This document provides step-by-step instructions for installing doors and windows. For doors, it describes measuring the opening, aligning the frame and securing it with wedges, installing the door panel with hinges and the lockset. For windows, it explains confirming the sub-frame layout, fixing the main frame, installing the glazed panel with gaskets, and checking the operation. Common door and window types are also defined, such as fixed, casement and awning windows. The document aims to clearly explain the installation process for these building elements.

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48. INSTALLATION OF DOORS
Step 1
!Confirm the location of the door on the plan. Verify the dimensions
of the opening that is instructed in the plans.
!Ensure that the rough whole to be slightly larger then the door
frame and sub-frame.
HEADER
STUD
Door Terms
Rough Door
Opening
HINGES
SILL
DOOR PANELS
CASTING
TRIM
JAMB
Step 2
Align the sub-frame and frame accordingly to the setting
out line. In our site, sub frame plaster is used on the
setting out line to grout the gap in so that it will
disallow water flow between the sub-frame and the wall
from external sources like blown rain fall etc.
Step 3
After reconfirming the alignment of the door frame.
Secure the frame temporarily using timber wedges while
ensuring the vertical and horizontal alignments are
intact. This is to insure that the doors would not collide
with the floor, ceilings or walls when being interacted
with.
Step 4
The main frame, architrave and door panels should
already be delivered to the unit where the door is being
installed at. Insure the openings for the installation of
the ironmongery such as the hinges and the lock set
should already been cut out to minimize site cutting.

49. Mortice
Lock
Lever
Handles
Cylinder
Locks
Step 5
Apply bonding agents on the main frame and the
sub-frame. On our site, silicon was requested because it
is resistant to water. Once the agent is secures, only
remove the timber wedges to reduce any chances of the
frame moving when the bonding is still hardening.
Step 6
Secure the main frame with nails to further secure it in
place.
Step 7
Select the correct door panel and install it with the
hinges. A electric screwdriver is recommended for
consistency on the security on all hinges.
Step 8
Check and select the proper lockset for the doors and
install it. Insure that the ironmongery are working
smoothly by just swinging the door open and close.
• Mortise lock is housed within a mortise
cut into a door edge so that the lock
mechanism covered and concealed on
both sides
• The faceplate at the door edge, knobs
and operating trim are not concealed
• Requires a backset : 64mm for 35mm
doors or 70mm for 45mm doors
• Lever handles are generally used more in
this site
• Push-type mechanism are more easier
for people with disabilities as well
• Lever Handles can be incorporated with
mortise locks as well, which would be
the case in our site
• Cylinder locks houses two holes that is
right angle to each other, one through
the lock stile of a door and the other in
the door edge
• This locks are inexpensive and are really
easy to install
• Requires a backset : 2-3/8” (60mm) is
standard but 2-3/4 (70mm) for heavier
duty doors

50. INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS
Step 1
Confirm the setting out of the sub-frame and anchor the sub-frames
to the wall. The sub-frame would be bonded with sub frame plaster
as well.
Step 2
The anchor heads and joints should be sealed with
sealant for effective water tightness.
Step 3
After completion of all the water trades around the
window opening, the main frame is then fixed onto the
sub-frame. Be careful when installing, might cause
physical damage to the sub-frames.
Step 4
After completion of all the water trades around the
window opening, the main frame is then fixed onto the
sub-frame. Be careful when installing, might cause
physical damage to the sub-frames.
Main Window Frame
• The main frame is
fitted into the
sub-frame
• Followed by the
inner frame
• And lastly an
aluminum exterior
casing for the
finishing
Rough Opening
• Confirmed setting
out for the sub-
frame
Casing Trim
• This casing refers
to the finishing
trimwork
generally on the
inside of the
building.
• A form of
beautifying the
interior
Inner Window Frame
• This is the frame
where the sash
and glazed
window panels are
fitted in
Step 5
Non-shrink grout should then be used to prevent cracks
and water seepage around the window. Approved
waterproofing compound should be used in the mortar
mix to enhance the water tightness performance of the
grout.
Advantages
• More economical
• Factory mass produced, more convenient
• Easy maintenance
• Easy to install
• Efficient conduction for heat
• Comes in many finishes
• Required more shipping space but it
reduces field labor
Aluminium
Frame

51. Step 6
With the usage of suction cups, the glazed window
panel are fitted in with gasket at the corners of the
glass panel. The gasket is placed between the glass
panel and the inner frame/main frame (if it is a
fixed window) to obtain a good fitting to hold the
glass panel in place and to prevent water seepage.
Step 7
The inner frame of casement window is fixed to the
main frame using friction stays. The friction stays
are fixed using adequate number of stainless steel
screws or rivets. The screws/rivets are then sealed
with sealant for water tightness.
Step 8
The alignment and operation of the window panel
should be checked before and after the
installation . For the installation of awning window
and fixed window panels are similar of the
casement window.
• It gives 0% ventilation
• It is a fixed window that consist
of a frame and a stationary sash
• Its main purpose is to allow light
to enter only
• Commonly comes in rectangular
shapes, either horizontal or
vertical
• It gives 100% ventilation when
opened fully
• This window type has operating
sashes that are side-hinged and
sings outwards
• This windows are placed at the
side of a set of fixed windows
mostly on our site
• It gives 100% ventilation when
opened fully
• This window type has operating
sashes that swings outwards on a
hinge on top of the frame
• When open it forms a directional
ventilation. This windows are mainly
found in toilets, for awnings, they
direct the ventilation downwards.
Fixed
Casement
Awning

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ROOFING+ROOFING
ELEMENTS
THERE ARE MULTIPLE FORMS OF ROOFING THAT ARE USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY. THE WHOLE
IDEA OF A ROOF IS TO ACT AS A BUILDING EVELOPE, WHICH IS TO PROVIDE A SHEILDING FROM THE
EXTERNAL NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ( RAIN, SUNLIGHT, HEAT, WIND & SNOW DEPENDING ON THE
GEOLOGICAL LOCATION OF THE SITE. FURTHERMORE IT ACTS AS A FRAMING STRUCTURE THAT
COMPLETES THE STRUCTURE OF A CONSTRUCTION.
!
OFTEN THE CHARECTERISITICS OF THE ROOF DEPENDS UPON THE CONCEPT AND/OR THE PURPOSE OF
THE BUILDING. THE TYPE OF CLADDING THAT IS USED FOR SURFACE AS WELL AS THE CHOICE OF
MATERIAL.
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