During a workshop at the London International Development Centre on 12 June 2009, Joe Millward gave a nutritionist's overview of animal source foods, illustrated from a UK diet perspective.
Animal Source Foods in the UK Diet: A Nutritional Overview - Joe Millward, Professor of Human Nutrition, University of Surrey
1. Animal source foods in the UK diet: a nutritional overview D Joe Millward Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
2. Meat and dairy foods: consumption patterns 95% OF UK ADULTS EAT MEAT 99% CONSUME MILK/DAIRY Categories of UK vegetarians (total 106/2251)* ASF consumed n (% population) No meat 100 (5) No fish 48 (2.5) No eggs 21 (1) No milk/dairy 15 (0.75) None (vegan) 29 (1.50) *2002 NDNS adult sample
3. Meat and dairy foods: Intakes %energy intake Meat, meat dishes & meat products 15 All dairy products 10 (Liquid milk 5) Meat and dairy foods account for about 25% of energy intakes Current red and processed meat intakes (SACN) ≈ 88g/d for men 52g/d for women
4. The Balance of Good Health UK recommendations for meat & dairy foods Milk and dairy foods About 14% of plate. Important for:- young children >1y<5 (full fat 300mls/d); pregnant women; not babies<1y Eat moderate amounts and choose lower fat versions Meat, fish, eggs, beans & other non-dairy protein sources About 13% of plate. Eat lean meat rather than meat prods. Use smaller quantities of meat in dishes
5. Nutrients from meat & dairy foods in the UK adult diet Nutrient index = % nutrient intake Good source ≥ 2 % energy intake Calcium 4.3 43 iodine 3.8 38 B12 3.6 36 Riboflavin 3.3 33 SFA 2.4 24 phosphorus 2.4 24 Fe(non-haem) 0.1 1 NI %intake Haem-iron 5.7 85 protein 2.4 36 zinc 2.3 34 Niacin 2.3 34 B12 2.0 30 SFA 1.5 22
6. ASF and protein: intakes: Protein intakes increase with ASF intakes. Adult NDNS 1990 1 %available dietary energy UK omnivores: 12.6 UK vegetarians (no meat) 10.2 1 Jackson and Margetts Int J Food Sci Nutr 1993; 44: 95–104 2. Millward unpublished 3 Elliot et al Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:79-87 4 top quartile of veg protein intake, bottom quartile of ASF protein intake 5. bottom quartile of veg protein intake and top quartile of ASF protein intake Elderly NDNS 1998 2 Highest quartile ASF 13.3 Lowest quartile ASF 10.0 INTERMAP study 3 vegetable animal Total %dietary energy Mainly meat eaters 4 5.4 12.0 15.5 Mainly vegetarian 5 9.1 4.3 10.9
7.
8.
9.
10. ASF & Iron: Intakes & vulnerable groups Weaning ≥ 6-8mo: cows milk not recommended until >12 mo., only fortified milk feeds, meat recommended (intake unknown) Preschool (NDNS): iron intake marginal: mean =85%RNI, 16%<RNI, Haem iron intake v-low(<5% total iron), 50% report no meat: Older children, adolescents: boys & prepubertal girls: intakes OK: (total and haem iron) Post pubertal girls, young adult women: major problem: 40-50% have intakes <LRNI Institutionalised elderly: low intakes (haem & non-haem iron)
17. B 12 : Nutritional consequences of low ASF intakes Deficiency syndromes Classical (absorption defect) macrocytic anemia peripheral neuropathy Multifactorial disease involvement birth defects: limited evidence in the UK age related cognitive impairment: good evidence Current concerns Prevalence of poor status is underestimated? usual measures of status are inadequate. poor bioavailability from meat cf milk or fish Increased milk intakes are being recommended Increased fortification is an option.
18.
19. Although controversial and not fully understood reduced dairy food intakes may not have any serious impact on calcium nutrition Calcium: Implications of reduced intakes of dairy foods
20.
21.
22. General health aspects of milk & dairy foods CONFLICTING PROBABLE: NO RECOMMENDATION for MILK, CHEESE, OTHER DAIRY PRODUCTS Convincing Probable Limited- suggestive Milk Milk Exposure Cancer site Decreases risk Exposure Cancer site Increases risk Colorectum Diets high in calcium Prostate Bladder Milk & dairy products Cheese Prostate Colorectum MILK, DAIRY PRODUCTS AND THE RISK OF CANCER WCRF REPORT 2007
23.
24. General health aspects of meat Convincing Probable Limited- suggestive Exposure Cancer site Decreases risk Exposure Cancer site Increases risk Red meat Colorectum Processed meat Colorectum MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS AND THE RISK OF CANCER WCRF REPORT 2007 Red meat Many Processed meat sites Convincing mechanisms through haem (in both red and processed meat) promoting mutagenic carcinogens (N-Nitrosocompound) in colon