This document defines and provides examples of various figures of speech and literary devices. It discusses similes, metaphors, oxymorons, synecdoche, metonymy, personification, hyperbole, irony, and many other forms of figurative language. Examples are given to illustrate how each technique is used.

4. Figures Of Speech :-
A figure of speech is a rhetorical
device that achieves a special effect by
using words in distinctive ways.
Literary devices are ways of using
words imaginatively to make writing
more descriptive and colourful.

6. Examples :-
1. She is a night owl.
2. Her teddy bear was her best friend,
never telling her secrets.
3. The sun is a golden ball.
4. The wheels of justice turn slowly.
5. At night the lake is a wide silence,
without imagination.

7. Simile
A simile is a figure of speech that
compares two things that are
alike in some way. To help you
identify a simile, know that the
words “like” or “as” are typically
used.

8. Examples :-
1. "as blind as a bat" indicating that
the person cannot see any better
than a bat.
2. She is as thin as a toothpick.

10. Oxymoron
Is two contradictory terms used together.
Small crowd
Loosely Bound
Well known Secret
Kind Cruelty
bittersweet
act naturally

11. litotes
Consisting of
an understatement in which an
affirmative is expressed by
negating its opposite.

12. Alliteration
It is the repetition of
beginning sounds.
“Sally sells seashells.”
"good as gold”

14. Anaphora
Is a technique where several phrases or
verses begin with the same word or
words.
We laughed, we loved, we sang

15. Assonance
It is the repetition of vowel sounds in
words that are close together . It is used
to create internal rhyming within phrases
or sentences.

16. Metonymy
The definition of a metonymy is a
figure of speech in which one thing
is replaced with a word closely
associated with it.
referring to the King as "the Crown."

18. The word "wheels" refers to a vehicle.
"Milk" is commonly used to refer to cow's milk when, in
reality there are many sources of milk.

19. Synecdoche vs Metonymy
 they both use a word or phrase to represent something
else. They could also both be considered metaphors
because the word or words used are not taken literally.
 A synecdoche uses part for the whole or the whole for a
part.
 A metonymy is a substitution where a word or phrase
is used in place of another word or phrase. A good
example is the phrase “The pen is mightier than the
sword.” The word “pen” substitutes for written work,
and the word “sword” substitutes for violence or
warfare.

20. Figure of repetition that occurs when the
last word or set of words in one sentence,
clause, or phrase is repeated one or more
times at the end of successive sentences,
clauses, or phrases.

21.  government of the people, by the people, for
the people shall not perish from the earth." -
-Abraham Lincoln,

22. Antithesis
The placing of a sentence or one of its parts
against another to which it is opposed to
form a balanced contrast of ideas, as in
“Give me liberty or give me death.”.
Antithesis can be used in many different
contexts; but, the common thread is that
it contains two contrasting ideas.

23. Examples :-
• To err is human; to forgive divine.
• Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
• John Milton in “Paradise Lost” says:
“Better to reign in Hell, than serve in
Heav’n.”
• Give me some sunshine, Give me some
rain, Give me another chance I wanna
grow up once again. - Swanand Kirkire

24.  A play on words, either on different
senses of the same word or on the similar
sense or sound of different words.
Ask for me tomorrow and you shall / Find me a
grave man. William Shakespeare, Romeo and
Juliet The adjective “grave” means serious or un-
funny. The noun “grave” refers to the place where
the dead are buried. In this quote, Mercutio is
saying that he will die tomorrow and he is quite
serious about it!

25. Euphemism
Is a word or phrase that replaces a word or phrase to make
it more polite or pleasant.
Examples :-
Passed away instead of died
Homeless instead of bum
Between jobs instead of unemployed
Domestic engineer instead of maid.

26. ONOMATOPOEIA
It is a word that sounds like what it is
describing.
The use of words (such as hiss or murmur)
that imitate the sounds associated with the
objects or actions they refer to.
Buzz
Click

28. Hyperbole
Uses exaggeration for emphasis or
effect.
A statement is made emphatic by over
statement.
All the perfumes of Arabia / Will not
sweeten this little hand.

29. Irony
Is using words where the meaning is the
opposite of their usual meaning.
Examples :-
The titanic was said to be sinked .
After begging for a cat and finally
getting one , she found that she was
allergic .

30. Personification
Is giving human qualities to
non-living things or ideas.
Snowflakes danced

32. An allusion is a reference, either direct or
indirect, to a well-known person, place or
event.

33. Understatement
when something is said to make something
appear less important or less serious.
The tsunami caused some damage -
referring to a huge tsunami

34. Climax
Figure of repetition in which words or phrases or
sentences are arranged in order of increasing intensity
or importance, often in parallel construction; words or
phrases arranged by degrees of increasing
significance.
What a piece of work is man!.How
noble in reason ,how infinite in
faculties ! In action , how like an angel
!

35. Paradox
In which a statement appears to contradict itself. An
oxymoron puts opposite words together, a paradox
puts opposite ideas together.
The child is father of the man. William
Wordsworth, “The Rainbow” When a man
is old, his son or daughter needs to take
care of him. The child thus becomes a
“parent” to his or her own parent.

36. CHIASMUS
A verbal pattern (a type
of antithesis) in which the second
half of an expression is balanced
against the first with the parts
reversed.

37. • "Eat to live, not live to eat" - Attributed to
Socrates.
• "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask
what you can do for your country." John F.
Kennedy.
• "You win to play, and you play to win."
• "Mankind must put an end to war or war will put
an end to mankind."

38. Apostrophe
In which some absent or nonexistent
person or thing is addressed as if
present and capable of understanding.
O Death, where is thy sting? O grave,
where is thy victory? (The narrator is
talking to death and the grave as if they
are people who can hear him)