An energy management system (EMS) monitors, controls, and optimizes electric utility grids. EMS originally used proprietary hardware but now commonly uses standard platforms like UNIX, Linux, and Windows. EMS also provides dispatcher training simulators. Waste management involves collecting, transporting, processing, and disposing of waste to reduce health and environmental impacts. Common waste disposal methods include landfilling, incineration, and recycling/resource recovery. Proper waste management requires considering waste transport, technologies, concepts like the waste hierarchy, and different waste types such as municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and biomedical waste.
The document discusses several waste-to-energy technologies: incineration, gasification, thermal depolymerization, pyrolysis, plasma gasification, anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and mechanical biological treatment. It provides brief definitions and descriptions of each technology, explaining their basic processes for converting waste into energy in the form of electricity, heat, or combustible fuels like methane or synthetic fuels.
ENERGY FROM SOLID WASTE- SOURCE,TYPES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONSGowri Prabhu
This document discusses energy from solid waste, including the sources and types of solid waste and various technologies for converting waste into energy. It describes thermochemical, biochemical, and physicochemical conversion pathways. Thermochemical processes include incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis which convert organic waste into energy through combustion or thermal degradation. Biochemical and physicochemical methods like anaerobic digestion and transesterification convert waste into fuels like methane, ethanol and biodiesel. While waste-to-energy has benefits, public concerns remain around air pollution and potential groundwater contamination from ash.
Incineration of plastic Watste, Energy recovery from plastic wasteJaynish Amipara
Recovery of energy from plastic waste through the incineration.
Recycling of plastic waste.Incineration of plastic Waste.
Recycling of plastic waste.
Energy recovery from plastic Waste.
Environmental benefits of thermochemical conversionkinjal2112
This document discusses different types of conversion technologies used to convert solid waste into useful products, chemicals, and fuels. It describes three main types: biochemical, physiochemical, and thermochemical. Thermochemical processes like gasification, pyrolysis and incineration can produce liquid fuels, electricity, heat, steam, chemicals and activated carbon from waste. These processes provide environmental benefits over landfilling by reducing waste volume and creating useful energy and products from materials that would otherwise be disposed of. However, non-biogenic carbon dioxide is also produced through these thermochemical conversions.
Thermal conversion Technologies: Incineration, Pyrolysis and GasificationAdarsh Singh
Thermal conversion technologies like incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification can be used to treat solid waste. Incineration involves high-temperature combustion of waste to produce ash, flue gas, and heat. Pyrolysis converts waste to liquid, gas, and char at high temperatures without oxygen. Gasification converts waste to syngas at high temperatures using air or steam. Each process has advantages like volume reduction and energy recovery, but also challenges for implementation in India like requiring high calorific waste and high capital costs. Fixed bed and fluidized bed reactors are common for gasification.
1. The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management and waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It provides details on MSW generation rates in different parts of the world and the waste management hierarchy.
2. Methane emissions from landfills contribute significantly to global warming. WTE through combustion can reduce methane emissions compared to landfilling while also generating renewable energy from the biogenic fraction of MSW.
3. The document describes the WTE combustion process and flue gas cleaning technologies used to minimize air pollutant emissions. Ash management and the potential environmental concerns with incineration are also discussed.
The document discusses various waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It notes that population growth and increasing waste and energy demands have created environmental and economic challenges. WTE provides a solution by enabling renewable energy generation from waste through processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Common WTE technologies include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas. Selection criteria for WTE technologies include considering economy, environment, energy recovery potential, emissions control, and waste characteristics.
The document discusses several waste-to-energy technologies: incineration, gasification, thermal depolymerization, pyrolysis, plasma gasification, anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and mechanical biological treatment. It provides brief definitions and descriptions of each technology, explaining their basic processes for converting waste into energy in the form of electricity, heat, or combustible fuels like methane or synthetic fuels.
ENERGY FROM SOLID WASTE- SOURCE,TYPES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONSGowri Prabhu
This document discusses energy from solid waste, including the sources and types of solid waste and various technologies for converting waste into energy. It describes thermochemical, biochemical, and physicochemical conversion pathways. Thermochemical processes include incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis which convert organic waste into energy through combustion or thermal degradation. Biochemical and physicochemical methods like anaerobic digestion and transesterification convert waste into fuels like methane, ethanol and biodiesel. While waste-to-energy has benefits, public concerns remain around air pollution and potential groundwater contamination from ash.
Incineration of plastic Watste, Energy recovery from plastic wasteJaynish Amipara
Recovery of energy from plastic waste through the incineration.
Recycling of plastic waste.Incineration of plastic Waste.
Recycling of plastic waste.
Energy recovery from plastic Waste.
Environmental benefits of thermochemical conversionkinjal2112
This document discusses different types of conversion technologies used to convert solid waste into useful products, chemicals, and fuels. It describes three main types: biochemical, physiochemical, and thermochemical. Thermochemical processes like gasification, pyrolysis and incineration can produce liquid fuels, electricity, heat, steam, chemicals and activated carbon from waste. These processes provide environmental benefits over landfilling by reducing waste volume and creating useful energy and products from materials that would otherwise be disposed of. However, non-biogenic carbon dioxide is also produced through these thermochemical conversions.
Thermal conversion Technologies: Incineration, Pyrolysis and GasificationAdarsh Singh
Thermal conversion technologies like incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification can be used to treat solid waste. Incineration involves high-temperature combustion of waste to produce ash, flue gas, and heat. Pyrolysis converts waste to liquid, gas, and char at high temperatures without oxygen. Gasification converts waste to syngas at high temperatures using air or steam. Each process has advantages like volume reduction and energy recovery, but also challenges for implementation in India like requiring high calorific waste and high capital costs. Fixed bed and fluidized bed reactors are common for gasification.
1. The document discusses municipal solid waste (MSW) management and waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It provides details on MSW generation rates in different parts of the world and the waste management hierarchy.
2. Methane emissions from landfills contribute significantly to global warming. WTE through combustion can reduce methane emissions compared to landfilling while also generating renewable energy from the biogenic fraction of MSW.
3. The document describes the WTE combustion process and flue gas cleaning technologies used to minimize air pollutant emissions. Ash management and the potential environmental concerns with incineration are also discussed.
The document discusses various waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies. It notes that population growth and increasing waste and energy demands have created environmental and economic challenges. WTE provides a solution by enabling renewable energy generation from waste through processes like combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion. Common WTE technologies include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas. Selection criteria for WTE technologies include considering economy, environment, energy recovery potential, emissions control, and waste characteristics.
The Presentation cover all details related to Electricity Generation from Waste Material, Which is very good technlogy. In this we can find that, how we are creating this energy, and how we are using.
Feniks Waste Management LTD provides thermal waste treatment technologies and has experience designing waste-to-energy plants. Their mission is to contribute to a sustainable environment through advanced technology solutions for waste management. They offer integrated solutions for municipal solid waste treatment including sorting, composting, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and flue gas cleaning.
The document summarizes waste management practices. It discusses different types of waste generated from households, commerce, and industries. It then describes various waste management methods like landfills, recycling, energy recovery from waste, and ways to reduce waste generation. The key responsibilities for waste management and important aspects like education and awareness are also highlighted.
A better way to treat solid and liquid wastes is via robust technologies such as the Clark-CWTI-Evergreen Integrated Waste-to-Energy Conversion System (IWECS). IWECS provide an efficient means of reducing the volumes of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and sewage.
Viable E waste treatment Incineration vs Non IncinerationRohit Shinde
Content:
What is Electronic Waste?
How these become E-Waste
Generation of E-waste by Countries
Why E-Waste a Problem?
Constituents of E-Waste
E-Waste Processing steps
Methods for E-Waste treatment
Incineration – Process Description, Types, Advantage and Disadvantage
Non-Incineration – Process Description, Types, Advantage and Disadvantage
Did you know?
Conclusion
This document discusses treatment of medical waste using fluidized bed incineration. It provides an overview of the types of medical waste and its harmful effects. Fluidized bed incineration is presented as a suitable technique for medical waste treatment. It involves burning waste in a bed of hot sand or other material to destroy pathogens. The document outlines the characteristics of waste suitable for incineration and discusses the fluidized bed incinerator design and process. It also notes the advantages of incineration in destroying waste but acknowledges it can emit pollutants if not operated properly.
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Incineration: A Poor Solution for the 21st Century, by Dr Paul ConnettFrankie Dolan
Dr Connett's presentation regarding incineration that was given at Ivybridge, Devon, UK on 3rd February 2010. The presentation was to inform the residents of the area regarding the facts of incineration and its alternatives, as they fight against the proposed incinerator at Lee Mill. This is the full version of the presentation, 247 slides long. There will shortly be available a slimmer version containing the most important slides. Find out more about the campagin against the incinerator at http://www.ecoivy.org
This PPT will give the information about what is incenaration and what is the process that will happen in the incenaration and how it is applied for civil Engineering.
Presentation On Waste Management SystemsVasu Malhotra
This document proposes a 3 part waste management solution: 1) A smart city that collects organic waste and sends it to a biogas plant while recycling inorganic waste. 2) A large-scale biogas plant that converts organic waste into biogas using microorganisms. 3) An electricity generator that uses the biogas to generate electricity which can power the smart city and be added to the energy grid. The biogas plant also produces nutrient-rich fertilizer from the waste residues.
Solid waste as renewable source of energyAnuKiruthika
This document discusses solid waste as a renewable source of energy. It identifies the main types of solid waste produced in Libya - municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial solid waste (ISW), and healthcare solid waste (HSW) - and estimates the annual quantities of each. It then examines various methods for managing solid waste, including open dumping, landfilling, composting, biochemical conversion (e.g. anaerobic digestion and fermentation), thermochemical conversion (e.g. combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction), and mechanical extraction. The conclusion states that solid waste holds great potential as a biomass source in Libya but that more sustainable waste management practices are still needed.
Ravi Kant provides a summary of public private partnerships in municipal solid waste management. Key points include:
- Private operators can more effectively manage waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal through established facilities due to their specialization and 24/7 operations.
- Under PPP models, the government provides land and signs long-term concession agreements with private operators who invest capital to establish and operate waste treatment facilities, recovering costs through tipping fees paid per ton of waste managed.
- When properly implemented, PPPs in waste management provide benefits to waste generators, governments, and private operators, while most importantly protecting the environment through scientific waste handling.
Eco-friendly Techniques of Solid Waste ManagementMohammad Aquib
The document discusses various eco-friendly techniques for solid waste management. It describes waste management as including collection, transportation, and processing of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Some key techniques discussed include landfilling, incineration, recovery and recycling, composting, plasma gasification, and converting waste to energy. Landfilling focuses on burying waste in the ground, while incineration reduces waste volumes through high-temperature burning. Recovery and recycling convert waste into new products. Composting and plasma gasification provide additional processing methods. The document emphasizes the importance of waste minimization techniques like reducing, reusing, and recycling waste.
Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems and their impacts on the environment. The goal is to promote more sustainable development by closing material loops and mimicking natural ecosystems. Key aspects include using a multidisciplinary systems approach, minimizing waste by using byproducts from one industry as inputs for others, and applying principles from ecology like nutrient cycling to industrial systems. An example is the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis which exchanges materials and energy between companies to reduce environmental impacts and costs.
Waste management involves the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of waste, as well as monitoring and regulation. It also includes the legal framework around guidance for recycling. Modern concepts of waste management focus on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste over disposal. Improper waste management can lead to environmental contamination of air, soil, surface water and groundwater. It can also negatively impact public health and the economy. However, proper waste management through recycling saves resources, prevents pollution, and creates jobs and economic opportunities.
The document discusses various methods to reduce the operational energy usage of buildings. It covers improving the building envelope through more efficient materials with better insulation values and solar heat gain coefficients. It also discusses efficient lighting technologies, energy efficient appliances for heating and air conditioning, using renewable energy sources like wind and solar, and implementing energy monitoring systems. The goal is to work towards net zero buildings that produce as much energy as they consume.
Elizah created an action plan to investigate how to control industrial waste disposal from March 10-19, 2012. The plan involved collecting data on definitions, types, and control methods of industrial waste over a period of 5 days. On March 15, Elizah compiled the information and on March 19 passed it to an assessor via email. The overall aim was to understand how to manage industrial waste and control disposal in the environment.
This document provides an introduction to solid waste incineration. It discusses the basics of the incineration process and combustion chemistry. The document classifies different types of waste and characterizes waste properties important for combustion such as heating value and moisture content. It describes the mechanisms of primary and secondary combustion. The primary combustion process involves drying, volatilization, and burnout of solids. Secondary combustion is needed to fully destroy unburned gases, vapors, and particulates. Operational parameters like excess air levels and their impact on combustion efficiency and gas temperatures are also covered.
The Presentation cover all details related to Electricity Generation from Waste Material, Which is very good technlogy. In this we can find that, how we are creating this energy, and how we are using.
Feniks Waste Management LTD provides thermal waste treatment technologies and has experience designing waste-to-energy plants. Their mission is to contribute to a sustainable environment through advanced technology solutions for waste management. They offer integrated solutions for municipal solid waste treatment including sorting, composting, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and flue gas cleaning.
The document summarizes waste management practices. It discusses different types of waste generated from households, commerce, and industries. It then describes various waste management methods like landfills, recycling, energy recovery from waste, and ways to reduce waste generation. The key responsibilities for waste management and important aspects like education and awareness are also highlighted.
A better way to treat solid and liquid wastes is via robust technologies such as the Clark-CWTI-Evergreen Integrated Waste-to-Energy Conversion System (IWECS). IWECS provide an efficient means of reducing the volumes of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and sewage.
Viable E waste treatment Incineration vs Non IncinerationRohit Shinde
Content:
What is Electronic Waste?
How these become E-Waste
Generation of E-waste by Countries
Why E-Waste a Problem?
Constituents of E-Waste
E-Waste Processing steps
Methods for E-Waste treatment
Incineration – Process Description, Types, Advantage and Disadvantage
Non-Incineration – Process Description, Types, Advantage and Disadvantage
Did you know?
Conclusion
This document discusses treatment of medical waste using fluidized bed incineration. It provides an overview of the types of medical waste and its harmful effects. Fluidized bed incineration is presented as a suitable technique for medical waste treatment. It involves burning waste in a bed of hot sand or other material to destroy pathogens. The document outlines the characteristics of waste suitable for incineration and discusses the fluidized bed incinerator design and process. It also notes the advantages of incineration in destroying waste but acknowledges it can emit pollutants if not operated properly.
World Bank estimated, in 2025 the production of municipal solid waste will be 2.2 billion tones worldwide. With this amount, we are more and more polluting our own environment. Seven to eight percent of the total greenhouse gas emissions arise from continued landfilling. EfW (WtE) does not only decrease the volume of waste, it also protects natural resources like land and water. There is no additional need for landfills, where leakage can occur and pollute our tap water. It also protects air and climate because the regulations by law for EfW are more stringent than for coal fired power plants or any other industry. EfW plants decrease the greenhouse gases which come from landfill.
Incineration: A Poor Solution for the 21st Century, by Dr Paul ConnettFrankie Dolan
Dr Connett's presentation regarding incineration that was given at Ivybridge, Devon, UK on 3rd February 2010. The presentation was to inform the residents of the area regarding the facts of incineration and its alternatives, as they fight against the proposed incinerator at Lee Mill. This is the full version of the presentation, 247 slides long. There will shortly be available a slimmer version containing the most important slides. Find out more about the campagin against the incinerator at http://www.ecoivy.org
This PPT will give the information about what is incenaration and what is the process that will happen in the incenaration and how it is applied for civil Engineering.
Presentation On Waste Management SystemsVasu Malhotra
This document proposes a 3 part waste management solution: 1) A smart city that collects organic waste and sends it to a biogas plant while recycling inorganic waste. 2) A large-scale biogas plant that converts organic waste into biogas using microorganisms. 3) An electricity generator that uses the biogas to generate electricity which can power the smart city and be added to the energy grid. The biogas plant also produces nutrient-rich fertilizer from the waste residues.
Solid waste as renewable source of energyAnuKiruthika
This document discusses solid waste as a renewable source of energy. It identifies the main types of solid waste produced in Libya - municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial solid waste (ISW), and healthcare solid waste (HSW) - and estimates the annual quantities of each. It then examines various methods for managing solid waste, including open dumping, landfilling, composting, biochemical conversion (e.g. anaerobic digestion and fermentation), thermochemical conversion (e.g. combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, liquefaction), and mechanical extraction. The conclusion states that solid waste holds great potential as a biomass source in Libya but that more sustainable waste management practices are still needed.
Ravi Kant provides a summary of public private partnerships in municipal solid waste management. Key points include:
- Private operators can more effectively manage waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal through established facilities due to their specialization and 24/7 operations.
- Under PPP models, the government provides land and signs long-term concession agreements with private operators who invest capital to establish and operate waste treatment facilities, recovering costs through tipping fees paid per ton of waste managed.
- When properly implemented, PPPs in waste management provide benefits to waste generators, governments, and private operators, while most importantly protecting the environment through scientific waste handling.
Eco-friendly Techniques of Solid Waste ManagementMohammad Aquib
The document discusses various eco-friendly techniques for solid waste management. It describes waste management as including collection, transportation, and processing of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Some key techniques discussed include landfilling, incineration, recovery and recycling, composting, plasma gasification, and converting waste to energy. Landfilling focuses on burying waste in the ground, while incineration reduces waste volumes through high-temperature burning. Recovery and recycling convert waste into new products. Composting and plasma gasification provide additional processing methods. The document emphasizes the importance of waste minimization techniques like reducing, reusing, and recycling waste.
Industrial ecology is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems and their impacts on the environment. The goal is to promote more sustainable development by closing material loops and mimicking natural ecosystems. Key aspects include using a multidisciplinary systems approach, minimizing waste by using byproducts from one industry as inputs for others, and applying principles from ecology like nutrient cycling to industrial systems. An example is the Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis which exchanges materials and energy between companies to reduce environmental impacts and costs.
Waste management involves the collection, transport, treatment, and disposal of waste, as well as monitoring and regulation. It also includes the legal framework around guidance for recycling. Modern concepts of waste management focus on reducing, reusing, and recycling waste over disposal. Improper waste management can lead to environmental contamination of air, soil, surface water and groundwater. It can also negatively impact public health and the economy. However, proper waste management through recycling saves resources, prevents pollution, and creates jobs and economic opportunities.
The document discusses various methods to reduce the operational energy usage of buildings. It covers improving the building envelope through more efficient materials with better insulation values and solar heat gain coefficients. It also discusses efficient lighting technologies, energy efficient appliances for heating and air conditioning, using renewable energy sources like wind and solar, and implementing energy monitoring systems. The goal is to work towards net zero buildings that produce as much energy as they consume.
Elizah created an action plan to investigate how to control industrial waste disposal from March 10-19, 2012. The plan involved collecting data on definitions, types, and control methods of industrial waste over a period of 5 days. On March 15, Elizah compiled the information and on March 19 passed it to an assessor via email. The overall aim was to understand how to manage industrial waste and control disposal in the environment.
This document provides an introduction to solid waste incineration. It discusses the basics of the incineration process and combustion chemistry. The document classifies different types of waste and characterizes waste properties important for combustion such as heating value and moisture content. It describes the mechanisms of primary and secondary combustion. The primary combustion process involves drying, volatilization, and burnout of solids. Secondary combustion is needed to fully destroy unburned gases, vapors, and particulates. Operational parameters like excess air levels and their impact on combustion efficiency and gas temperatures are also covered.
Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)mamdouh sabour
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
The document discusses various techniques for processing solid waste including incineration, baling, shredding, compaction, and separation of materials. The goals of processing are to improve waste management efficiency, recover useful materials like paper, plastic and metals, and recover energy through processes like incineration. Specific processing methods covered include mechanical volume reduction through compacting, chemical reduction through incineration, size reduction through shredding and grinding, and component separation techniques like air separation, magnetic separation and screening. The document also discusses drying and dewatering of waste, biochemical conversion through anaerobic digestion, and landfilling as a disposal method.
This document provides information about waste management. It discusses:
- Waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The goal is to recover resources and reduce waste's impact on health and the environment.
- Management approaches differ between developed and developing nations, as well as urban and rural areas. Residential waste is usually managed by local governments, while commercial/industrial waste is managed by generators.
- Key waste management concepts include the waste hierarchy, extended producer responsibility, and the polluter pays principle.
- The waste management market in India was valued at INR 10 billion in 2008 and is projected to reach INR 27 billion by 2013. The main waste streams managed are municipal,
This document discusses various topics related to waste management. It begins by defining waste management and describing the different types of solid waste. It then outlines the key issues in waste management such as generation, minimization, removal, transportation, treatment, recycling, and disposal. The document also discusses the history of waste management and various methods for waste disposal including landfills, incineration, and recycling. It covers sustainability aspects, different waste handling systems, as well as the central principles and benefits of effective waste management.
This document provides an overview of refuse disposal systems and incineration. It defines terms like refuse, municipal solid waste, and solid waste management. It describes sources of refuse and how improper disposal can impact health. Methods of disposal discussed include dumping, landfilling, composting, incineration, and burial. Incineration is described as a method that reduces volume and sterilizes waste through controlled burning at high temperatures. The document outlines the incineration process and types of incinerators used.
The document discusses the issues around e-waste (electronic waste) and provides recommendations for its management. E-waste poses threats to human health and the environment if improperly disposed of, as components can leach hazardous materials like lead into soil and water. The document recommends that governments establish regulations and programs for e-waste, industries adopt reduction and recycling practices, and citizens participate in safe donation or recycling of obsolete electronics.
Energy Producing Hot Water For CogenerationAlison Hall
This document summarizes a proposed residential solar power project. It would analyze the feasibility and costs/benefits of residential solar systems for average US households. Key points included:
- Comparing average household grid electricity usage and costs to costs of installing a solar system
- Considering environmental impacts, government incentives, and electricity cost savings over time
- Demonstrating that solar could benefit households by supplementing or replacing grid electricity
- Noting solar is inconsistent, so a backup power source is still needed, but technology is improving for 24/7 solar generation
This document discusses power quality issues related to waste-to-energy generation in India. It provides background on distributed generation and defines power quality. Waste-to-energy works by converting non-recyclable waste into heat, fuels, and electricity through processes like incineration and gasification. However, the intermittent nature of waste-to-energy generation can negatively impact power quality on distribution grids. The document outlines some solutions to power quality issues, such as unified power quality conditioners and energy storage systems. It also discusses constraints facing the waste-to-energy sector in India like a lack of segregated waste and high costs.
This document discusses ways that air conditioning systems can enhance green technology. It describes three key ways:
1) Using propane as a refrigerant instead of harmful gases, as propane has low environmental impact and is non-toxic.
2) Implementing hydronic radiant heating and cooling systems which reduce the need for mechanical air conditioning and are more efficient.
3) Employing ice-powered air conditioners which use ice made from off-peak electricity to provide cooling and reduce energy consumption.
1. The document discusses green technology and its importance in addressing issues like global warming.
2. It defines green technology as technology that is environmentally friendly and developed to conserve natural resources without disturbing the environment.
3. The goals of green technology discussed are to reduce waste, fuel consumption, and resource usage while increasing recycling, renewable energy adoption, and developing a sense of environmental responsibility.
1. The document discusses green technology and its importance in addressing issues like global warming.
2. It defines green technology as technology that is environmentally friendly and developed to conserve natural resources without disturbing the environment.
3. The goals of green technology discussed are to reduce waste, fuel consumption, and resource usage while increasing recycling, renewable energy adoption, and developing a sense of environmental responsibility.
Global warming is a serious problem that is addressed through green technologies. The document outlines 10 examples of green technologies: 1) emissions treatment to reduce greenhouse gases from industries, 2) waste-to-energy technologies that generate energy from waste, 3) advanced recycling and waste management technologies, 4) biofuels produced from waste, 5) wastewater treatment technologies, 6) solar energy systems, 7) wave and tidal energy technologies, 8) eco-friendly vehicles, 9) smart buildings that generate their own energy, and 10) vertical gardens and indoor farming that conserve resources. While green technology has advanced, more remains to be done to implement solutions to reduce pollution and waste globally.
The document discusses various types of waste and waste management methods. It describes hazardous waste as highly toxic waste and non-hazardous waste as other municipal and household waste. Various disposal methods are discussed, including landfills, incineration, recycling, biological reprocessing, and energy recovery from waste.
Waste management involves the collection, transportation, processing, and disposal of waste materials in an effort to reduce their impact on human health and the environment. It is important to properly manage waste to prevent issues like disease, pollution, and injury. All personnel have a responsibility to properly segregate waste streams and dispose of waste according to the project's waste management plan. Effective waste management methods include reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, landfilling, and incineration. Proper labeling and containment of waste is necessary to safely handle materials.
This document provides an overview of energy from waste (EfW) technologies for decision-makers. It describes the different EfW technologies including combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas capture. It explains that EfW can help reduce the UK's dependency on energy imports, reduce carbon emissions, and contribute to renewable energy targets. However, barriers to the uptake of EfW include difficulties obtaining planning permission for large EfW plants and inconsistencies in financial incentives like the Renewable Heat Incentive that need to be addressed.
This document provides information on pyrolysis technology for generating clean energy from waste. Pyrolysis involves thermally decomposing organic materials at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen to produce syngas, oils, and biochar. A key company discussed utilizes modular pyrolysis systems to treat various waste streams like municipal solid waste, medical waste, plastics, and sewage sludge. The systems generate electricity via steam turbines while minimizing emissions and toxic waste. Various feedstocks are discussed along with their energy outputs. Municipal waste pyrolysis is highlighted as producing enough electricity daily for a city of 110,000 people with zero emissions.
Climate Change: A Business Guide to Action PlanningPECB
The document provides an overview of climate change and climate action planning. It discusses the greenhouse effect, impacts of climate change, sources of emissions, and governments' legal frameworks and carbon pricing initiatives. It then covers why businesses should plan for climate action, how to define and take action through measuring carbon footprints and selecting strategies. The major areas for climate action are identified as electricity and heating, buildings, water, transportation, refrigeration, materials and waste, and land use.
This document provides an overview of emerging green technologies. It discusses the goals of green technology, which include reduce, recycle, refuse, renew, and responsibility. The main branches of green technology covered are green chemistry, green energy, green IT, green building, and green nanotechnology. Examples of eco-friendly building materials and green vehicles are also mentioned. Principles of green chemistry focus on preventing waste and using safer chemicals and solvents. Overall the document serves to introduce various aspects of green technology and sustainable practices.
The document discusses the design of Novec 1230 gas fire suppression systems for a library and store/pharmacy in a hospital. It includes calculations to determine the hazard volumes, required agent quantities, number and sizes of cylinders, pipe sizes, and pressure venting requirements. Design layouts are also provided. The key advantages of using Novec 1230 are highlighted as protecting the environment and valuable/irreplaceable items without causing damage like traditional agents.
Abraham Maslow was an influential American psychologist who developed the theory of a hierarchy of needs consisting of physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Maslow's hierarchy proposes that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other needs, and that unsatisfied lower level needs will dominate their behavior. The hierarchy of needs theory suggests that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy and that lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs can be fulfilled.
The document discusses several barriers to effective listening and strategies to overcome them. It describes 8 common barriers: 1) Thinking you know the answer before letting the speaker finish, 2) Trying to be helpful by focusing on solving the speaker's problem rather than listening, 3) Treating discussions as competitions to be won rather than opportunities to understand others, 4) Having ulterior motives like trying to influence or impress the speaker, 5) Reacting strongly to "red flag" words due to personal beliefs, 6) Believing that language precisely conveys meaning without clarification, 7) Filtering what is heard through your own experiences, and 8) Being distracted by internal responses rather than focusing on the speaker. The document provides strategies for
Proxemics is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact and how use of space can impact comfort levels. There are different zones of personal space including intimate, personal, social, and public distances. Cultural differences also impact comfort with proximity. Proxemics research examines topics like crowding and how density, interaction levels, control, and other factors influence perceptions of space. Environmental psychology further studies relationships between the physical environment and human behavior, seeking to understand and address issues like noise pollution, density, and feelings of crowding.
The document discusses various types of building automation and security systems. It describes alarm capabilities that can notify people through different methods. It also outlines fire detection systems and their components. Security systems can be integrated and use occupancy sensors as burglar alarms. Fire systems can override building controls and shut down air handling or open smoke doors. Home automation allows remote monitoring through internet-connected cameras. Proximity systems use electromagnetic fields to detect intruders. CCTV cameras should be integrated with alarms. Biometric systems identify users through physical traits for access control.
FIRE HAZARD:
A fire hazard is any situation in which there is a greater than normal risk of harm to people or property due to fire
For a fire to start- 3 things needed
Raw water should be treated to make it potable/fit for drinking. So a line of treatments should be followed to treat the water. After Coagulation and sedimentation the process of filtration and disinfection are followed.
This document discusses subsoil drainage systems. It introduces the purpose of subsoil drainage to drain subsurface water and increase stability. The key principles are that subsoil drains create a hydraulic gradient to lower the water table by placing a conduit below the water table where the head is less than in the soil. Common drain types include rubble drains, geotextile-lined drains, and perforated pipe drains, which are the most effective at rapidly conveying water. Drain layout, dimensions, conduit design, pipe gradient, and drain envelopes are design considerations.
The document discusses several key points about an upcoming project including its goals, timeline, and challenges. It aims to redesign the company's website to improve the customer experience and generate more sales over the next year. There are risks involving the technical requirements and coordination between departments that must be addressed during development.
National building code for residential apartments in indiaVinod Kumar Nehta
The document discusses India's National Building Code (NBC). It provides standardized requirements for building design and construction to protect public health, safety and welfare. The NBC regulates building construction and use. It covers administrative rules, development controls, building requirements, fire safety, materials, structural design, construction, and building services like electricity and plumbing. Buildings must satisfy the NBC or face penalties. It requires lifts in tall buildings and fire safety measures like staircases and sprinklers. The NBC provides guidelines for construction of foundations, handrails, parapets and more. It aims to ensure buildings are safe for occupants.
Ergonomics is the study of fitting jobs and workplaces to human capabilities. It aims to maximize productivity while minimizing risks of musculoskeletal disorders. There are three types of ergonomics - physical, cognitive, and organizational. As a facilities planner, one should apply ergonomic principles to provide a safe work environment and workstations. Proper ergonomics can prevent injuries by reducing risk factors like repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and static loading.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
Call8328958814 satta matka Kalyan result satta guessing➑➌➋➑➒➎➑➑➊➍
Satta Matka Kalyan Main Mumbai Fastest Results
Satta Matka ❋ Sattamatka ❋ New Mumbai Ratan Satta Matka ❋ Fast Matka ❋ Milan Market ❋ Kalyan Matka Results ❋ Satta Game ❋ Matka Game ❋ Satta Matka ❋ Kalyan Satta Matka ❋ Mumbai Main ❋ Online Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Tips ❋ Milan Chart ❋ Satta Matka Boss❋ New Star Day ❋ Satta King ❋ Live Satta Matka Results ❋ Satta Matka Company ❋ Indian Matka ❋ Satta Matka 143❋ Kalyan Night Matka..
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024SEOSMMEARTH
Buy Verified Payoneer Account: Quick and Secure Way to Receive Payments
Buy Verified Payoneer Account With 100% secure documents, [ USA, UK, CA ]. Are you looking for a reliable and safe way to receive payments online? Then you need buy verified Payoneer account ! Payoneer is a global payment platform that allows businesses and individuals to send and receive money in over 200 countries.
If You Want To More Information just Contact Now:
Skype: SEOSMMEARTH
Telegram: @seosmmearth
Gmail: seosmmearth@gmail.com
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666Stone Art Hub
Stone Art Hub offers the best competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai, ensuring affordability without compromising quality. With a wide range of exquisite marble options to choose from, you can enhance your spaces with elegance and sophistication. For inquiries or orders, contact us at ☎ 9928909666. Experience luxury at unbeatable prices.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb PlatformSabaaSudozai
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
1. Safety, security and control:
Energy Control:
An energy management system (EMS) is a system of computer-aided tools used by operators
of electric utility grids to monitor, control, and optimize the performance of the generation and/or
transmission system. The monitor and control functions are known as SCADA; the optimization
packages are often referred to as "advanced applications".
The computer technology is also referred to as SCADA/EMS or EMS/SCADA. In these respects,
the terminology EMS then excludes the monitoring and control functions, but more specifically
refers to the collective suite of power network applications and to the generation control and
scheduling applications.
Manufacturers of EMS also commonly supply a corresponding dispatcher training simulator
(DTS). This related technology makes use of components of SCADA and EMS as a training tool
for control centre operators. It is also possible to acquire an independent DTS from a non-EMS
source such as EPRI
Operating systems
Up to the early 1990s, it was common to find EMS systems being delivered based on proprietary
hardware and operating systems. Back then EMS suppliers such as Harris Controls (now GE),
Hitachi, Cebyc, Siemens and Toshiba manufactured their own proprietary hardware. EMS
suppliers that did not manufacture their own hardware often relied on products developed by
Digital Equipment, Gould Electronics and MODCOMP. The VAX 11/780 from Digital
Equipment was a popular choice amongst some EMS suppliers.
As proprietary systems became uneconomical, EMS suppliers began to deliver solutions based
on industry standard hardware platforms such as those from Digital Equipment (later Compaq),
HP, IBM and Sun. The common operating system then was either DEC OpenVMS or UNIX. By
2004, various EMS suppliers including Areva, ABB and OSI had begun to offer Windows based
solutions. By 2006 customers had a choice of UNIX, LINUX or Windows-based systems. Some
suppliers including NARI, PSI-CNI and Siemens continue to offer UNIX-based solutions. It is
now common for suppliers to integrate UNIX-based solutions on either the SUN Solaris or IBM
platform. Newer EMS systems based on blade servers occupy a fraction of the space previously
required. For instance, a blade rack of 16 servers occupy much the same space as that previously
occupied by a single MicroVAX server.
Other meanings
Energy efficiency
In a slightly different context EMS can also refer to a system in an organization to achieve
energy efficiency through well laid out procedures and methods, and to ensure continual
2. improvement, which will spread awareness of energy efficiency throughout an entire
organisation.
Automated control of building energy
The term Energy Management System can also refer to a computer system which is designed
specifically for the automated control and monitoring of those electromechanical facilities in a
building which yield significant energy consumption such as heating, ventilation and lighting
installations. The scope may span from of a single building to a group of buildings such as
university campuses, office buildings, retail stores networks or factories. Most of these energy
management systems also provide facilities for the reading of electricity, gas and water meters.
The data obtained from these can then be used to perform self-diagnostic and optimization
routines on a frequent basis and to produce trend analysis and annual consumption forecasts.
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal,managing and
monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity,
and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste
management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of
consumption of natural resources. The management of wastes treats all materials as a single
class, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, and tried to reduce the harmful
environmental impacts of each through different methods.
Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural
areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for non-hazardous waste
residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local
government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste
is usually the responsibility of the generator.
Methods of disposal
Landfill
Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste, and this remains a common practice
in most countries. Landfills were often established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining
voids or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and
relatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly designed or poorly
managed landfills can create a number of adverse environmental impacts such as wind-blown
litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of liquid leachate. Another common byproduct of
landfills is gas (mostly composed of methane and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic
waste breaks down anaerobically. This gas can create odour problems, kill surface vegetation,
and is a greenhouse gas.
Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate such as clay or
plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally compacted to increase its density and
3. stability, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats). Many landfills also
have landfill gas extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out of the
landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.
Incineration
Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as
to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for disposal of residue
of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water management.This process
reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume. Incineration and
other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment".
Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam and ash.
Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry. It
is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical method of
disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste). Incineration is
a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of gaseous pollutants.
Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more scarce, as these facilities
generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste
(EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam
or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been concerns
about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular concern has focused on
some very persistent organics such as dioxins, furans, PAHs which may be created which may
have serious environmental consequences.
Energy recovery
The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct
combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal treatment
ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel (see
above), to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and
gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high
temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process usually occurs in a sealed vessel
under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid and gas
products. The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or refined into other chemical
products (chemical refinery). The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as
activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic
materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The
gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to pyrolisis is high temperature
and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation).
Resource Recovery
Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts to
offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of
4. broad studies have indicated that administration, source separation and collection followed by
reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and compost/fertilizer production of
the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favoured path.
Avoidance and reduction methods
An important method of waste management is the prevention of waste material being created,
also known as waste reduction. Methods of avoidance include reuse of second-hand products,
repairing broken items instead of buying new, designing products to be refillable or reusable
(such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags), encouraging consumers to avoid using
disposable products (such as disposable cutlery), removing any food/liquid remains from cans,
packaging, ...[1] and designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for
example, lightweighting of beverage cans).[2]
Waste handling and transport
Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste
collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies
in the industry. Some areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not have a formal
waste-collection system. Examples of waste handling systems include:
In Europe and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary
collection system known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a
vacuum system. Other vacuum-based solutions include the MetroTaifun single-line and ring-
line systems.
In Canadian urban centres curbside collection is the most common method of disposal,
whereby the city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In
rural areas people often dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste
collected is then transported to a regional landfill.
In Taipei, the city government charges its households and industries for the volume of
rubbish they produce. Waste will only be collected by the city council if waste is disposed in
government issued rubbish bags. This policy has successfully reduced the amount of waste
the city produces and increased the recycling rate.
In Israel, the Arrow Ecology company has developed the ArrowBio system, which takes
trash directly from collection trucks and separates organic and inorganic materials through
gravitational settling, screening, and hydro-mechanical shredding. The system is capable of
sorting huge volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning the rest into biogas
and rich agricultural compost. The system is used in California, Australia, Greece, Mexico,
the United Kingdom and in Israel. For example, an ArrowBio plant that has been operational
at the Hiriya landfill site since December 2003 serves the Tel Aviv area, and processes up to
150 tons of garbage a day.[3]
While waste transport within a given country falls under national regulations, transboundary
movement of waste is often subject to international treaties. A major concern to many countries
in the world has been hazardous waste. The Basel Convention, ratiefied by 172 countries today,
shall prevent movement of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries. The
5. provisions of the Basel convention have been integrated into the EU waste shipment regulation.
Nuclear waste, although considered hazarous, does not fall under the jurisdiction of the Basel
Convention.
Technologies
Traditionally the waste management industry has been slow to adopt new technologies such as
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags, GPS and integrated software packages which enable
better quality data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data entry.
Technologies like RFID tags are now being used to collect data on presentation rates for
curb-side pick-ups.
Benefits of GPS tracking is particularly evident when considering the efficiency of ad hoc
pick-ups (like skip bins or dumpsters) where the collection is done on a consumer request
basis.
Integrated software packages are useful in aggregating this data for use in optimisation of
operations for waste collection operations.
Rear vision cameras are commonly used for OH&S reasons and video recording devices are
becoming more widely used, particularly concerning residential services.
Waste management concepts
Diagram of the waste hierarchy.
There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used concepts include:
Waste hierarchy - The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which
classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste
minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization
strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from
products and to generate the minimum amount of waste see: resource recovery.
Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party
pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this
generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of
the waste.
Solid waste can be classified into different typesdepending on their source: 1) Industrial waste as
hazardous waste 2) Household waste is generally classified as municipal 3) Biomedical waste or
hospital waste as infectious waste and 4) E-waste Electronic wastes such as TV's, refrigerators
and computer waste
Hazardous Waste
Detection of traces of toxic chemicals in drinking water supplies, in polar ice caps, groundwater
sources and episodes such as those in Minamata Bay, Japan and Love Canal, USA have focused
the attention of the public worldwide on the risks posed by the inappropriate disposal of
6. hazardous waste and accidental release of toxic chemicals into the environment. In India the
concern and need to manage the hazardous waste generated in the country in a scientific manner
was felt only in the mid-eighties after the occurrence of the Bhopal gas tragedy on 2/3 December
1984. The Government's attention was then drawn towards environmental damage and the
casualties that hazardous chemical substances and toxic wastes can cause. The MoEF (Ministry
of Environment and Forests) enacted an umbrella act i.e., the Environment (Protection) Act in
1986. Subsequent to this Act, in order to prevent indiscriminate disposal of hazardous waste, the
MoEF promulgated the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules in 1989, and
efforts to inventorise hazardous waste generation were initiated1. Due to the liberalised policy
the pace of industrialization has been accelerated, which has resulted in increasing amounts of
hazardous wastes every year. This along with a growing amount of municipal solid waste due to
rapid urbanisation and hospital waste continues to remain a daunting issue of environmental
concern to India.
Municipal Solid Waste
There has been a significant increase in the generation of MSW (Municipal Solid Wastes) in
India over the last few decades. This is largely a result of rapid population growth in the country.
The daily per capita generation of municipal solid waste in India ranges from about 100 g in
small towns to 500 g in large towns. The solid waste generated in Indian cities has increased
from 6 million tones in 1947 to 48 million tones in 1997 and is expected to increase to 300
million tones per annum by 2047 (CPCB, 2000). The characteristics of MSW collected from any
area depends on a number of factors such as food habits, cultural traditions of inhabitants,
lifestyles, climate, etc1. At present most of the MSW in the country is disposed off
unscientifically (i.e.) lack of 'sanitary landfill'. This has adverse impacts on not only the
ecosystem but also on the human environment. Unscientific disposal practices leave waste
unattended at the disposal sites, which attracts birds, rodents, fleas etc., to the waste and creates
unhygienic conditions like odour, release of airborne pathogens, etc. The plastic content of the
municipal waste is picked up by the rag pickers for recycling either at primary collection centers
or at dumpsites. Plastic are recycled mostly in factories, which do not have adequate
technologies to process them in a safe manner. This exposes the workers to toxic fumes and
unhygienic conditions. Moreover, since the rag picking sector is not organised, not all the
recyclables, particularly plastic bags, get picked up and are found littered everywhere, reaching
the drains and water bodies ultimately and chokingthem1.
Components of Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and demolition debris,
sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is generated mainly from residential and
commercial complexes. In Tamil Nadu due to urbanization and change in lifestyle and food
habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its composition
changing
Waste Management
7. The type of litter generated and the approximate time it takes to degenerate
Type of litter Approximate
time it takes to
degenerate
Organic waste such
as vegetable and
fruit peels, Leftover
foodstuff, etc.
a week or two.
Paper 10-30 days
Cotton cloth 2-5 months
Wood 10-15 years
Tin, aluminum, and
other metal items
such as cans
100 to 500 years
Woolen items 1 year
Plastic bags One million years?
Glass bottles Undetermined
General composition of the municipal solid wastes
Biodegradable matter 50%
Glass 4%
Plastics 3%
Paper 5%
Metals 1%
Leather and rubber 1%
Rags 5%
Household hazardous 1%
Inert materials 30%
8. Bio-Medical waste:
Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or
animals or in research activities in these fields or in the production or testing of biological. It
may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical waste, cultures, discarded
medicines, chemical wastes, etc. These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages,
body fluids, human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious threat to
human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate manner. It has been roughly
estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be infectious
E-Waste
Electronic waste or E-waste as it is popularly called is a collective terminology for the entire
stream of electronic wastes such as used TV's, refrigerators, telephones, air conditioners,
computers, mobile phones etc. computer waste is the most significant of all waste due to the
gigantic amounts as well as the rate at which it is generated. In addition, its recycling is a
complex process that involves many hazardous materials and poses significant environmental
and health hazard. E-waste is of particular concern to India currently. India is setting a shining
example not only in the IT sector, but unfortunately, also in importing e-waste. The primary
source of computer waste in India is imports from developed countries though, recently,
domestic waste also has shot up due to the astounding growth in the IT sector and its application
in various new sectors, including governance.
Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Amended Rules, 2003: These define
hazardous waste as “any waste which by reason of any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic,
flammable, explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger, or is likely to cause danger, to
health or environment, whether alone or when on contact with other wastes or substances. “In
Schedule 1, waste generated from the electronic industry is considered as hazardous waste.
DGFT (Exim policy 2002-07): The Director General of Foreign Trade under the Ministry of
Commerce governs the EXIM policy, and as per the Para2.17 of EXIM Policy, 2002-07 which
says: "All second hand goods shall be restricted for imports and may be imported only in
accordance with the provisions of this Policy, ITC (HS), Hand book (Vol.1), Public Notice or a
licence/ certificate/ permission issued in this behalf5."
Preparation
♦ Always read the exhibit safety guidelines before preparing and setting up your exhibit
A risk assessment must be completed if your exhibit is a fire risk, if you are using
food products, if you are using lasers, if you are using chemicals, if you are using
biological materials, if your exhibit has moving or sharp parts, if your exhibit has
hot or cold surfaces, if your exhibit is suspended or if your exhibit may pose
some other risk.
♦ Use of human and animal blood product and waste products is not permitted.
9. ♦ Use of deceased animals or animal parts is also not permitted.
Installation precautions
♦ If you require the use of contactors or the help from someone other than a COFA staff
member they must UNDERGO A SITE INDUCTION before they start work and they
must sign in and out each day. They can do this at the facilities office.
♦ No items are allowed to be set-up in front of fire doors, stairways, doorways or
within the fire stairs
♦ If your exhibit is over 16kg ensure you have help lifting and installing the item
♦ All items must be secured so they do not fall on anyone
♦ Items with sharp, pointed, hot or cold surfaces or moving parts must be
cordoned off to prevent people coming into contact with them
Electrical precautions
♦ ALL electrical appliances, power boards and power cords must be tested and
tagged before installation and the tag must be in date.
If your items are not tested and tagged take them to resources centre for testing.
♦ When installing cables try to run them so they do not need to run across pathways.
♦ If it is absolutely necessary to run a cable across a pathway ensure it is tapped down.
♦ Avoid joining numerous extension cables and power boards together. Measure the length of the
cable you will need and use one long extension cable.
♦ The use of Double adapters is not permitted.
Use power boards that have been tested and tagged.
♦ When installing a number of exhibits in a room consider the loading of the power circuit
♦ Do not run cables over fans
Fire safety precautions
♦ Never place or wrap Foil or flammable materials around lights
♦ Combustible materials must not be placed over electrical items, speakers, power boards or
power points and there must be sufficient air space around the equipment to prevent overheating
♦ Never block emergency exits
♦ When installing items in pathways ensure there is sufficient space for people to pass by. i.e. at
least 1m wide
10. ♦ If you are using candles, oil burners or incense sticks a risk assessment must be completed and
an inspection by the OHS coordinator or OHS committee member must take place
Lighting safety precautions
• Combustible materials (particularly fabric) should be kept at a safe distance from the lamps.
• Similarly spotlights concentrate the heat and combustible materials should be kept at a safe
distance from the lamps.
• Never surround lamps with foil or any other materials. This can cause the lamp
to overheat and potentially generate a fire.
• If you are using stroboscopic or flashing lig Lifting safety precautions -Follow Lifting safe
working procedure. Lifting SWP
Ladder safety precautions - Follow Ladder safe working procedure.
Ladder SWP
Working with tools -Follow safe working procedure for power and hand tools
Hand Tools SWP
Power tools SWP Resources required includingAlways use trolleys or team lifting
arrangements to move heavy objects
Hazards and risk controls including specific precautions required
Hazards
tee member
a risk
List legislation, standards
Risk Controls
-Electrical
-Lighting
-Fire
-Lifting
-Using ladders
-Using tools and equipment and codes of practice used in the development