This document provides an overview of transmission line fault detection and location. It discusses standard generating voltages and frequencies used worldwide and in Bangladesh. It describes transmission and distribution systems, including transmission lines, distribution lines, and common fault types. The document then covers methods for fault detection and location using impedance-based algorithms. It introduces the use of a microcontroller and GSM module to classify faults, calculate distances, and transmit information to utilities. Block diagrams show the system working to monitor lines, detect issues, and alert operators via SMS. The goal is to quickly identify and address faults to minimize outages and equipment damage.

1. FIND TRANSMISSION LINE FAULT
AND LOCATION DETECTION
Prepared by
Mohammad Saifuddin Quader
USTC, FSET, EEE.

2. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am very grateful as well as thankful to my
teacher for providing me the opportunity to do
this presentation, which has been helpful in
increasing my knowledge and clearing my
concepts on this topic.
I would also like to thank my friends and teachers
for providing valuable help and suggestions.

3. CONTENTS
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Standard Generating voltage
 Standard frequency
 Transmission & distribution system of electrical energy
 Transmission line
 Distribution line
 Types of transmission line fault
 Method for detection and location fault
 Microcontroller
 GSM module
 Working for detection and location fault
 Conclusion

4. ABSTRACT
The Electric Power System is divided into many different
sections. One of which is the transmission system, where
power is transmitted from generating stations and substations
via transmission lines into consumers. Both methods could
encounter various types of malfunctions is usually referred to
as a “Fault”. Fault is simply defined as a number of
undesirable but unavoidable incidents can temporarily disturb
the stable condition of the power system that occurs when the
insulation of the system fails at any point

5. INTRODUCTION
 In power transmission systems, the majority of voltage and
current signal distortions are caused by faults. Faults that
occur in power transmission lines can cause an interruption of
power supply. The time required to locate a fault is drastically
reduced, as the system automatically and accurately provides
accurate fault location information. This will ensure a shorter
response time for technical crew to rectify these faults and
thus help save transformers from damage and disasters.
Energy is the main component of current world development.
Current moment modern society is depending on electrical
energy. Our society have different types of energy but
electrical energy is very convenient. Electrical generating
energy extend to load center this is the main matter of energy
transmission and distribution system. Logically lode center
region is long distance to generating center that’s why we
have to know about Transmission line fault and location
detection.

6. STANDARD GENERATING VOLTAGE
 In differents countries of the world generating
voltage is
 1. 0.4 kv . 2. 3.3 kv. 3. 6.6kv.
4. 10.5kv 5.11.kv
 6. 13.2kv 7. 13.2kv. 8. 33.kv
 Bangladesh generating voltage is
 1. 6.6kv. 2. 10.5kv 3. 11kv.
4. 15.75kv.

7. STANDARD FREQUENCY
 Using frequency around the hole world in ac
system.
 1. 25Hz 2. 50Hz 3. 60Hz
 Bangladesh standard frequency is 50Hz

8. TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
 Modern element in ac power system:
 1.Generating station
 2. Step up sub station
 3. Transmission line
 4. Switching station
 5. Step down sub station
 6. Primary distribution line
 7. Distribution transformer
 8. Secondary distribution line

9. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMISSION
&DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

10. TRANSMISSION LINE
 A transmission line is used for the transmission of
electrical power from generating substation to the
various distribution units.
 Two types of transmission line :
 1. Primary transmission ( 230kv, 132kv)
 2. Secondary transmission ( 66kv , 33kv).

11. DISTRIBUTION LINE
 A distribution line is line for distributing power from
a transmission system to consumer that operates at
less than 69,000 volts. When a voltage greater than
1kilovolt and less than 40 kilovolt is used for a
particular power line, the power line is typically
referred to as a distribution line.
 Two types of distribution line:
 1. Primary distribution (11kv, 6.6kv, 3.3kv)
 2. Secondary distribution (400v, 230v) .

12. TYPES OF TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS
 1.Single line-to-ground fault.
 2. Line to line fault.
 3. Line to ground fault.
 4. Balance 3 phase.

13. METHOD FOR DETECTION AND
LOCATION OF FAULT
 Impedance and Fundamental Frequency Component
Based Methods :
 The distance of fault from the primary distribution bus is
estimated by impedance based method. Voltage and current
values measured at one end or both ends of the line are
required in this method. The method uses mathematical
equations to estimate the fault location. Suggested a
technique that used the fundamental frequency voltages and
currents measured at a line terminal before and during the
fault. The fault location technique was described by
considering a single-phase-to-ground fault on a radial system.
Nevertheless, they still considered the line to be fully
transposed, and was only good for line-to-ground faults. The
proposed method that was based on measurements provided
by Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) with built-in
oscillography function. This is installed only at the substation
level and on a database that stores information about the
network topology and its electrical parameters. In particular,
on 12kV networks application of the method was a problem.

14. MICROCONTROLLER
 Microcontroller A microcontroller (MCU) is a small
computer on a single integrated circuit (IC)
containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals. Program
memory is also often included on the chip, as well
as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers
are designed for embedded applications, in contrast
to the microprocessors used in personal computers
or other general purpose applications.
 Microcontrollers are used in automatically
controlled products and devices, such as
automobile engine control systems, implantable
medical devices, remote controls, office machines,
appliances, and power tools

15. THE GSM MODEM
 The GSM Modem A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a
device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode
digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal
to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce
a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to
reproduce the original digital data. The GSM Modem comes
with a serial interface through which the modem can be
controlled using attention (AT) command interface. An
antenna and a power adapter are provided.
 The basic segregation or working of the modem is
1. Voice calls
2.12Short Message Service (SMS)
3.GSM Data calls
4.General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)

16. WORKING OF GSM MODULE - 1
 The set up or field device consists of 3 major components,
instrument transformer (CT and VT), GSM modem and
microcontroller. The primaries of the CT and VT which are
connected to the line sense the corresponding current and
voltage values of the system and feed the output to the ADC
of the microcontroller which converts the signal to a digital
form in order to be processed by the CPU of the
microcontroller.
 The microcontroller serves as the central point of the set up. It
contains a set of programming codes which have been stored
in the EEPROM which enables it to classify the fault type
based on the voltage and current values. Based on the
program, the microcontroller compares these values to see
whether they are within the range required. If the voltage and
current values are out of range as compared to the reference,
it gives an indication of a fault.

17. WORKING OF GSM MODULE- 2
 The microcontroller also calculates the fault distance, relative
to the device based on an impedance-based algorithm and
then relays this information to the modem for transmission. In
summary, the microcontroller classifies, calculates the fault
distance and relays the information to the modem for
transmission via the serial communication interface (SCI)
which serves as an interface between the microcontroller and
the modem. The RS-232 serves as the connector between the
microcontroller’s serial communication port and the modem.
 The device is placed in the boundary of the sectionalized
regions in the transmission system and the location of the fault
is calculated relative to the position of the device. The unique
identity of the SIM card in the GSM modem is used as an
address for the device.

18. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WORKING PROCESS
(GSM).

19. CONCLUSION
 GSM based transmission line monitoring and indication
system that sends information of the same to control room via
SMS. The implemented system design mainly concentrates
on the distribution system. It provides the way to detect the
faults such as wastage of energy and power theft. The system
continuously monitors various parameters of the system. It
also helps to detect the fault at the appropriate time and
hence avoids illegal use of electricity. Automatic monitoring,
analyzing and recording is done on the PC screen through
hyper terminal. The project has continuous monitoring system
integrating the GSM communication technology and the
microcontroller technology. It also represents the hardware
architecture and the software flow. The implementation of the
system will save large amount of electricity and thereby
electricity will be available for more number of consumers in a
highly populated country such as Bangladesh.

20. THANK YOU