Glass is a transparent material that allows light to pass through it, allowing objects behind it to be distinctly seen. It has many uses in architecture and building construction. There are different types of glass including transparent glass, translucent glass, opaque glass, and laminated glass. Transparent glass is the clearest type and allows full visibility. Translucent glass scatters light as it passes through, making images appear blurred. Opaque glass is completely opaque and does not allow light to pass through. Laminated glass is made of two or more glass sheets bonded together with a plastic interlayer, making it stronger and safer if broken.

1. GLASS
GROUP 2
Jivangini
Anurag
Aditya
Abhay
Manisha
Jyoti
Chandan

2. Transparent Glass

3. Introduction
4
● Glass is a transparent material which means it lets light pass through it and allow and
have a clear view of the objects on the other side or allowing light to pass through so that
objects behind can be distinctly seen.
● Glass has been a fascinating material to humankind since it was first made in about 500
BC. At first thought to possess magical properties, glass has come a long way. It is one of
the most versatile and oldest materials in the building industry. From its humble
beginnings as a window pane in luxury houses of Pompeii to sophisticated structural
members in new age buildings, its role in architecture has evolved over the years.

4. Properties
5
the main property of transparent glass is transparency which allows the vision of the outside world through
it. The transparency of glass can either be from both sides or from one side only.
it is brittle in nature
It is capable of being worked in many ways. It can be
blown, drawn or pressed.
It is 100% recyclable, cullets (Scraps of broken or waste
glass gathered for re-melting) are used as raw materi als in
glass manufacture, as aggregates in concrete construction
etc.
It is the fraction of incident solar radiation that actually enters a
building through the entire window assembly as heat gain.
Types
1. Normal glass
2. waterproof glass (used in shuttering and in kitchen areas)

5. Applications:
6
*An extra clear glass is extensively used in
applications where edges of the glass are
visible such as shower frames, table tops, office
desks, shop counters, etc.
*It is used in interior applications, where clear
vision is desired such as doors, windows,
glass partitions, wall cladding, handrails, balust
rades, stairs, etc.
*Extra clear glass is used in laminated glass,
which has more thickness, as float glass will
produce dark green tint, which is undesirable.
*It is used to make glass furniture, which have
visible edges and are of more thickness such
as glass tables, showcases, display cabinets, etc.
*Nowadays, extra clear glass after undergoing
tempering process is used in the manufacturing
of sky – decks and houses on hanging cliffs,
which are popular tourist attraction centre.

6. Disadvantages
1. Cost Manufacturing of glass is a highly energy consuming process due to high
temperatures required for processing the raw materials.
2. enhances the cost of security and privacy because of the transparency but it is costly.
3. Brittle. Glass can breaks into pieces or which can be easily reduced to powder form.
4. The Glass is less impact resistant, so the capability of the glass to withstand an
immediately applied load is very poor. It will immediately break.
5. Etching on Glass surface: The Glass is affected by external hydrofluoric acid, and hence etching
appears occasionally on the glass surface.
6. Corrosion due to alkali solution: The Glass is affected by alkalis ions. Alkali solution
dissolves a glass surface, and if the supply of alkali is more, this type of corrosion takes
place at a uniform rate.

7. Glass
Manufacturing
Process
8

8. 9
It consists of the following steps:
Stage 1- Melting & Refining:
Fine grained ingredients closely controlled for quality, are mixed to make a
batch, which flows into the furnace, which is heated up to 1500 degree
Celsius. This temperature is the melting point of glass.
The raw materials that float glass is made up of are:
SiO2 – Silica Sand
Na2O – Sodium Oxide from SodaAsh
MgO – Dolomite
Al2O3 – Feldspar

9. 10
The above raw materials primarily mixed in batch helps to make clear glass. If certain metal oxides are
mixed to this batch they impart colors to the glass giving it a body tint.
For e.g.
NiO & CoO – to give grey tinted glasses (Oxides of Nickel & Cobalt)
SeO – to give Bronze tinted glasses (oxide of Selenium)
Fe2O3 – To give Green tinted glasses (oxides of iron which at times is also present as impurity in Silica
Sand)
CoO – To give blue tinted glass (oxides of Cobalt)
Stage 2 – Float Bath:
Glass from the furnace gently flows over the refractory spout on to the mirror-like surface of molten tin,
starting at 1100 deg Celsius and leaving the float bath as solid ribbon at 600 deg Celsius.
Stage 3 – Coating (for making reflective glasses):
Coatings that make profound changes in optical properties can be applied by advanced high
temperature technology to the cooling ribbon of glass. Online Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) is the
most significant advance in the float process since it was invented. CVD can be used to lay down a
variety of coatings, a few microns thick, for reflect visible and infra-red radiance for instance. Multiple
coatings can be deposited in the few seconds available as the glass flows beneath the coater (e.g.
Sunergy)

10. Stage 4 – Annealing:
Despite the tranquillity with which the glass is formed, considerable stresses are developed
in the ribbon as the glass cools. The glass is made to move through the annealing lehr
where such internal stresses are removed, as the glass is cooled gradually, to make the
glass more prone to cutting.
Stage 5 – Inspection:
To ensure the highest quality, glass manufacturers carry out inspection at every stage.
Occasionally a bubble that is not removed during refining, a sand grain that refuses to melt
or a tremor in the tin puts ripples in the glass ribbon. Automated online inspection does two
things. It reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. And it enables computers
downstream to steer round the flaws. Inspection technology now allows 100 million
inspections per second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would
be unable to see.
Stage 6 – Cutting to Order:
The entire process of glass making is finally complete when diamond steels trim off selvedge
– stressed edges- and cut ribbon to size dictated by the computer. Glass is finally sold only
in square meters.

11. Translucent glass

12. INTRODUCTION
A substance is called translucent if it allows partial transmission.
The light rays get scattered in the interior of such objects.
Consequently, the light rays emerge out at random directions. If
any object is seen through a translucent material, the image
appears fuzzy or blurred.
Some examples of translucent objects are frosted glass, butter
paper, tissue, various plastics.

13. characteristi
cs
● It only allows half of the light to pass
through.
● It does not follow the law of refraction.
● Images are not formed clearly. They are only
partially formed.
● Seeing through translucent glass is hard.

14. applicatio
ns
● Decorative patterns may be created on plain glass
by using wax .
● Translucent glass has uses for both office and home
environment.
● Given the benefits of privacy and light control that
this glass provides, it makes for the best companion
for your bedroom’s windows.
● To achieve visual privacy while still allowing light to
pass through.
● It plays a vital role in the interiors as Shower screens
, Partitions , Cabinets and shelves and Bathroom
doors and windows.
● It is also used in various places like Attics ,home
libraries, kitchen gardens and bathrooms.

15. manufactur
ing
● This style of glass has a frosted appearance and is produced by sandblasting or acid-
etching clear sheet glass.
● By creating a marked surface on one side of the pane, the light is scattered and
diffused. The effect is that it blurs images while still allowing light to pass through. The
frosted glass effect can also be achieved with the application of vinyl film.
● It undergoes a process of rapid heating and cooling to make it a durable glass. The
ingredients include a wallpaper paste, a white powder pigment of pavment and a sort
of PVA glue which is acid free. After the addition of water, all the items are mixed
vigorously, apart from the glue which is added later. After the mixture settles down, the
glue is added to the glass mixture so that it applies onto the glass perfectly.
● The final touches are put using a stencil and a painter’s type. It is left to dry after which
the glass is ready to use.

16. Types of translucent
glass
● Sandblasted Glass
● Satin Glass
● Acid Etched Glass

17. ● Sandblasted Glass: It is made by spraying and at high
velocities over the surface of the glass .This gives the glass a
translucent surface ,which is usually rougher than that
obtained by etching.
● Satin Glass: It is produced by the sandblasting or acid
etching of clear sheet glass. It has the effect of rendering
the glass translucent by scattering of light during
transmission.
● Acid Etched Glass: is produced by acid etching the glass to
form an obscure and smooth surface. This glass admits light
while providing softening and vision control.

18. Pros and
cons

19. Reasons to use translucent glass
● This Easy to clean.
● Offers a beautiful ambience.
● Allows more safe and harmless sunlight to pass through.
● Promotes privacy,
● Improves the living Space.
● It also can be tempered, laminated, painted etc.

20. OPAQUE
GLASS

21. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
 In technical terms, FROSTED GLASS is a clear sheet of glass that is turned
OPAQUE through the process of sandblasting or acid etching. Because of
light scattering during transmission, the glass comes out as translucent,
obscuring visibility even as it transmits light.
 This effect of frosting can also be achieved by applying a film of vinyl that
acts as a stencil on the surface of the glass or through canned FROSTED
GLASS.

22.  The FROSTED GLASS production requires a thorough cleaning
of the glass surface before beginning the frosted glass process.
 Frosted glass frosting formula is mixed with wallpaper paste,
white powder paint pigment, water, and acid free PVA glue. All
ingredients are mixed well, except the glue until having a pudding
texture for the frosted glass project. Once this texture is achieved, a
drop of glue is added so that the mixture will adhere to the glass.
 The stencil should be placed on the glass, using painters tape to
secure it to the glass surface. The frosted glass mixture is applied
using a stiff brush over the stencil. This is continued until all of the
areas of the glass that we want to turn into frosted glass have been
coated.

23. APPLICATIONS PURPOSE
 To achieve visual privacy while still allowing light to pass
through.
 Decorated patterns may be created on plain glass by using wax
or other inhibitors to retain transparent areas.
 Frosted glass in light bulbs is used for evenly distributing the
light from the bulb’s filament across it’s surface area.
 To distribute light uniformly in a photographic contact printer.

24. APPLICATIONS PLACES
 BEDROOMS
 ATTICS
 HOME LIBRARIES
 OFFICES
 KITCHEN
 BATHROOMS

26. LAMINATED
GLASS

27. ● Laminated glass (sometimes called toughened
laminated glass) comprises two or more layers
of glass sandwiched together with tear-resistant
Plastic film interlayers (usually polyvinyl butyral
(PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA).
● The aim is to create a glass composite
which
can absorb the energy of a person or
object that strikes it, preventing
penetration of the pane and potential
injuries that might result from flying
fragments of broken glass.
● An additional benefit of laminated glass is
that
most ultraviolet radiation can be blocked
by the PVB or EVA interlayer. Thermoset
EVA layers can block up to 99.9% of UV
rays.
INTRODUCTION

28. • Laminated glass can be used for safety or security
reasons. It is used for architectural applications
where for example, the glass could fall from a
heights and shatter, and also for roof, balcony and
terrace balustrading , as well as for skylights .
• It can also be used as a decorative material due
to the wide variety of interlayers available, e.g.
colored, textured, meshed or patterned. It is
particularly useful for windows and shopfronts in
areas prone to hurricanes.
• The laminated glass is used as cover, facades,
balconies, guardrail, doors, windows,
partitions, showcase, floorings and others.
• The laminated glass is used as cover, facades,
balconies, guardrail, doors, windows, partitions,
showcase, floorings and others.
APPLICATION

29. MANUFACTURING
● Bonding together the alternating layers of,
typically annealed glass, and plastic film is
usually achieved through the use of heat
and pressure created by an autoclave.
● Manufacture can involve using heat-
strengthened glass, which, when it breaks,
does so into large pieces held in the frame
by the PVB inter- layer. Or it can be made
from tempered glass, where the sheet may
fall out of the frame but will mostly stay
together due to the interlayer.
● Digital printing for special effects can be
created by printing on to the glass prior to
laminating or printing onto the interlayer.

30. • Laminated Glass Is Less Dangerous When Broken
• If you are concerned about break-ins in your
neighborhood, regular safety-standard glass is
liable to break quite easily when impacted.
• This means, in one swift blow, a burglar could
have access to your home
• Burglars Can’t Use Glass Cutters
• Less Sound Transfer
• If sound is a concern of yours, consider the fact that
laminated glass greatly reduces sound going in or
out of your house as it passes through a laminated
glass window.
ADVANTAGE

31. • Poor Installation Can Lead To Many Problems
• The number one way that you can not reap any of the benefits
of laminated glass is to install it incorrectly.
• For instance, to take full advantage of the sound-dampening
properties of laminated glass, it must be installed correctly
with the exact right fit and with sufficient airspace between the
two panes.
• If this is done incorrectly, it may not work as needed. You
may need to consult a professional for this job if you are
not one yourself.
DISADVANTAGE

32. The Laminated glass common have Three types:
EVA Laminated Glass,
PVB laminated glass and
SGP Laminated Glass.
Polyvinyl butyral (or PVB) is a resin mostly used for applications that require strong binding,
optical clarity, adhesion to many surfaces, toughness and flexibility. It is prepared from polyvinyl
alcohol by reaction with butyraldehyde.The major application is laminated safety glass for
automobile windshields. Trade names for PVB-films include KB PVB, Saflex, GlasNovations,
Butacite, WINLITE, S-Lec, Trosifol and EVERLAM. PVB is also available as 3D printer filament
that is stronger and more heat resistant than polylactic acid (PLA).
● SGP is called the ionic interlayer film (SentryGlas Plus), which is a high-performance
interlayer developed by DuPont. Its high performance is:
Excellent mechanical properties and high strength. At the same thickness, the SGP
interlayer bearing capacity is twice that of PVB; under the same load and thickness, the bending
deflection of SGP laminated glass is one quarter of PVB;
EVA ‘s cost performance is higher. Compared with PVB and SGP, EVA has better fluidity, lower
melting temperature and can be processed at temperatures up to 110 °C.
EVA has a good fluidity of the film layer, and can be subjected to a process such as wire drawing
and engraving in the film layer to produce a beautiful decorative glass with a pattern and a pattern.
EVA has good water resistance, but its UV resistance is weak. It is easy to yellow and black in
long-term sun exposure, so it is mainly used for indoor partitions

33. CONFIGURANTS
Laminated glass is available in various
thicknesses and configurations. A typical glass-
layers configuration can comprise 2.5mm glass –
0.38mm interlayer – 2.5mm glass, resulting in
‘5.38 laminated glass’.
Thicker glass and multiple laminates giver a
stronger Product. Thicker configurations such
as double– or triple-laminate with interlayers
(int) can include the following:
DOUBLE LAMINATE
6mm - int - 6mm.
8mm - int - 8mm.
10mm - int -
10mm.
TRIPLE LAMINATE
● 6mm - int - 6mm - int -6mm.
● 8mm - int - 8mm - int -8mm.
● 10mm - int - 10mm - int -
10mm.
LAMINATED GLASS cost very form 200 sqm to
3500 sqm

34. Toughened Glass

35. • Tempered or toughened glass is a
type of safety glass.
• Controlled thermal or chemical
treatments to increase its strength
compared with normal glass.
• 5-6 times as hard to break as ordinary glass
panes.
• Tempering puts the outer surfaces into
compression and the interior into tension.
Such stresses cause the glass, when broken,
to shatter into small granular chunks instead
of splintering into jagged shards as ordinary
annealed glass does.
• The granular chunks are less likely to cause
injury.
• Tempered glass is used for its safety
and strength in a variety of
applications..

37. Manufacturing
There are mainly two ways in which glass can be toughened
Tempering glass with heat and cold
• Most toughened glass is made by tempering.
• A process in which ordinary glass is heated
up to a temperature of around 620° for some
time
• Than abrupt cooling using jets of cold air.
• As result, the outside of the glass is forced
into compression while the inside remains
free to float for some time (creating tension
on the inside).
• The higher the thermal expansion of the
glass and the lower its thermal conductivity,
the higher will be the level of residue
stresses, and the stronger will be the

38. Tempering glass withchemical
reactions
• It involves forcing asurface layer of
glassat least 0.1 mm thick into
compressionby ion exchangeof the
sodium ions in the glasssurfacewith
potassium ions (which are 30%
larger) by immersion of the glass
into abath of molten potassium
nitrate.
• Chemical toughening results in
increased toughness compared
with thermal tempering and can be
applied to glassobjects of complex
shapes.

39. Properties • It is five times stronger than regular glass of the same size and
thickness, which means it can withstand a much harder hit without
breaking and is less prone to shattering.
• Toughened glass is difficult to break and even if it breaks, it will
shatter into small pieces which are blunt and do not cause fatal
injuries. Thus it is widely used as safety glass.
• Tempered glass has high resistance to electric and thermal breakage.
• Toughened glass has almost twice the soundproofing abilities of
standard glass.
• Toughened glass is more durable and less prone to breakage than
standard glass.
• Toughened glass is a material that is extremely flexible and versatile,
which means that you can use as it per your needs and
requirements.
• Toughened glass cannot be cut or re-sized. Thus before the
process of tempering, the glass should be cut to the desired
size.

40. Application
• Toughened glass is used where
strength, thermal resistance, and
safety are important considerations.
• For example, Passenger vehicles.
Since they are stored outdoors, they
are subject to constant heating and
cooling as well as dramatic
temperature changes throughout the
year.
• Windows
• shower doors
• Aquariums
• architectural glass doors
• tables
• refrigerator trays
• bulletproof glass components
• diving masks, etc

41. • Toughened glass is used in
lifts, facades
• Skylights which not only look
visually striking but also
maximize the use of natural
light, which reduces energy
usage.
• Toughened glass is also used in
some common household
furniture and appliances that
use toughened glass are glass
shelves, cabinet glass and
glass for fireplaces.

42. Types of toughened
glass
• Clear toughened glass
• Laminated toughened
glass
• Reflective toughened
glass
• Tinted toughened glass
• Frosted toughened glass

43. Advantages
• Toughened glass is 5-6 times stronger than normal float
glass.
• Toughened glass can withstand massive
differences in temperature.
• Toughened glass is difficult to break.
• Toughened glass is highly resistance to electric and thermal
shock.
• It is highly durable.

45. Disadvantages
• Re-sizing, re-cutting and re-working on a toughened glass is not
possible.
• Tempered glass must be cut to size or pressed to shape
before tempering.
• Polishing the edges or drilling holes in the glass is
carried out before the tempering process starts.
• Because of the balanced stresses in the glass, damage to any portion
will eventually result in the glass shattering into thumbnail-sized
pieces.
• Although the strength of tempered glass is stronger than ordinary
glass, tempered glass has the possibility of self-explosion
(self-rupture) when the temperature difference changes greatly.
• Using tempered glass can pose a security risk in some situations
because of the tendency of the glass to shatter completely upon hard
impact.
• The surface of tempered glass does exhibit surface waves caused by
contact with the rollers. This waviness is a significant problem in
manufacturing of thin film solar cells.

46. GLASS
BRICK

47. INTRODUCTION
• Glass bricks also known as glass block are
hollow translucent architectural item
manufactured from glass.
• Glass bricks are available in many different
style
,texture ,size ,form and colour .
• It is provide visual obscuration while
admitting light and serve as a decorative
addition to an architectural structure .

48. MANUFACTURING OF GLASS BRICK -
STEP 1-
• Four Ingredients required –limestone,sand,soda ash and cullet.
• Heat up in furnance at 2700° C.
• Ingreduents mixed together and molten, they will be poured into
moulds.
• Pattern will be imprinted.

49. STEP 2
• Cooled down from 1800°C to 1100°C. This will
help them to keep their new shape.
• Transported into sealing machine that joins the block
together
to make complete block.
• To ensure glass temperature kept constant, they
will need to pass through several burner.
STEP 3
• Block will continue to be reheated Untill the
edge start melting.
• In squeeze station where the machine force
bottom half and top half of the block .
• Molten edges create a single block.
• The block will now cooled down at 175°C.

50. STEP 4
• A special type of Liquid binder is going to be used in order to bind
mortar on it sirface.
• A product code will be applied by special inkjet printer.
• The seal between two halves and the strength of sidesurface Is
going to be checked by worker.
• When the inspection is over
, the glass blocks will be packaged using
cardboard boxes and loaded into trucks so they can be transported to the
clients who orderedthem.

51. Construction
method
Glass wall blo•cks are fixed together to form
complete walls by several methods –
• The most common method of construction is to
bed the blocks together in a Portland cement-
based mortar with reinforcing rods of steel
placed within the mortar as recommended by
the project architect or block manufacturer.
• Other methods of construction include several
proprietary systems whereby the mortar is
replaced by timber or PVC extrusions.

52. Types of glass
brick
• 1.WAVY GLASS BLOCK WINDOWS:
• The most popular type for home windows is commonly used as basement home windows.
• The wavy pattern allows light to flow but still provides privacy.
• 2.CLARITY GLASS BLOCKSWINDOW:
• This glass does not provide privacy, such glass blocks home windows are commonly used
for kitchen windows.
• Consequently, provide a maximum amount of light.

53. • 3.ICE GLASS BLOCKS WINDOW:
• These are popularly used as toilet
windows.
• This appears due to the frosted pattern
that also considers gentle, but not
visibility.
• 4.DIAMOND GLASS BLOCKS
WINDOWS:
• Unlike wavy and ice blocks, the
diamond glass blocks are clean for
contact because the pattern is inside
the blocks.

54. Uses Of Glass
Brick
• They are used in interior decoration for all commercial and residential buildings.
• Glass blocks wall panels can also be used in bathrooms that accept lightand beauty of the
bathroom.
• These blocks can be used for wall cladding work on the exterior of commercial buildings that
enhance the beauty of the building.
• These blocks can be used to add light and illusion to space in a walk-in shower.
• Glass blocks work well as windows as they give light

55. Advantages of
Glass Brick
1. Glass blocks permits natural gentle to cross.
2. It provides privacy.
3. Is available in a wide range of options.
4. Also, provides safety.
5. It provides tolerance.
6. It provides good thermal and sound insulation.
7. They are extremely resistant.

56. Disadvantages Of Glass
Brick
1. Glass manufacturing is a high energy consumption process due to the
high temperatures required for processing raw materials.
2. There is corrosion due to alkali solution.
3. They are brittle.
4. Unsafe for earthquake-prone areas.

57. AVAILABILI
TY
•

58. Glass Block, For
Construction, Size: 9x9
Inch
Transparent Casting glass
bricks,
For Home, Size: Standerd
Multicolor Glass Brick, For
Partition, Size: 7.5 X 7.5
Inches
Transparent Glass
Bricks, For Indoor,
Size: 190 Mm X 190
Mm

59. MARKET SURVEY

60. TRANSPARENT
• Price of transparent glass depends upon the thickness
of the glass being purchased.
• The thickness varies From 4MM to 10MM mainly.
• Top Glass Manufacturing Companies in India: Asahi
India Glass Ltd, Borosil Renewables Ltd, La Opala RG
Glass Thickness Rate per sqft
4MM 35 Rs.
6MM 50 Rs.
8MM 60-65 Rs.
10MM 100-120 Rs.

61. TRANSLUSCEN
T
S.NO. TYPE THICKNESS PRICE
1 Frosted glass 2mm Rs.15/ sq. inch
2 Frosted glass 5mm Rs.40/ sq. ft
3 Sandblasted frosted
glass
5mm Rs.200/sq. ft
4 Frosted glass 10mm Rs.60/ sq. ft
5 Decorative translucent
glass
10mm Rs.180/ sq. ft
6 Decorative translucent
glass
18mm Rs.2000/sq. m

63. TOUGHENED
Thickness PRICE
5mm 100
6mm 120
8mm 170
10mm 200
12mm 225

64. GLASS Rate
RESIN LAMINATED GLASS ₹350/SQ FEET (6 TO 10mm)
RED PVB LAMINATED GLASS ₹550/SQ FEET(13,14mm)
PVB LAMINATED GLASS ₹150-440/SQ FEET(AS PER REQUIREMENT)
EVA LAMINATED GLASS ₹156/SQ FEET
LAMINATED GLASS
RED PVB LAMINATED
GLASS
RESIN LAMINATED
GLASS
PVB laminated glass
EVA LAMINATED
GLASS

65. GLASS BRICK
Manufacturer Rate
Perfect Glass & Aluminium Work ₹110/piece
Banaras Glasses Pvt Ltd ₹140/piece
SIZES
AVAILABLE -
6” X 8” X 4”
4” X 8” X 4”
6” X 6” X 4”
8” X 8” X 4”

66. Thank you