The document discusses financial analysis, particularly ratio, fund flow, and cash flow analysis, emphasizing its importance in evaluating a firm's financial position and performance. It outlines various financial statement analysis techniques including horizontal and vertical analysis, and discusses the objectives, potential users, tools, and limitations of financial analysis. Additionally, it provides detailed explanations of liquidity, leverage, activity, and profitability ratios, as well as the significance of cash flow statements in assessing a company's financial health.

1. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
(RATIO ANALYSIS , FUND FLOW/ CASH
FLOW)
SHIVAM GUPTA
SHIVANI GUPTA
SUSHANT GUPTA
SHWETA TALWAR
SHWETANSHU GUPTA
SIDHARTH GUPTA

2. Financial analysis
It is a process of :
 Analyzing and interpreting financial statements.
Analyzing means simplifying the data and interpreting
means explaining the meaning and significance of data so
simplified.
Critically examining the accounting information given in
the financial statements.
 Evaluating relationships between the component parts of
financial statements to obtain a better understanding of firm’s
position and performance.

3. Financial Statements
It is the outcome of summarising process of accounting.
Means of conveying to management, owners and to interested
outsiders a concise picture of profitability and financial
position of the business.
Its purpose is to convey an understanding of financial
aspects of business firm.

4. Objectives / Importance:
• To assess the earning capacity and profitability of firm
• To assess the operational efficiency and managerial
effectiveness.
• To make inter-firm comparisons.
• To make forecasts about future prospects of firm
• To help in decision making and control
• To guide or determine the dividend action
• To identify the reason for change in profitability and financial
position of the firm.
• To assess the progress of firm over a period of time.

5. Potential financial statement
users:
• Creditors
• Investors
• Managers
• Employees
• Taxation authorities
• Shareholders

6. External analysis is conducted by persons outsiders who don’t have
access to the internal accounting records of business firm such as
investors, creditors, govt. agencies, credit agencies and general public.
Internal analysis is conducted by persons who have access to internal
accounting records of a business firm, such as executives and employees
of organization.

7. Horizontal analysis: It refers to the comparison of financial
data of a company for several years. This type is also called ‘
dynamic analysis’ as it is based on the data from year to year
rather than single year.
Vertical analysis: it refers to the study of relationships
of the various items in the financial statements of one
accounting period. It is also called as ‘ static analysis’.

8. Steps of financial analysis:
Establish objectives of the analysis.
Defining extent of analysis.
Reorganization
and
rearrangement of financial data.
Relationship
among
financial
statements with help of tools and
techniques
Interpretation of information
Drawing a conclusion.

9. Limitations:
• It is based on monetary information and
monetary factors are ignored
• It doesn’t consider changes in price level.
• Changes in accounting procedures by a firm
may often make financial analysis misleading
• Analysis is only a means and not the end itself.
The analyst has to make interpretation and draw
his own conclusions.
• Different people may interpret same analysis in
different ways.

10. Tools and Techniques
Comparative statements
Trend- analysis
Fund flow analysis
Cash flow analysis
Ratio analysis
Common-size statements

11. Ratio analysis:
• LIQUIDITY RATIOS
• LEVERAGE RATIOS
• ACTIVITY RATIO
• PROFITABILITY RATIOS

13. Uses:
•
•
•
•
Helps in decision making
Helps in financial forecasting nad planning
Helps in communicating strength and weakness opf a firm
Helps in co-ordinating various business activities to achieve
goals
• Helps in making effective control of the business.
Limitations :
• A single ratio can’t convey much of sense.
• Lack of adequate standards
• Industries differ in nature and hence their ratios can’t be
compared.
• No consideration is made to the changes in price level.

14. Cont’d
• Change in accounting procedures by a firm often make analysis
misleading.
• Financial statements can be easily window-dressed to provide a
better picture of financial and profitable position of business
firm to outsiders.(window dressing)
• Ratio analysis is merely a tool of financial statements. Hence
ratios become useless if separated from statements.

15. LIQUIDITY RATIOS:
• Current Ratio
• Current Assets/Current Liabilities
• Measures ability to meet short-term cash needs
• Quick or Acid Test Ratio
• Current Assets-Inventory/Current Liabilities
• Measure ability to meet short-term cash needs more
rigorously
• Absolute Liquid Ratio
• Cash + short term marketable securities/Current Liabilities
• Focuses on ability of the firm to generate operating cash
flows as a source of liquidity

16. Leverage ratios:
• Debt-to-Equity: Debt/Equity= outsider’s funds/ shareholder’s
funds
The debt/equity ratio, The ratio indicates what proportion of
equity and debt a company uses to finance its assets.
• Debt-to-Capital: funded debt/total capitalisation
The ratio is used to evaluate a firm's financial structure and how
it's financing operations.
• Debt Ratio: Total Liabilities/Total Assets
• All three measure extent of firm’s financing with debt.

17. Activity ratios:
Inventory turnover ratio= cost of goods sold/inventory
• Every firm has to maintain a minimum level of inventory of
finished goods to meet business requirements.
• Inventory turnover ratio indicates whether inventory has been
efficiently used or not.
• Debtors turnover ratio = net credit sales/average trade debtors.
• Indicates number of times average debtors are turned over a
given year.
• Average collection period = no of days or months/debtor
turnover ratio.
• Represents average number of days for which a firm has to
wait before its receivable are converted into cash.

18. • Creditor turnover ratio = credit purchases/average trade
creditors
• Working capital turnover ratio = net sales/working
capital
• Measures efficiency with which working capital is
being used by the firm.

19. Profitability ratio
•
•
•
•
Gross Profit ratio = Gross Profit/Net Sales
Operating Profit ratio = Operating Profit/Net Sales
Net Profit ratio = Net profit/Net Sales
Fixed asset turnover ratio = cost of goods sold/fixed assets
All measure firm’s ability
to translate sales into
Profits.

20. • Return on Investment (or Return on Assets)=
Net Earnings/Total Assets
• Return on Equity= Net Earnings/Stockholders’
Equity
• Both measure overall efficiency of firm in
managing investment in assets and generating
return to stockholders

21. Caution!!
Ratios are valuable, BUT…..
They do not provide answers in
an of themselves and are not
predictive
They should be used with other
elements of financial analysis
There are no “rules of thumb”
that apply to interpretation of
ratios

22. Fund flow analysis
• It is analysis of fund flow statement.
• Fund flow statement indicates various means by
which the funds were obtained during a
particular period and the ways in which these
funds were employed
• In simple words it is analysis of sources and
application of funds.

23. Importance:
• Gives information about amount of working
capital and changes in the amount of working
capital.
• It analyses Balance sheet to reveal the
financing & investing activities.
• It analyses the Profit & Loss Account to reveal
the effect of business activities of the concern
on the flow of funds.
• It is a tool for planning future activities of
business.

24. Fund flow format:

25. Cash flow analysis:
• Cash flow statement is a statement which
describes the inflows(sources) and outflows(uses)
of cash and cash equivalents & depicts the net
change in cash position during a period.
• Cash- comprises of cash in hand and bank.
• Cash equivalents- short term highly liquid
investments readily converted into cash.
• Cash flows: inflows and outflows of cash and
cash equivalents.

26. Classification:
• Cash flow from operating activities- these are
principal revenue producing activities.
• Cash flow from investing activities- the acquisition
& disposal of long term assets & other investments not
included in cash equivalents.
• Cash flow from financing activities- composition of
the owners capital and borrowings of the enterprise.

28. Uses:
• Evaluate management’s abilities to manage cash
now and in the future.
• Assess the company’s ability to pay dividends and
to pay creditors.
• The firms ability to generate future cash flow.
• The financing and investment activities during a
period.