This document defines and provides examples of various figures of speech, including simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, irony, antithesis, litotes, paradox, synecdoche, pun, oxymoron, understatement, parenthesis, apostrophe, and onomatopoeia. Each figure of speech is explained with a concise definition and 1-2 illustrative examples. The document is intended as a reference for different rhetorical devices used in writing.

1. FIGURES OFFIGURES OFFIGURES OFFIGURES OF
SPEECHSPEECHSPEECHSPEECH
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2. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
A figure of speech is a rhetorical deviceA figure of speech is a rhetorical device
that achieves a special effect by using
words in distinctive wayswords in distinctive ways.
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3. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
A figure of speech is a use of a word
h d f lthat diverges from its normal meaning,
or a phrase with a specialized meaning
n t b s d n th lit l m nin f thnot based on the literal meaning of the
words in it such as a metaphor, simile,
or personificationor personification.
Figures of speech often provideFigures of speech often provide
emphasis, freshness of expression, or
clarityclarity.
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4. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
1. Simile:
A stated comparison between two
different things that have certaind fferent th ngs that have certa n
qualities in common.
a. "My face looks like a wedding-cake left outa. My face looks like a wedding cake left out
in the rain.“
- (W.H. Auden)(W.H. Auden)
b. Her words were as dull as a dirt.
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5. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
2. Metaphor:p
An implied comparison between two
unlike things that actually haveunl ke th ngs that actually have
something important in common.
a. I fall upon the thorns of life.
- P B Shelley- P B Shelley
b. The Leaves of Life keep falling one by one.
Edward Fitzgerald- Edward Fitzgerald
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6. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
3. Personification:
A figure of speech in which an
inanimate object or abstraction isnan mate object or abstract on s
endowed with human qualities or
abilities.a t s.
a. My car was happy to be washed.
b Fate frowned on his endeavorsb. Fate frowned on his endeavors.
c. The haughty lion surveyed his realm.
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7. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
4. Hyperbole:yp
An extravagant statement or the use
of exaggerated terms for the purposeof exaggerated terms for the purpose
of emphasis or heightened effect, but
not to be taken literally.not to ta n t ra y.
a I'd give my right arm for a cup of teaa. I d give my right arm for a cup of tea.
b. My backpack weighs a ton!
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8. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
5. Irony:
The use of words to convey the opposite
of their literal meaning. A statement or
situation where the meaning issituation where the meaning is
contradicted by the appearance or
presentation of the idea.presentation of the idea.
a.He was no notorious malefactor, but he had
been twice on the pillory, and once burnt in
th h d f t ifli i htthe hand for trifling oversights.
- Direccions for Speech and Style
b.Taking money from the poor and giving it tob.Taking money from the poor and giving it to
the rich.
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9. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
6. Antithesis:
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in
balanced phrases.p
a. "Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing."
- (Goethe)
b. "We must learn to live together as brothers
or perish together as fools."
- (Martin Luther King)- (Martin Luther King)
c. "You're easy on the eyes; Hard on the heart."
- (Terri Clark)( )
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10. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
7. Litotes:
Deliberate understatement or denial
of the contrary.of the contrary.
a."The grave's a fine a private place,
But none, I think, do there embrace.", ,
- Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress”
b."for life's not a paragraphp g p
And death I think is no parenthesis.”
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11. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
8. Paradox:
A statement that appears to
contradict itself.contrad ct tself.
a “The child is father to the man ”a. The child is father to the man.
b. “You always hurt the one you love.”
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12. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
9. Synecdoche:y
A figure of speech is which a part is used to
represent the whole, the whole for a part,p , p ,
the specific for the general, the general for
the specific, or the material for the thing
d f imade from it.
a. "Robby got wheels this summer."
wheels = carwheels = car
b. ". . . the hand that wrote the letter . . ."
hand = personhand person
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13. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
10. Pun:
A play on words, sometimes on
different senses of the same word andd fferent senses of the same word and
sometimes on the similar sense or
sound of different words.soun of ff r nt wor s.
a. Writing with a broken pencil is pointless.
b Tigers do not eat clowns because theyb. Tigers do not eat clowns because they
taste funny.
c. Syrup is a source of sugar.y p f g
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14. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
11.Oxymoron:y
A figure of speech in which
incongruous or contradictory termsncongruous or contrad ctory terms
appear side by side.
a. cold fire
b honest thiefb.honest thief
c. darkly lit
d fearful joyd.fearful joy
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15. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
12. Understatement:
A figure of speech in which a writer or a speakerA figure of speech in which a writer or a speaker
deliberately makes a situation seem less important
or serious than it is.
"It's just a flesh wound "a."It s just a flesh wound."
- (Black Knight, after having both of his arms cut off, in Monty Python and the
Holy Grail)
b."I am just going outside and may be some time."
- (Captain Lawrence Oates, Antarctic explorer, before walking out into a
blizzard to face certain death, 1912)
c. "I have to have this operation. It isn't very
serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain."y
- (Holden Caulfield in The Catcher In The Rye, by J. D. Salinger)
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16. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
13.Parenthesis:
- a word, phrase, or sentence inserted
as an aside in a sentence complete byas an as de n a sentence complete by
itself.
a. The number of living languages (currentlya. The number of living languages (currently
about 6000, by most estimates) is
decreasing rapidly.
b. "The English (it must be owned) are rather
a foul-mouthed nation."
- (William Hazlitt)
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17. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
14.Apostrophe:p p
- a diversion of discourse from the topic
at hand to addressing some person org p
thing, either present or absent.
a. "Hello darkness, my old friend
I've come to talk with you again . . .."
- (Paul Simon, "The Sounds of Silence")
b "Bright star would I were steadfast as thoub. "Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou
art"
- (John Keats)( )
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18. FIGURES OF SPEECHFIGURES OF SPEECH
15.Onomatopoeia:p
The formation or use of words that
imitate the sounds associated with them tate the sounds assoc ated w th the
objects or actions they refer to.
a.“Achoo” : —used to represent the sound of
a sneezea sneeze.
b. “Meow” : -the cry of a cat.
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19. THE ENDTHE END
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