deficits of 8.5% in base load supply and 9.8% in peak supply. Key reasons for the shortage include high transmission and distribution losses, delays in expanding production capacity, and lower quality domestic coal resources. Future demand is expected to further increase due to economic and population growth while efforts are ongoing to boost supply through new plants, grids, and renewable sources.
This document discusses solar energy prospects and challenges in India. It notes that solar energy has significant potential to meet India's growing energy demands. However, large-scale adoption faces technical challenges including improving solar cell efficiency, integrating solar power into the electric grid, and developing affordable energy storage solutions. Additionally, the levelized cost of energy from solar is currently higher than from conventional sources. The Indian government has implemented policies like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission to promote solar power, but progress in achieving targets has been limited. Continued efforts are needed to address challenges and make solar energy economically viable compared to coal and other fossil fuels.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on biomass power. It discusses increasing global population and energy demand, the role of alternative energies, and implications for the future. Key points include that demand for oil is projected to grow 30-50% in the next two decades; biomass has potential as a viable fuel but major infrastructure changes would be needed; and providing stable, affordable energy for a growing population will require utilizing all available energy sources including fossil fuels, nuclear, and renewables. The conclusions are that all forms of energy production will be needed to meet demand.
Pakistan's energy infrastructure is underdeveloped and poorly managed, leading to a severe energy crisis. Demand for energy exceeds supply, resulting in frequent power outages. The country relies heavily on imported fossil fuels like oil and gas to meet its energy needs. While Pakistan has significant indigenous energy resources like coal reserves and hydropower potential, these remain largely untapped due to a lack of integrated planning. Widespread theft of electricity further exacerbates the energy shortage situation. Common methods used to steal power include directly tapping distribution lines, tampering with meters, and manipulating meter readings through technical means.
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's energy sector and the ongoing energy crisis. It discusses Pakistan's sources of energy, including fossil fuels like natural gas, petroleum and coal as well as renewable sources like hydropower. The key causes of the energy crisis are outlined as growing demand, lack of planning, an imbalanced energy mix, and underutilization of resources. Major consequences of the crisis include negative impacts on the economic, agriculture, industrial and social sectors along with increasing unemployment and poverty. Recommendations to address the crisis involve reducing energy use, developing domestic energy sources like Thar coal, and utilizing alternative renewable resources.
The power sector in India has undergone significant changes since independence in 1947. Initially, the sector was controlled by the British with a generating capacity of 1,362 MW. Post independence, the Electricity Supply Act of 1948 established the Central Electricity Authority and State Electricity Boards to regulate and supply power. Until the 1990s, state governments managed generation, transmission and distribution. Economic reforms in 1991 introduced privatization. The Electricity Act of 2003 further restructured the sector by introducing license-free generation, open access to transmission and gradual implementation of open access in distribution. Currently, India ranks 5th in production but faces issues like shortage of fuel, infrastructure gaps and high transmission losses that impact reliable supply.
M6A1 Group Project - Alternative Energy Final - 20190616 ChristopherGibson31
The document summarizes current energy production methods in the United States and discusses alternative energy sources. It notes that the top three energy sources are natural gas at 35.1%, coal at 27.4%, and nuclear at 19.3%. The document also discusses the pros and cons of various renewable energy sources like solar and wind as well as challenges around energy storage and integrating renewable energy into the national grid. It concludes by arguing that developing energy storage capabilities is key to transitioning to more renewable energy sources.
Similar to First day Module ( Power_Scenario etc).pptx (20)
The document proposes an automatic rack-in and rack-out system for vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) to eliminate safety risks from manual operation. It would use a portable, motorized unit mounted on the VCB front with a sliding arm, magnetic legs, and crank socket to remotely control racking from a wall-mounted control unit. The control unit houses a programmable logic controller to operate the motor and encoder that measures racking distance based on pre-programmed logic. It is designed for easy installation and removal from VCBs while complying with industry standards.
A control room in a substation houses a control board that allows operators to control substation equipment, switch power between circuits, open and close circuits as needed, and monitor remote equipment. The control room displays alarms, breaker states, and power measurements to help operators safely and effectively monitor electricity generation, regulate power flows, and ensure emergency procedures are in place. The control room protects control equipment like switchboards and batteries and allows operators to install monitoring, communication, and protection devices to study the electric system.
This document discusses infrared thermography and its use for electrical inspections. Infrared cameras can detect higher temperatures that indicate potential problems in electrical systems. Regular infrared inspections allow issues to be found and repaired before failures occur, reducing downtime. Examples show temperature differences that would indicate repair priorities from immediate to monitoring. Infrared inspections are most effective when electrical loads are high and done periodically to inspect all equipment over time. Studies show infrared inspection programs typically yield a $4 return for every $1 spent by finding and fixing issues before costly failures.
The document discusses Indian regulations and standards regarding electrical safety. It outlines various Acts and Rules that govern electrical installations, equipment and work in India. The objectives of the regulations are to make electricity generation, transmission and use as safe as possible by identifying different categories of agencies and specifying technical requirements precisely. The regulations provide guidelines on authorization of work, isolation of supply, identification of live parts, restricting access, inspections and testing, emergency preparedness, protection methods and reporting of accidents. Quantitative effects of electric current and classification of voltage levels are also presented.
An A.C. device used to change high voltage low current A.C. into low voltage high current A.C. and vice-versa without changing the frequency
In brief,
1. Transfers electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without a change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.
Routine tests for transformers include a visual inspection to check for proper fittings and protections. Key items to check include conservator and oil preservation systems, bushings, earthing terminals, valves, temperature indicators, pressure relief devices, and on-load tap changer controls if present. The inspection ensures safety devices are included and accessories are appropriately sized, located, and installed according to specifications.
The document is a presentation about ABB's dry type transformers. It provides information about ABB's vacuum cast coil dry type transformers, including what they are, their applications, advantages over oil transformers, product range, features, accessories, and certifications. The presentation highlights that ABB's dry transformers do not use liquid for cooling, have windings encapsulated in epoxy resin, are maintenance-free, and meet various industry standards.
This document provides an overview of transformer protection. It discusses the types of faults that can occur in transformers, including internal faults like winding faults and external faults. It describes Buchholz relays, which detect faults inside the transformer tank by sensing gas and oil movement. Differential protection is also covered, which can detect faults not caught by Buchholz relays. The document outlines considerations for transformer differential protection like current transformer ratings and connections. It provides examples of Merz-Price protection schemes for star-delta and star-star transformers.
This document discusses three phase transformers, including their construction, principles of operation, and common connection types. Three phase transformers have advantages over single phase transformers like smaller size, lower weight and cost, and easier transportation. They use three cores arranged 120 degrees apart with primary windings on each. Secondary windings can be connected in star or delta configurations to step up or down voltages for transmission or distribution. The document also covers parallel operation of three phase transformers.
1) The document provides an introduction to fundamental concepts in electrical engineering, including the classification of electrical systems, units of measurement, and basic circuit elements.
2) It describes the five main classifications of electrical systems: communication, computer, control, power, and signal processing systems.
3) The key concepts of charge, current, voltage, power, and energy are defined using standard SI units, and their relationships are expressed through mathematical equations.
4) The two main types of circuit elements - passive (resistors, capacitors, inductors) and active (sources) - are introduced, along with examples of independent and dependent sources.
EMTSPL conducted a preventive health audit of LV electrical panels at Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar. The audit assessed the condition of panel components through thermal scanning, loading measurements, insulation resistance testing, and voltage measurements. Key findings included identifying hot spots in panels, ensuring balanced loading and no neutral current, and measuring insulation resistance. The audit aimed to prevent fire hazards, electrical breakdown, and ensure protection and component rating for loads. Maintaining electrical drawings and implementation of maintenance plans were also recommended.
1) The document discusses transformer vector groups, which indicate the winding configurations and phase angle differences between primary and secondary windings.
2) For a Yd1 transformer, the secondary voltage leads the primary voltage by 30 degrees. However, if the terminal markings are changed, the vector group can change (e.g. to Yd5).
3) For positive sequence currents in a Yd1 transformer, the secondary currents lead the primary currents by 30 degrees. But for negative sequence currents, the secondary currents lag the primary currents by 30 degrees.
The document discusses vectors, phasors, and their application in electrical engineering. It defines a vector as a quantity having both magnitude and direction, often represented by an arrow. A phasor is defined as a line used to represent a complex electrical quantity as a vector. The document then discusses phasor diagrams for sinusoidal waveforms, phase differences, leading and lagging, vector addition, and the phasor diagram of a transformer on no load. On no load, a small current called the exciting current is drawn by the primary winding, which has both an in-phase, active component and a quadrature, reactive magnetizing component.
This document discusses vector groups of transformers. It begins by introducing vector groups and their notation, which indicate the phase displacement between primary and secondary windings. There are four main groups of vector groups based on the phase displacement: zero displacement, 180 degree displacement, 30 degree lag, and 30 degree lead. The document then examines various connection types that produce these displacements, including star-star, delta-delta, star-delta, and others. It focuses on the popular delta-star connection of 30 degree lead displacement. Maintaining the same vector group is important for parallel operation of transformers.
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The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
1. Training course for Engineers and
Supervisors engaged in O&M of Substations
associated with Generating Stations
2. 2
CONTENT
1. World Power Scenario
2. Growth of Power Industry in India
3. Generation Scenario in India
4. Transmission and Distribution scenario in India.
5. Role of Private Power Participants in India
6. Organisation/ Power sector set up
7. Introduction to Indian Standard specification for
wiring
8. Energy Conservation
4. WORLD ENERGY TRANSITION
• Until the mid-19th century, traditional biomass – the burning of
solid fuels such as wood, crop waste, or charcoal – was the
dominant source of energy used across the world.
• With the Industrial Revolution came the rise of coal; followed by oil,
gas; and by the turn of the 20th century, hydropower.
• It wasn’t until the 1960s that nuclear energy was added to the mix.
What are often referred to as ‘modern renewables’ – solar and
wind – were only added much later, in the 1980s.
• The speed and scale of the energy transition we need today is
switching from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy is very different
from the past .. A new challenge.
GET030816 4
5. WORLD ENERGY MIX
• The energy demand has grown multifold from 5654 TWh in
Year-1800 to about 175000 TWh in Year-2022.
• The Primary energy is consumed by the three major
sectors as per following proportion:
– Heating : 50%
– Transport:30%
– Electricity:20%
• Globally we get the largest amount of our energy from oil,
followed by coal, gas, then hydroelectric power.
• The global energy mix is still dominated by fossil fuels. They
account for 82% ( Oil:32%,Coal:26% and gas:24%) of
current energy consumption. Nuclear : 4% and Renewable
:14%
GET030816 5
6. Changing Global Energy Mix
• Global energy consumption is not stagnant, but growing. And in the
past years it has been growing too quickly for renewable and
nuclear to keep up.
• Still We continue to produce more energy from fossil fuels –
particularly oil and gas each year. Though Low-carbon energy is
certainly growing across the world – undoubtedly a sign of
progress.
• The changing energy mix over last fifty years :
– Fossil fuel: from 93% to 82%
– Nuclear: from 0.17% to 3.99%
– Renewable: from 6.5% to 14%
• Decarbonization is happening, but not at desired rate.
• To achieve the necessary progress that matters for the climate we
need to see the energy demand growth not only meet our new
energy demands each year, but start displacing existing fossil fuels
in the energy mix at a much faster rate.
GET030816 6
7. World Electricity MIX
• As we already know in a previous slide Electricity is one of three components that
make up total energy production. The other two are transport and heating.
• And Only 20% of the world primary energy is consumed for production of
Electricity.
• The breakdown of sources – coal, oil, gas, nuclear and renewable – is different in
the electricity mix versus the energy mix.
• Generally, low-carbon sources (nuclear and renewables) account for a larger share
in the electricity mix than the total energy mix.
• Globally coal, followed by gas, is the largest source of electricity production. Of the
low-carbon sources, hydropower and nuclear make the largest contribution;
although wind and solar are growing quickly.
• Almost two-thirds (63.3%) of global electricity came from fossil fuels. Of the 36.7%
from low-carbon sources, renewable account for 26.3% and nuclear energy for
10.4%.
• The relative proportionate contribution of fossil fuels and low-carbon electricity
has been pretty stagnant for decades.
• In fact, in the early 2000s, fossil fuels even gained ground. Over this period,
nuclear share declined whilst renewable grew. The progress made in renewable
has been offset by a decline in nuclear energy; nuclear declined by almost as much
as renewable gained.
7
8. WORLD ELECTRICITY MIX
• Globally we get just over one-third of our electricity
from low-carbon sources. But some countries get much
more – some nearly all of it – from fossil-free sources.
• Some countries get over 90% of their electricity from
nuclear or renewables – Sweden, Norway, France,
Paraguay, Iceland, and Nepal, among others.
• Solar, wind and other renewable technologies are
growing quickly and will hopefully account for a large
share of electricity production in the future.
• Over last 22 years in the 21st century Renewable
contribution has grown over 8%( from 19% to 27%)
which is a positive trend towards decarbonisation.
GET030816 8
9. World Electricity Demand
• Statistics show that the global electricity
production has been growing steadily at about
5% yearly rate.
• The production which was 14972 TWh in Yr-
2000 has almost doubled and become 28527
TWh in Yr-2022.
• The global average Per capita Electricity
consumption during the corresponding period
has grown from 2435 KWh to 3577 KWh.
GET030816 9
10. WORLD ELECTRICITY DEMAND
• If we see figures from earlier , between 1980
and 2022, electricity consumption more than
tripled, while the global population increased
by roughly 75 percent.
• Growth in industrialization and electricity
access across the globe have further boosted
electricity demand.
GET030816 10
11. WORLD POWER SCENARIO contd..
• Global electricity demand is expected to grow by 2.4% in 2022 after
previous year’s 6% increase, bringing it in line with its average
growth rate over the five years prior to the Covid-19 pandemic as
per latest studies.
• The electricity demand is currently expected to continue on a
similar growth path into 2023.
• Strong capacity additions are set to push up global renewable
power generation by more than 10% in 2023, displacing some fossil
fuel generation.
• Despite nuclear’s 3% decline in generation , low-carbon generation
is set to rise by 7% overall, leading to a 1% drop in total fossil fuel-
based generation.
• As a result, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the global
electricity sector are set to decline in 2023 from the all-time high
they reached in 2021, albeit by less than 1%.
GET030816 11
12. SCENARIO due to Ukraine Invation
• The world is in the midst of the first truly global energy
crisis, triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and the
electricity sector is one of the most heavily affected.
• “This is especially evident in Europe, which is experiencing
severe energy market turmoil, and in emerging and
developing economies, where supply disruptions and
soaring fuel prices are putting huge strains on fragile power
systems and resulting in blackouts.
• Governments are having to resort to emergency measures
to tackle the immediate challenges, but they also need to
focus on accelerating investment in clean energy transitions
as the most effective lasting response to the current crisis.”
GET030816 12
14. 14
History of Power Industry in India
1. The first demonstration of an electric light in Calcutta was
conducted on 24 July 1879 by P.W. Fleury & Co.
2. On 7 January 1897, Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric
lighting license as agents of the Indian Electric Co. A month
later, the company was renamed the Calcutta Electric Supply
Corporation.
3. Enthused by the success of electricity in Calcutta, power was
thereafter introduced in Bombay. Mumbai saw electric lighting
demonstration for the first time in 1882 at Crawford Market.
4. Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up
a generating station in 1905 to provide electricity for the
tramway.
5. The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a
tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality in 1897.
15. Growth of Power Industry in India
a. Power is one of the most critical components of infrastructure
crucial for the economic growth and welfare of nations.
b. India’s power sector is one of the most diversified in the
world. Sources of power generation range from conventional
sources such as coal, lignite, natural gas, oil, hydro and
nuclear power to viable non-conventional sources such as
wind, solar, and agricultural and domestic waste.
e. Electricity demand in the country has increased rapidly and is
expected to rise further in the years to come. In order to
meet the increasing demand for electricity in the country,
massive addition to the installed generating capacity is
required.
16. 16
Growth of Power Industry in India- Contd.
1. Power Sector in India has grown significantly since independence, both in
the installed electricity generating capacity and transmission & distribution
(T&D) system.
2. The total power generating capacity of (utilities & non utilities) has
increased from a meager 1362 MW in 1947 to about 416 GW by March-
2023.
3. India’s total electricity generation has grown at 5.85 percent per annum
since 2010–11. The Generation was 1056 TWh in 2010-11 which grew to
1729 TWh in Yr.2021-22 .
4. During the same period Fossil Fuel generation has grown from 708 TWh
to 1205 TWh at 3.4 % rate and Renewable generation from 51.3 T Wh r
to 203.35 T Wh at 6.25%.
5. The per capita electricity consumption which was a mere 16.3 units in
1947, has increased to 1255 units in 2021-22.
6. Despite this, the growth of electricity demand has been surpassing the
power supply and our country has been facing power shortages during
peak electricity demand, in spite of the manifold growth in Installed
Capacity over the years.
7. In the last 3 years, however, the shortages have reduced substantially.
18. 18
Generation Scenario in India
• Total installed capacity of power stations in India stood at
417.668 Giga watt (GW) as on APRIL, 2023.
• Fuel wise and region wise break up are provided in table below.
• The Ministry of Power has set a target of 1,750 billion units (BU)
of electricity to be generated in the financial year 2023-24,
which is 7% higher than the ACTUAL for 2022-23.
Region Installed Capacity
(GW)
Northern Region 119.00
Western Region 138.60
Southern Region 124.20
Eastern Region 34.92
North east Region 4.94
Fuel Capacity
(GW)
Thermal 237.269
Nuclear 6.78
Hydro 46.850
Renewables 126.769
19. 19
Generation Scenario in India
• Further breakup of installed capacity into State, Central and
Private sector is provided below.
• Both the energy deficit and the demand deficit has been contained to
much less than 1.00 percent over last couple of years.
• India saw the highest year on year growth in renewable energy
additions of 9.83% in 2022.
Sector Installed
capacity in GW
% of
Total
Central 80.78 24
State 103.06 25.3
Private 147.12 50.7
22. 22
Transmission and Distribution Scenario in India
Present Transmission System of India
Electricity is a concurrent subject in India i.e, both the central and state
governments are responsible for the development of the electricity
sector.
NTPC, NHPC, THDC, NEEPCO, SJVNL, NLC etc. are the central
generation utilities and POWERGRID is the Central Transmission
Utility.
At the State level, there are Gencos and Transco in the respective States.
The country has been demarcated into five Regions viz. Northern (NR),
Eastern (ER), Western (WR), Southern(SR) and North Eastern (NER).
All the regional grids are synchronously interconnected and operating as
single grid – Central Grid.
By April,2023 the country has total inter-regional transmission capacity
of about 1,12,250 MW.
23. Transmission and Distribution Scenario in India- Contd.
PGCIL owns and operates about 1,45,640 CKM of transmission lines at
800/765kV, 400kV, 220kV AC & ±800 kV, ±500kV HVDC levels
and 220 kV Sub-stations. Also the transformation capacity of
about 2,94,271 MVA .
All the regional grids are synchronously interconnected and operating as
single grid – Central Grid. In addition there are asynchronous HVDC
links between the regions.
The total length of both EHV AC , HVDC lines and transformation capacity of
Sub stations in MVA has been tabulated and presented in the next slide.
Next level of voltage likely to be adopted are 1200 KV AC and ± 1000 KV DC
The power transmission network is planned to be expanded from present level
of 4,25,500 circuit km to 454200 circuit km by 2024-25.
24. 2
Progress of Transmission sector
Voltage ± 800 kV
HVDC
±500 KV
HVDC
765 KV AC 400 KV AC 220 KV
AC
Sector
Central Length in
CKM
6,124 5,948 26,893 95,661 11,014
State Length in
CKM
0 1,504 1,512 52,371 1,53,422
JV/
Private
Length in
CKM
0 1,980 4,881 18,678 983
TOTAL Length in
CKM
6,124 9,432 33,286 1,66,710 1,65,419
Central MVA 9,000 9,500 1,44,000 1,22,615 9,156
State MVA 0 2,500 17,500 1,31,962 3,11,700
JV/
Private
MVA 0 1,500 16,000 9,250 1,747
TOTAL MVA 9,000 13,500 1,77,500 2,63,827 3,22,603
25. 2
Private sector Participation in Indian Power Industry and their role
a.The policy of liberalization of the Government of India announced in
1991 and consequent amendments in Electricity (Supply) Act have
opened new vistas to involve private efforts and investments in
electricity industry.
b. Considerable emphasis has been placed on attracting
private investment with major policy changes announced by the
Government in this regard which are enumerated below:
• The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 was amended in 1991 to provide
for creation of private generating companies for setting up power
generating facilities and selling the power in bulk to the grid or other
persons.
• Financial Environment for private sector units modified to allow
liberal capital structuring and an attractive return on investment. Up
to hundred percent (100%) foreign equity participation can be
permitted.
• Administrative & Legal environment modified to simplify the
procedures for clearances of the projects.
26. 2
Private sector Participation in Indian Power Industry and their role
• Polcy guidelines for private sector participation in the renovation &
modernisation of power plants issued in 1995.
c. The Public Private Partnership (PPP) Model in the distribution of
electricity encompasses all functions and obligations relating to
distribution of electricity in a license area. The agency, selected
through competitive bidding, would be responsible for maintenance,
operation and upgradation of the distribution network and for the
supply of electricity to the regulated consumers. Reduction of AT&C
losses, improvement in the quality of power supply, strengthening of
the distribution network, improved customer satisfaction and
introduction of competition through open access are some of the
salient features of the proposed model.
d. Governments face critical decisions in reforming their power sectors.
They must decide the relative roles of public and private sectors in
providing power services; the governance and reform of public
enterprises operating in the sector.
27. Institutional
• Federal Structure
• ‘Power’ a concurrent subject
• RLDCs (Regional System Operator) : Apex
bodies in regional grid operation. Supervise and
control inter-regional and inter-state transmission
systems.
• RLDCs can give directions to intra-state utilities
for security of the grid
• SLDCs (State-level System Operator) : to
supervise and control state power systems
Structure of Electricity Industry in India
28. Organisational Hierarchy
Central Government
Ministry of power
a.Public Sector Enterprises
• NTPC, NHPC, NPC- Generating Companies.
• PTC- Trading Company
• POWERGRID- Transmission company.
b.Undertakings owned by Central Government
• DVC, BBMB,
• Educational institutions NPTI, CPRI etc.
c.Regulators : Autonomous.
• Appellate Tribunal for Electricity
• Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
29. Organisational Hierarchy..contd
State Government :
State Electricity Board
A. Unbundled Utilities
– Minimum Generating Co, Transmission Co and Distribution Co
– For example,
AP has 4 DISCOMs, TRANSCO and GENCO
Rajasthan has 3 DISCOMs, TRANSCO and
GENCO MP unbundled in 3 DISCOMs, TRANSCO
and GENCO
B. State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
– Members are appointed by state government. Autonomous
working.
C. Independent Power Producers (IPPs)
– IPPs operate under Build-Own-Operate mode. No IPPs under
central government.
30. Organisations under Central
Government
CEA (Central Electricity Authority)
• Advises the ministry on technical, financial, and economic matters.
Concurrence for hydro stations
National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC)
• plans, promotes, and integrates the development of hydroelectric, tidal
and wind power in India.
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
• Operates and sets up thermal and gas-based power projects.
Rural Electrification Corporation
• provides financial assistance for rural electrification programmes.
Power Finance Corporation
• Mobilizes capital from non-budgetary sources to provide term
finance for power generation projects.
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
• Setting and operating EHV transmission network in the country.
Responsible for all the existing and future transmission projects in the
central sector and for the formation of the National power grid. It also
functions as the central transmission utility and is currently responsible
for regional grid operations as well.
31. CERC (Central Electricity Regulatory Commission)
• Set up under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998 as
an independent statutory body with quasi-judicial powers.
• CERC regulates tariff-related matters and inter-state bulk sale of
power, aids and advises the central government on the formulation of
a tariff policy, frames the guidelines pertaining to tariff, and promotes
competition and efficiency in the electricity sector.
Other organizations
North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation, The Nathpa Jhakri Power
Corporation, The Tehri Hydro Development Corporation, and two
statutory bodies- the Damodar Valley Corporation and the Bhakra
Beas Management Board
Organisations under Central Government..contd
32. Generation Central
Gen.Cos
Inter State/
PTC
IPPs Others /
PTC
SEBs
POWERGRID & Other Licensees
Transmission
State Power
Utilities
Licensees
(Discos)
Transcos
C
E
R
C
Structure at Central Level
33. State-level Organizations
State Electricity Boards -Vertically Integrated utilities
• SEBs constituted by the state government, were responsible for ensuring
generation, transmission , and distribution of electricity in the most economical
and efficient manner. For this they are required to co-ordinate with the
generating companies, if any, operating in the state and with the central
government or any other boards or agency that has control over a power
system.
• Still 5 State are unbundled (HP, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, Punjab)
State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (23 Nos)
• regulating the purchase, distribution, supply and utilization of electricity, the
quality of service, the tariff and charges payable considering the interests of
both the consumer and the electricity industry in the state. Responsible for
promoting competition, efficiency, and economy in the activities of the industry,
the SERCs also aid and advise on matters concerning generation,
transmission, distribution, and supply of electricity in the state.
• Electricity Act,2003 mandates compulsory establishment of SERCs.
34. Generation State
Gen. Cos. IPPs
Central
Gen.Cos Others
Transmission State Transmission Utility
Distribution Dist
Co.-1
Dist
Co.-2
Dist
Co.-3
Dist
Co.-4
Private
Utilities
S
E
R
C
Structure at State Level
35. Private Sector in Power
Private Distribution Licensees
– Mostly old-legacy
– Tata Power Company, Reliance Infrastructure, and
BEST in Maharashtra, CESC in West Bengal and
Torrent Power in Gujarat.
– NDPL, BRPL and BYPL in Delhi
Private Trading Licensees
– Through regulations, CERC have issued terms and
conditions for trading licesees. 42 Trading
Licensees.
Private Transmission Licensees
– Many private JVs with CTU and private transmission
licensees.
37. Standard Practices in House wiring
• In construction of a house/ building house owner
should focus on electric works also; which need a lot
of attention while laying wiring as well as quality of
wiring, specification of electric appliances and
cables/wires.
• Due to carelessness or lack of knowledge by
electrician fatal accidents might occur sometimes
and take up more money in repair. Thus every care
should be taken while doing electrical wiring and
installation of fittings.
GET030816 37
38. Standard Practices for House wiring..contd
Here are given some tips on how to lay wiring.
• Electrical cables/wires are laid inside walls and RCC slab which may
require dismantling if any problem/defect arises later. Dismantling
is very costly as compared to getting it rightly fixed first time.
• A professional or good electrician should be hired for electric works.
All electric works and installations should comply with latest Indian
Electricity Acts and Rules in all respects.
• All materials used in electrical fittings should be of approved and
from a reputed manufacturer as per ISI specifications.
• Make sure that electrician has calculated total load from various
items that would be used in the house. Whether he lays wires that
are capable of taking total load.
• It is seen that a lot of times electricians are careless while putting
right load bearing wires for a purpose and these wires get burnt at
the movement when entire load is put on wires.
GET030816 38
39. House Wiring as per IS Specification
• The wiring should be carried out on distribution systems with main and
branch distribution boards to convenient centers and is without isolated
fuses.
• All conductors should run, as far as possible along walls and ceilings, so as
to be easily accessible and capable of being thoroughly inspected.
• In any case wiring should not run above ceiling.
• Circuit on opposite side of three wires system or on different phases of
three phases’ system is kept as far apart as possible in all cases; the
minimum distance should be 7 feet.
• Medium pressure wiring and all associated apparatus should comply with
specification.
• The numbers of points in light circuits should not exceed 10 or the total
load on circuit should not exceed 800 watts.
• One circuit can be explained as one connection from electrical meter or
main fuse circuit.
• For power wiring circuit the numbers of points in a circuit should not be
more than 2 and the size of wire is 1.5 mm square for copper and 2.5 mm
square for aluminum.
• Switch boards should be fitted at a height of 1.5 meter.
GET030816 39
40. House Wiring as per IS Specification
• Horizontal run of wiring should be at a height of 3 meter.
• Earth wire should be 14 SWG in case of copper and 4 mm
square in case of aluminum.
• Fuse wire should be connected to phase wire only.
• Connect a neutral link in neutral wire.
• Connect all switches in phase wire.
• All conductors should be of copper and have a cross section
less than 0.0020 sq. inches, nominal area (3/0.029 inches)
and every such conductor should be stranded.
• Minimum size of earth wire for light circuit is 1 mm square
for copper and 1.5 mm square for aluminum.
GET030816 40
42. 42
• Man’s efforts to master the nature are largely
based on his ability to control and develop
various sources of energy.
• Since dawn of civilization man has been
growing more and more energy hungry.
• Imagine the trend from thousands years ago
to present time to next 10 years: things are
mind blowing.
Human Energy Requirement:
Yesterday,Today & Tomorrow...
43. 43
Energy: Vehicle of Civilization
Per Capita Energy consumption
is the index
of growth of the civilization.
44. 44
GROWING CRISIS
• More coal has been mined during last 30
years than in previous 300 years.
• Petroleum mined in last 25 years is greater
than that in previous 75 years.
45. 45
Conventional Energy Scenario.
• Conventional energy sources are depleting at such a
breath-taking speed that they are fast coming to an
end.
• Coal will last for another 140 years.
• Natural gas will last for another 60 years.
• Petroleum products will last for another 45 years
only.
46. 46
Energy distribution
• 20% of population (Developed
Countries)consume 60% of energy
• Balance 80% of population (Developing
Countries) use only 40% of energy
48. 48
Energy Strategy for the Future
Energy Strategies-Immediate
• Rationalizing tariff structure of various energy products
• Efficiency in production, reduction in distribution losses
• Promoting R&D and use of energy efficient technologies and practices
• Promoting energy efficiency standards
Energy Strategies-Medium
• Demand management
• Optimum fuel mix
• Increased dependence on rail than road for goods/passenger
• Recycling
• Shift to energy such as solar, wind and biomass energy
Energy Strategies-Long
• Increased utilization of domestic fuel sources
• Improved energy infrastructure
• Enhancing energy efficiency
• Deregulation and privatization of energy sector
• Legislation to attract foreign investment
49. 49
SUPPLY VS DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES :
• Supply side management:
1. Produce more fuel.
2. Import fuel as per requirement.
3. Install more generating plants.
4. Explore the non-conventional sources.
• Demand side management:
1. Curb all loses and improve efficiency .
2. Employ energy efficient technologies.
3. Distribution side reforms.
50. 50
Meeting the increasing demand only through
increases in supply may lead to:
Reduced energy security due to volatility in
availability and prices of imported fuels
Adverse environmental impacts
Strain on balance of payments
ENERGY CONSERVATION,ENERGY-EFFICIENCY
ENHANCEMENT AND TAPPING MORE AND MORE
RES ARE THE BEST STRATEGIES.
BEST STRATEGY
51. 51
Limitations of Alternative sources :
• Technologies not matured
• Not very cost effective
• High level of safety requirement
• Diluted : take up large amounts of land
• Incapable of generating a large net amount of energy.
• Far from load centers: may require higher T & D networks.
• Intermittent nature of availability.
• Low efficiency levels.
• High initial investments.
52. 52
LEAST COST IMMEDIATE STRATEGY
• To augment the gap between the demand and supply
,the least cost strategy is to promote energy
efficiency and its conservation.
• Nearly 25000MW of capacity creation through the
efficiency measures has been estimated.
• Energy conservation potential has been assessed to
be 23% with maximum potential in industrial and
agriculture sector.
53. 53
ONE Unit Saved = TWO Units Generated
T & D LOSS
17 %
NETWORK
LOSS
5 %
MOTOR
LOSS
10 %
MECHANICAL
SYSTEM LOSS
30%
= 0.83 X 0.95 X 0.90 X 0.70
= 50 %
55. 55
Energy and Environment
Inputs Process Outputs
Energy
Water
Raw
Material
Industrial
Process
Solid/
Liquid
waste
Direct/Indirect
Energy waste
Products
Emission
from
combustion
Emission
from
process
Chemical
57. 57
Evidence & Effects of Climatic Change
• Increase in Global Temperature
• Severe Storms and Flooding
• Food shortages
• Dwindling Freshwater supply
• Loss of biodiversity
• Increased diseases
58. 58
Energy Conservation
Energy conservation is the practice of
decreasing the quantity of energy used. It may
be achieved through efficient energy use, in
which case energy use is decreased while
achieving a similar outcome, or by reduced
consumption of energy services.
59. 59
Energy Conservation Vs Energy Efficiency
Incandescent Lamp
60 W
Compact fluorescent Lamp
15 W
Energy Efficient Equipment uses less energy
for same output and reduces CO2 emissions
CO2 Emission – 65 g/hr CO2 Emission – 16 g/hr
Figure 1.14
60. Energy Conservation
• “We do not inherit the
earth from our parents,
we borrow it from our
children” –
Chief Seattle
61. • The earth’s inhabitants
must take a serious
look at energy
resources, use and
conservation.