The sildes illustrates the first aid procedures for some of the common injuries that humans encounter on their daily lives.

1. 07SB31
FIRST AID
(Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
A.DHARMANANDAM
Assitant Professor of Chemistry
Vivekananda College
Tiruvedakam West, Madurai-625234.

2. SYLLABUS
• 1. First Aid
• 2. Drug Terminology and Classification
• 3. Anaesthetics
• 4. Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti
inflammatory agents
• 5.Antiseptics & Disinfectants

4. UNCONSIOUS - தன்னுணர்வற்ற
CASUALTY – விபத்து / காயம் பட்டவன்
BLOOD LOSS - இரத்தப்பபாக்கு
BURNS - தீக்காயங்கள்
FRACTURES - எலும்பு முறிவுகள்
HEAD INJURIES - தலையில் காயங்கள்
SPORTS INJURIES - விலையாட்டு காயங்கள்
HANDLING - லகயாளுதல்
TRANSPORTING - இடம்பபயர்

5. BOOK REFERENCE
Jayashree Ghosh,
A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
S.Chand & Co., New Delhi, 2009

6. UNIT 1 – FIRST AID
• First aid is the immediate treatment given to
the victim of an accident or sudden illness
before proper medical aid is reached.
• The main aim of first-aid is to preserve life, to
prevent worsening of the casualty’s condition
and to promote recovery.

7. Important Rules of First Aid
• Cause of the accident must be removed
• Golden Rule : “HASTE,SLOWLY”
• Don’t crowd around the casuality
• Minimum precise first aid
• Arrangement for earlier medical care

8. FIRST AID BOX
• It is a small box housing all necessary items
required to treat the casualities in case of
emergency before proper treatment is
administered by the physicians.

9. Contents of First Aid Box
• Adsorbent cotton wool pads
• Sterile gauge pieces
• Roller bandages
• A role of adhesive tape
• Tincture iodine
• Rectified spirit
• Scissors and forceps
• Antiseptic creams
• Electric torch

10. Contents of First Aid Box
• Adsorbent cotton wool pads
• Sterile gauge pieces
• Roller bandages
• A role of adhesive tape
• Tincture iodine

11. Contents of First Aid Box
• Rectified spirit
• Scissors and forceps
• Antiseptic creams
• Electric torch

12. World First Aid Day
• September 12, 2020 (Saturday)
• International Federation of Red Cross (1863)
• Headquarters: Geneva
• Henry Dunant (NP 1901)
• Battle of Solferino (French Vs Austria)
Book A Memory of Solferino

13. Web Sites for furthur References
• https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-
do/health/first-aid-saves-lives/
• https://firstaidlearningforyoungpeople.redcro
ss.org.uk/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_R
ed_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement

14. First Aid
1. Unconsiousness 2. Blood Loss

15. Unconsiousness

17. Key Points
• Look for the cause
• Person should be kept in the open or in
airy room
• Tight clothing must be loosen
• Give artificial respiration after proper
positioning

18. Basic Necessities

19. Recovery for Unconsiousness

21. CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

23. First Aid for Blood Loss
•Cuts / Abrasions / Bruises
Small Loss of blood
•Bleeding
Excessive Loss of blood

24. CUTS / ABRASIONS / BRUISES
For clean wounds,
(caused by sharp instruments
like knife, razor etc,)
• Apply tincture of iodine
• Cover the wound with clean piece of gauge
• For deep cuts, wound should be covered with
a sterilized dressing

25. For dirty wounds,
• Wash it with boiled water or soap
• Cover the wound by a bandage
• Any visible foreign body should be removed by
clean cotton
• Cold water compression is given in the bruised
part
• If wound is deep, doctor must be contacted
swiftly

27. Bleeding
• Wound cover with sterile piece of gauge
• Must be bandaged tightly
• Check bleeding by applying pressure with
thumb
• Injured part raised above the level of heart
• An ice bag/cold water dipped bag kept.

29. SHOCK
Shock is the state of insufficient blood flow to
the tissues of the body as a result of problems
with the circulatory system.
Symptoms:
• INITIAL : weakness, fast heart rate, fast
breathing, sweating, anxiety, and
increased thirst.
• LATER : confusion, unconsciousness,
or cardiac arrest
https://www.britannica.com/video/186351/mirror-signs-heart-rate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sBmjB5iGeRM

31. Types of Shock
Cardiogenic / Hypovolemic /
Anaphylactic / Septic / Neurogenic

34. First Aid for SHOCK
• Lay the person down and elevate the legs and
feet slightly, unless you think this may cause
pain or further injury.
• Keep the person still and don't move him or her
unless necessary.

35. • Begin CPR if the person shows no signs of life,
such as not breathing, coughing or moving.
• Loosen tight clothing and, if needed, cover the
person with a blanket to prevent chilling.
• Don't let the person eat or drink anything.
• If the person vomits or begins bleeding from the
mouth, and no spinal injury is suspected, turn him
or her onto a side to prevent choking.

37. BURNS
• Damage to the skin or deeper tissues caused by
sun, hot liquids, fire, electricity or chemicals.
• The degree of severity of most burns is based on
the size and depth of the burn

40. First Aid for BURNS
• Wash the area gently with water and submerge
in clean cold water for sometime
• Antiseptic creams like Burneol or Savlon
should be applied in the burnt area

41. Blisters should not be
opened or puntured

42. For severe burns or fire
• Put off the flame by
wrapping the victim in a
thick blanket

44. Banana Leaf on fire victims

45. CHEMICAL BURNS
A chemical burn occurs when living tissue is
exposed to a corrosive substance (such as a strong
acid, base or oxidizer) or a cytotoxic agent (such as
mustard gas, lewisite or arsine)

46. BURNS DUE TO ACID:
• Wash the affected area with 5% solution of Na2CO3
• Sprinkle Boric Acid powder on the wound
BURNS DUE TO BASE:
• Wash throughly with water first
• Rewash with a weak acid solution (Vinegar or Lime juice)

47. FRACTURE
• A fracture is a broken bone. It can range from
a thin crack to a complete break.
• Fractures happen when a bone is impacted by
more force or pressure than it can support.

48. CAUSES
• Most bone fractures are caused by falls and accidents.
• Bone fractures caused by disease are referred to as
pathological fractures.
• A compound fracture is one that also causes injury to the
overlying skin.
• There are a number of different types of fractures,
including avulsion, comminuted, and hairline fractures.
• Bone healing is a natural process, treatment revolves
around giving the bone optimum conditions to heal itself.

50. First Aid for FRACTURES
• Immobilise the injured limb with a splint.
• Fractured leg should be tied to other leg at several
levels.
• Fractured arm must be tied with a splint and supported
by broad arm sling.
• If persons neck, back or ribs is broken, he must be put
on a stretcher without bending.

51. HEAD INJURY
A head injury is any sort of injury to your brain,
skull, or scalp. This can range from a mild bump or
bruise to a traumatic brain injury. Common head
injuries include concussions, skull fractures, and
scalp wounds.

52. CAUSES
• Accidents at home, work, outdoors, or while playing sports
• Falls from a height of cetain feet.
• Physical assault
• Traffic accidents

53. TYPES – CLOSED & OPEN
• A closed head injury means you received a
hard blow to the head from striking an object,
but the object did not break the skull.
• An open, or penetrating, head injury means
you were hit with an object that broke the skull
and entered the brain.

54. FIRST AID for BRAIN INJURY
• Check the person's airway, breathing, and
circulation. If necessary, begin rescue
breathing and CPR.
• If the person's breathing and heart rate are
normal, but the person is unconscious, treat
as if there is a spinal injury. Stabilize the
head and neck by placing your hands on
both sides of the person's head. Keep the
head in line with the spine and prevent
movement. Wait for medical help.
• Stop any bleeding by firmly pressing a clean
cloth on the wound. If the injury is serious,
be careful not to move the person's head. If
blood soaks through the cloth, do not
remove it. Place another cloth over the first
one.

55. • If you suspect a skull fracture, do not apply direct pressure
to the bleeding site, and do not remove any debris from the
wound. Cover the wound with sterile gauze dressing.
• If the person is vomiting, to prevent choking, roll the
person's head, neck, and body as one unit onto their side.
This still protects the spine, which you must always assume
is injured in the case of a head injury. Children often vomit
once after a head injury. This may not be a problem, but call
a doctor for further guidance.
• Apply ice packs to swollen areas (cover ice in a towel so it
does not directly touch the skin).

57. SPORTS INJURY
• Sports injuries are injuries that occur during sport,
athletic activities, or exercising.
• the most common areas injured are the knee and
ankle, with sprains/strains being the most common
areas for injury

58. SPORTS INJURIES TYPES
• Sprains. Overstretching or tearing the ligaments results
in a sprain. Ligaments are pieces of tissue that connect
two bones to one another in a joint.
• Strains. Overstretching or tearing muscles or tendons
results in a sprain. Tendons are thick, fibrous cords of
tissue that connect bone to muscle.

59. SPRAIN vs STRAIN
BONE LIGAMENTS BONE
BONE TENDONS MUSCLE

60. Knee injuries. Any injury that interferes with how the knee joint moves could be sports
injury. It could range from an overstretch to a tear in the muscles or tissues in the
knee.
Swollen muscles. Swelling is a natural reaction to an injury. Swollen muscles may also
be painful and weak.
Dislocations. Sports injuries may dislocate a bone in your body. When that happens, a
bone is forced out of its socket. This can be painful and lead to swelling and
weakness.
Rotator cuff injury. Four pieces of muscle work together to form the rotator cuff. The
rotator cuff keeps your shoulder moving in all directions. A tear in any of these
muscles can weaken the rotator cuff.

62. RICE
(First Aid for Sports Injury)
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation
• For mild sports injuries follow the RICE method is followed within the first
24 to 36 hours after the injury. It can help reduce swelling and prevent
additional pain and bruising in the early days after a sports injury.

63. HANDLING & TRANSPORTING
• Improper or careless methods frequently increase the severity of the injury and may even cause death. Be
sure that all injuries are protected by proper dressing, splints, etc.
• If the victim is unconscious, it is usually best to suspect an injury to the back or neck and handle
accordingly.
• If the victim must be lifted or carried for a short distance, three to six people are required , The victim’s
body should be kept as straight as possible in a level, horizontal position.
• If a severely injured person must be moved, he should always be transported lying down on a stretcher or
on an improvised stretcher

64. • In transporting a victim by stretcher method, he should be
transported feet first on level ground; head first going
uphill; feet first, downhill. In cases of fractures of the leg or
hip, the victim should be transported feet first uphill and
headfirst downhill to keep the body weight from shifting
down against the injured member.

65. • In serious injuries such as cranial and spinal trauma, airway
compromise, and hemorrhage, the patient should be moved by properly
trained support personnel with equipment to stabilize vital structures and
prevent further injury
• It is crucial that critically injured persons receive definitive care
• within the first hour of their injury to optimize their survival chances.

66. HANDLING & TRANSPORTING TYPES
• Carrying in arms:
• One-arm assist:
• Chair carry, chair stretcher:
• Fireman's drag:
• Fireman's lift:
• Four-handed basket seat:
• Pack-strap carry:
• Piggyback carry:
• Six- or eight-person carry:
• Three-handed basket seat:
• Three- or four-person carry:
• Two-handed seat:
• Wheelchair, improvised:
• Vehicles: