Fiber to the building is for LTE
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Digital City is building fiber infrastructure to support both backhaul and fronthaul for LTE/4G networks. Remote radio heads will be connected via fiber links to distributed base stations. The fiber network is being built out to buildings now to support both backhaul and fronthaul before Safaricom acquires spectrum for a 4G network. The network and core will be optimized based on site geometry to improve latency and move away from legacy landline restrictions.
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Lora wireless communication technology is Long Range Radio wireless communication technology. It is a low-power LAN wireless standard created by Semtech company. Its biggest feature is that it can travel farther than other wireless methods under the same power consumption condition, achieving low power consumption and Long-distance unity, it is 3-5 times longer than the traditional radio frequency communication distance under the same power consumption.
overview of EPC network
This document provides an overview of the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. It discusses the background and objectives of developing the EPC. The EPC architecture includes the Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway (SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW), and Home Subscriber Server (HSS). It also describes how the EPC interconnects with 2G, 3G, and CDMA networks. Major services like data, voice, and messaging are supported. Key functions of the EPC include authentication, policy and charging control, packet routing, mobility management, and IP address allocation.
Intro to _evolved_packet_core_network
This document provides an overview of the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) network. It discusses the background and objectives of developing the EPC. The EPC architecture includes the Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway (SGW), Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW), and Home Subscriber Server (HSS). It also describes how the EPC interconnects with 2G, 3G, and CDMA networks. Major services like data, voice, and messaging are supported. Key functions of the EPC include authentication, policy and charging control, packet routing, mobility management, and IP address allocation.
Andy sutton - Multi-RAT mobile backhaul for Het-Nets
At our 5th Telecoms Evangelist meet up Andy Sutton of EE gave a fantastic presentation reviewing the latest trends and developments in mobile backhaul architecture, strategy and technology. Starting with a review of backhaul capacity, performance requirements and protocol architecture, the presentation initially focused on the macro cell layer before going on to discuss options for evolving towards a true multi-layered heterogeneous network. Take a look!
NB-IoT vs Lora
NB-IoT VS Lora
This article is talking about NB-IoT VS Lora, comparative analysis of NB-IoT and Lora technology.
The rapid development of the Internet of Things puts forward higher requirements for wireless communication technology. The LPWAN (low-power Wide-Area Network) is also rapidly emerging.
IoT applications need to consider many factors, such as node costs, network costs, battery life, data transmission rate (throughput), latency, mobility, network coverage, and deployment types. It can be said that no single technology can meet all IoT requirements demand.
NB-IoT and LoRa have different technical and commercial characteristics and are also the two most promising low-power wide-area network communication technologies.
Both of these LPWAN technologies have the characteristics of wide coverage, multiple connections, low speed, low cost, and low power consumption. Both are suitable for low-power IoT applications and are actively expanding their ecosystems.
4 g technology
4G technology provides very high data transfer rates to both stationary and mobile users, aiming to overcome the speed and quality deficiencies of 3G. 4G can be described as "MAGIC" - Mobile multimedia, Anytime Anywhere, Global mobility support, and integrated/personalized services. Key components that enable 4G networks include OFDMA, MIMO, IPv6, and smart antennas. 4G uses LTE standards and provides significantly higher bandwidth and lower latency than 3G networks.
The evolution of telecommunication
The document traces the evolution of telecommunication systems from 1G to 4G networks. It discusses the development of early communication technologies like the telegraph in the 1800s. In the late 1960s, ARPANET was developed and introduced key protocols like TCP/IP that the modern Internet relies on. Each generation of cellular networks is then summarized - 1G provided analog voice calls; 2G introduced digital networks and SMS; 3G enabled mobile Internet and new applications; and 4G aimed to support high data traffic and reduce latency with new technologies like OFDMA. The conclusion discusses challenges like improving coverage and potential future directions such as cognitive radio and mesh networks.
Cloud RAN-Deployment-CPRI-Fronthaul-Technology
This white paper discusses Cloud-RAN deployment using CPRI fronthaul technology. It begins with background on increasing demand for mobile network capacity and technologies being used to meet that demand, including small cells and distributed radio architectures. It then focuses on CPRI, describing its use as an interface between distributed radio units and centralized baseband units. Key points covered include CPRI fundamentals, fronthaul network deployment using CPRI over fiber, and benefits of centralizing baseband processing in a "cloud RAN" configuration.
LTE_and_WiMAX_Comparison_and_Future_Pers.pdf
The document compares LTE and WiMAX technologies. It discusses their evolution from earlier standards to 4G versions (LTE-Advanced and WiMAX 2.0). While technically similar, some key differences that gave LTE an advantage included LTE's shorter frame duration which enabled lower latency, as well as its earlier standardization and broader operator support. Looking forward, WiMAX plans to integrate with LTE in a heterogeneous network approach, as LTE has become the dominant 4G standard.
BSNL training report
This document provides an overview of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the largest telecom service provider in India. BSNL has a large fixed line and wireless network serving over 7,300 cities and towns and 5.5 lakh villages. It maintains a transmission network of over 19,100 km of optical fiber cables and microwave systems. BSNL provides interconnection facilities for other telecom operators to its national long distance and international long distance networks. The long distance network is divided into four maintenance regions covering different parts of the country.
Similar to Fiber to the building is for LTE (20)
Wireless-fiber convergence: Ethernet at Fronthaul creating new possibilities ...
Wireless-fiber convergence: Ethernet at Fronthaul creating new possibilities ...
4G Network And Its Impact On Wireless Communication
4G Network And Its Impact On Wireless Communication
Is it possible for 5G to replace fiber optic broadband--c&t rf antennas inc
Is it possible for 5G to replace fiber optic broadband--c&t rf antennas inc
Andy sutton - Multi-RAT mobile backhaul for Het-Nets
Andy sutton - Multi-RAT mobile backhaul for Het-Nets
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The electric shower will crash the african grid
An electric shower popular in Brazil threatens to strain Africa's electric grid as Africans adopt the technology. In Brazil, electric showers account for 30% of home electricity bills and 18% of peak electricity demand. Kenya wants to ban electric shower sales to avoid overburdening its grid and requires solar water heaters instead. The US monitors hotel guest water usage through wireless systems to encourage conservation.
Solar agricultural applications
If the Brazilian agribusiness accounts for 1/3 of the country's total GDP and 60% of that total is in the farms' post-harvest (we speak of industry, commerce and services), in order to grow Brazil's GDP by 20% in the next six years we will need to double the size of our agribusiness.
And as 60% of it is in industrial transformation and trade, it will not be possible without a strategic agro-industrial revolution
Uberizar os sites da tim brasil
Restricoes no Brasil causama densidade 1947 habitantes por antena. Leva ate 5 anos para licenciar uma antenna. A solucao e a cobertura movel localizada
Brazil 's oi should work with ott
Due ot its vast area an concentration of connectivity in the urban areas, remote areas ISPs are primed to move to 4G
ABRINT o Futuro dos Pequenos Provedores e 4G
Um dos desafio dos pequenos provedores é a parte técnica do Core.
O ponto forte das soluções da Athonet https://www.athonet.com/ é justamente a simplicidade.
Fibre deployment Nairobi CBD
The document describes the events of a weekend in June 2013 where work was done to lay microducts and install manholes as part of a fiber optic cable project. Crews arrived and gathered materials before using ground penetrating radar to sweep the site. Test pits were dug and microducts were laid along with manholes being installed. The work involved compacting soil and reinstating the ground after installation was complete.
Cost effective site engineering
This document discusses using water reservoirs as an alternative to cellular towers to provide coverage in a cost effective manner. Some key points:
1) It proposes installing cellular equipment like sectors and antennas on poles clamped to the rails of water reservoirs, which provide insulation between sectors. This avoids costs of tower rentals ($500-700/month) or building stub towers.
2) Water reservoirs are always in high locations, providing line of sight for coverage. They also have space for adding solar panels.
3) Using existing water reservoirs is simpler and faster than traditional options, enabling faster time to market while still providing cost effective coverage expansion. It avoids handing profits over to tower companies through rental fees.
4
Subcontracting resources on metro fiber
1) Phase 1 of the Nairobi Metro Fiber project involved laying 552 km of fiber, equivalent to the distance from Nairobi to Kampala.
2) The project took 8 months to complete and ramped up over the first 9 weeks as resources were mobilized and training was performed.
3) By 24 weeks, 500 km of trenching, duct laying, and backfilling had been completed and 300 km of fiber had been blown.
We build fiber to destroy Networks
We built a Fiber network to destroy networks
capitalist economic development arises out of the destruction of some prior economic order
FTTB build out overview
Safaricom is building out its fiber-to-the-building (FTTB) network using a new method involving microducts and prefabricated fiber cement manholes rather than traditional individual ducts and bricks. The network will utilize a 2x7-way microduct configuration plus a 1x24-way microduct in downtown and business areas, and a 1x7-way configuration for the rest of the network. A diagram shows the metro fiber network in downtown with light blue lines indicating access to individual buildings. Demarcation points will be established between Safaricom's network and each building to delineate ownership and responsibilities.
Obama alstom ge siemens
it would take around 300 billion dollars to grant all Sub-Saharan Africans access to electricity by 2030
Health & safety on a fiber project in Africa ...
Local subcontractors in Africa did not have strong health and safety (H&S) policies like European vendors. However, foreign mobile investments brought strong H&S policies. Companies are legally required to insure employees and contractors against workplace accidents. To lower insurance costs, companies must enforce H&S policies to prevent employees from intentionally causing accidents. Accidents damage company reputation and management image. Strict enforcement of Vodafone's "6 Absolute Rules" for H&S is required for contractors and vendors in developing countries like Kenya to reduce casualties during fiber installation projects. Adaptations were made to clothing and H&S practices for the local environment and conditions in Mombasa.
Demograhics and the capacity crunch
International bandwidth capacity will be exceeded by 2018 unless infrastructure is improved. Younger generations, known as Millennials, are more likely to use home networks for media like streaming videos and music. Their media orientation drops off significantly with older age groups that instead prioritize work-related network uses. Safaricom has invested in a fiber network called Digital City that will surpass competitors' fiber networks by 2018. Digital City fiber is ready to support high-speed internet and has expanded to more areas than competitors can. This positions Safaricom to stay ahead of increasing bandwidth demand.
Communicating fiber project Enterprise town hall meeting
This document discusses Safaricom's fiber optic program from June 15-16, 2013. It notes that they started slowly but with confidence and have since made progress, with over 71% of the 553.7km fiber optic network now in progress. It lists members of the project team and emphasizes that they have the people and resources to complete the work. It also discusses efforts to engage commercial buildings to help retail fiber capacity and shows examples of buildings that already have fiber connectivity.
Comparison of 3 types of mobile infrastructures
The document compares the infrastructure of three mobile network operators - Orange, YU, and Safaricom - located in the same building in terms of the types of equipment used, space requirements, and impact on the landlord's happiness. YU uses a shelter, generator, and diesel tank taking up roof space, making the landlord very happy. Orange uses rail-mounted racks and antenna-mounted radios on the roof, making the landlord just happy. Safaricom uses wall-mounted radios and Siemens equipment on the first floor, using vacant commercial space and making the landlord extremely happy. It recommends rationalizing space use, clever radio planning to reduce leasing costs, and outsourcing the leasing process
OTT and the Customer Dividend
The document discusses how digital companies make money by giving users good experiences with their services and products which drives more customers. These companies then mine the user data and sell it, making profits. If another new provider emerges that gives a better user experience, these companies will acquire them. As money shifts to digital providers, investors will fund more providers, causing over-provisioning of networks and applications. For network operators, as devices and applications evolve they will need to continually upgrade their networks to handle more data and access in order to remain relevant in the market.
Nairobi fiber progress report
This document appears to be a report from June 20-21 discussing the burying of fiber infrastructure and related work. It references burying fiber cables, protecting other operators' fiber, continuing trench work, and prioritizing health and safety on the job sites. The report also mentions overtaking competition and connecting businesses in the digital city.
Innovation is easy. The hard part is changing
This document discusses process innovation and challenges the practice of network freezing at the end of the year. It argues that network freezing was invented by equipment vendors to allow their employees to travel home for holidays, and was later adopted by operators for the same reason rather than for technical reasons. However, freezing stalls projects and delays critical work. The document advocates eliminating network freezing and treating fiber connectivity as an essential utility that is prioritized year-round like electricity or water. Customers deserve consistent attention regardless of the time of year.
Trenching for fiber built all over the world
The document lists 13 locations around the world where trenching has been used for fiber optic cable projects, including in the USA, Amsterdam, Holland, Namibe, Angola, Johannesburg, South Africa, a highway in Brazil, the Atacama Desert in Chile, France, Germany, Portugal, and Kenya for the Safaricom Digital City Project.
Safaricom fiber construction after 2 months
Urban and Suburban Africa Metro. Public complained about the construction but after 2 months there was little sign of the works.
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Communicating fiber project Enterprise town hall meeting
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Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
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IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
Eric Nizeyimana's document 2006 from gicumbi to ttc nyamata handball play
this notes have been created
by Eric36 at nyamata ttc
after readings
pe book for y2sme .
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The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, SerbiaRedefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
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New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
rock mass characterization and New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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Fiber to the building is for LTE
- 1. Digital City Building FTTB to LTE/4G By the time Safaricom acquires Spectrum Front Haul and Backhaul will be already in place SDC What you can see
- 2. 16th January 2014 LTE Model Metro Spurs Spurs Extension to RRU Extension to RRU
- 3. 16th January 2014 Conventional BTS are located adjacent to the mast and antennas. CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) allows the use of a distributed architecture where BTS, are connected to remote radio heads via lossless fibre links that carry the CPRI data. FTTB: building RRU Fronthaul SDC Metro Fiber Manhole
- 4. 16th January 2014 The Buildings to be connected We build the Backhaul and the Fronthaul while Safaricom battles for Spectrum
- 5. 16th January 2014 • At the moment the network is being optimized for backhauling • Extra splicings and all that to accommodate IPRAN • We will do a further optimization • http://www.aglmediagroup.com/dark-fiber-the-coming-revolution-in-backhaul/ • The location of LTE core will be optimized taking in consideration geometry of BTS sites, moving away from restriction of the geometry of old landline networks. • Subscriber transition to LTE, after voice over LTE (VoLTE) is embedded in all the smartphones, paves the way for switches to be shut down • We will worry about latency. • The fastest path between two points is a straight line, not ring around the rosie. • A core, not a switch, serves LTE radio access networks. An LTE core is smaller. • Then after all that: • We will do a further optimization for content delivery • Because we are also building an OCDN (Operator Content Network) • We will get there. We are building a OCDN