This document summarizes an experiment that tested substituting different percentages of breadcrumbs for ground beef in hamburgers. The experiment had four conditions: a control with no breadcrumb substitution and substitutions of 25%, 50%, and 75% breadcrumbs. Judges evaluated the hamburgers for texture, color, and taste. Results showed significant differences in texture between the control and 50%/75% substitutions. All substitutions significantly changed color compared to the control. Taste was only significantly different between the control and 75% substitution. Volume and tenderness did not significantly change. The conclusion was that breadcrumb substitutions can impact hamburger characteristics but may be an option for those unable to consume beef.
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Factors affecting selection of equipment's
Size required for a given job.
Kind of job for which it will be used
Type of footing over which it will travel or its requires high or low tractive efficiency
Firmness of haul road
Smoothness of haul road
Slope of haul road
Length of haul road
Tractors are machines that converts engine energy into tractive energy ( Pull or push)
Types
1. Crawler Type Tractors
2. Wheel Type Tractors
1. Two wheel type tractors
2. Four wheel type tractors
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
Classification of Building Based on Structure:-
Design Loads
A Building can be broadly divided into two parts;
1. Sub-structure (portion below ground, transmit load to ground<foundation>)
2. Super-structure (portion above Plinth level)
Building components can be summarized as;
•Foundations
•Plinth
•Walls
•Columns & Beams
•Floors
•Doors & Windows (Openings)
•Stairs & Lifts
•Roof
•Lintels and Arches
Symbols For civil engineering Materials & items
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Presented by Michael Blümmel, V. Vadez, N. Seetharama D. V. A. Tonapi, V Bhat, B. V. S. Reddy and C. S. Jones at the Sorghum in the 21st Century Workshop, Cape Town, South Africa, 9 - 12 April 2018
Factors affecting selection of equipment's
Size required for a given job.
Kind of job for which it will be used
Type of footing over which it will travel or its requires high or low tractive efficiency
Firmness of haul road
Smoothness of haul road
Slope of haul road
Length of haul road
Tractors are machines that converts engine energy into tractive energy ( Pull or push)
Types
1. Crawler Type Tractors
2. Wheel Type Tractors
1. Two wheel type tractors
2. Four wheel type tractors
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
Classification of Building Based on Structure:-
Design Loads
A Building can be broadly divided into two parts;
1. Sub-structure (portion below ground, transmit load to ground<foundation>)
2. Super-structure (portion above Plinth level)
Building components can be summarized as;
•Foundations
•Plinth
•Walls
•Columns & Beams
•Floors
•Doors & Windows (Openings)
•Stairs & Lifts
•Roof
•Lintels and Arches
Symbols For civil engineering Materials & items
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Culinary Medicine: Retooling Your Menu and Your Health
Final PPT
1. What’s your beef?
The Effects of Breadcrumb
Substitutions for Ground
Beef in Hamburgers Related
to Lysinuric Protein
Intolerance
Maria Wendt
Fall 2014
Experimental Foods
2. Introduction
What is Lysnuric protein intolerance?
Autosomal recessive trait
Unable to metabolize arginine, lysine, and
orthinine.
Begins when weaned
Severe complications can be fatal
3. Why this disease
and recipe?
Topic chosen with
family help
Common food
among consumers
Lack of knowledge
5. Texture
1________2________3________4________5
Dense Semi dense Airy
Color
1________2________3________4________5
Light Brown Brown Dark brown
Taste
1________2________3________4________5
Not salty Semi salty Very salty
Characteristic 772 464 117 213
Texture a
Color b
Taste c
Dependent
Variables
7. Hypotheses
1) By substituting 75% breadcrumbs for ground beef in
hamburgers, the saltiness will significantly change.
2) By substituting 50%-75% breadcrumbs for ground beef in
hamburgers, the volume will significantly change.
3) By substituting 75% breadcrumbs for ground beef in
hamburgers, the tenderness will significantly change.
8. Results & Discussion
Judges were very accurate! Texture (p=0.927),
Color (p=0.998), and Taste (p=0.926).
Texture: significant difference between control
and 50% breadcrumbs and 75% breadcrumbs
(p=0.000)
-No significant difference between control and
25% breadcrumbs (p=0.590)
Dense or airy burger?
10. Results & Discussion
Color: all variables had an equal
significant difference in color compared
to the control (p=0.000)
Due to lack of beef available to produce
Maillard reaction
Minimal color change- 25% breadcrumbs
12. Results & Discussion
Taste: no significant difference from
control to burgers made with 25%
breadcrumbs (p=0.974) or 50%
breadcrumbs (p=0.358)
Control to 75% breadcrumbs showed a
significant difference (p=0.000)
By substituting 75% breadcrumbs for
ground beef in hamburgers, the saltiness
will significantly change.
-p=0.000 accepted
14. Results: obj.
Volume: By substituting 50%-75%
breadcrumbs for ground beef in
hamburgers, the volume will significantly
change.
Rejected
Tenderness: By substituting 75%
breadcrumbs for ground beef in
hamburgers, the tenderness will significantly
change.
Rejected
15.
16. Limitations
Lack of participants
Availability of equipment
Time constraints
Budget
Outdated ovens
Experimenters and panelists in the same
room
Hard to find articles
17. conclusion
Greatest texture change:
control and 50% breadcrumbs
(p=0.000)
Significant color change in all
variables compared to the
control: all had a p-value of
0.000
Significant difference in taste
between control and 75%
breadcrumbs (p=0.000)
No significant difference in
density and tenderness
19. References
1Sidransky, H, Verney, E. Chemical pathology of diamino acid deficiency: considerations
in relation to lysinuric protein intolerance. J Exp Path. 1985;2(1).
2Parenti, G, Sebastio, G, Strisciuglio, et al. Lysinuric protein intolerance characterized by
bone marrow abnormalities and severe clinical course. J Pediatr and J Pathol. 1995:
126:246-251.
3Sebastio, G, Sperandeo, MP, Andria G. Lysinuric protein intolerance: Reviewing
concepts on a multisystem disease. Am J Med Genet Part C. 2011;157: 54-62.
4Pagon, RA, Adam, MP, Ardinger HH, et al. Lysinuric protein intolerance. NLM Gatew.
Seattle (WA); 1993-2014.
5McWilliams, M. Foods experimental perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Prentice Hall; 2012: 69-89.
6McWilliams, M. Foods experimental perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Prentice Hall; 2012: 45- 67.
7McWilliams, M. Foods experimental perspectives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Prentice
Hall; 2012: 93-103.
application. J Food Eng. 2012: 852-861.
9Sloan, AE. Consumers go with the grain. Dec. 2011: 18.
10Sluimer, P. Principles of breadmaking: functionality of raw materials and process steps.
St. Paul, Minnesota: American Association on Cereal Chemists; 2005.
11Wang, S. Karrech, A, Lieb, K, Bell, S. Digital bread crumb: creation and application. J of
Food Eng.116 (2013); 852-861.
12McNeill, S, Lofgren, P, Van Elswyk, M. The role of lean beef in healthful dietary patterns.
Nutrition Today. 2011.
13Shrestha, A, Cornforth, D, Nummer, BA. Process optimization and consumer
acceptability of salted ground beef patties cooked and held hot in flavored marinade.
J Food Sci. 2010: 75; C607-C612.
14Barber, N, Broz, C. The meat searing process: is sealing in juices fact or fiction? J of
Culinary Sci & Tech. 2011: 9:99-105.
Editor's Notes
For a dense burger, the obvious choice would be 100% ground beef.
For an airy burger, the obvious choice would be the one made with 25% ground beef and 75% breadcrumbs.
So, the less ground beef, the more light in color the burgers would be.
Accepted hypotheses was due to lack of fatty meat containing extra sodium aside from the 6g the recipe called for.