This paper describes the corporate-wide approach to gainful human empowerment reform at engineering. Gainful policy is a part of gainful human empowerment reform. The gainful human empowerment reform is a culture-specific human empowerment reform style that is prevalent in managerial engineering. Gainful human empowerment reform, referring to the internal systematic approach of the organization’s human empowerment reform to strive for daintiness performance excellence, and gainful policy referring to all those measures through which one creates and strengthens confidence and trust in outsiders, especially customers, towards the organization’s abilities and products. The daintiness managers are those who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests, and who are capable of having a profound and extraordinary effect on their followers. The paper reviews the daintiness strategy implementation, strategic control, daintiness metrics, and daintiness channels.
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can affect people of all ages. While genetics play a small role, environmental factors are responsible for the vast majority of cancers. Some known causes of cancer include tobacco use, certain infections, radiation, poor diet/obesity, and environmental pollutants. There is no single cause of cancer for most individuals, as cancer is usually the result of multiple factors. Certain inherited genetic mutations do significantly increase cancer risk for some people. Prolonged exposure to carcinogens like asbestos can also cause specific types of cancer. Overall, cancer remains a major public health problem worldwide.
This document discusses cancer, including categories of cancer, signs and symptoms, frequency and common cancers worldwide and in India. It summarizes that carcinomas arise from epithelial cells, sarcomas from connective tissues, and lymphomas from immune/bone marrow cells. The highest global cancer rates occur in Northern Europe and Australia. Lung cancer is most common worldwide while breast cancer has the highest rate in Belgium. Primary prevention focuses on reducing environmental/lifestyle risk factors while secondary prevention utilizes cancer screening and registries.
CANCER.pptx Type of cancer and treatment of cancer.kamal969161
The document provides an overview of cancer including:
- An introduction defining cancer and how it spreads.
- Background information on cancer incidence in Nepal, with the most common cancers being lung, cervical, breast, stomach and colorectal.
- Details on public health efforts related to cancer including primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.
- Signs and symptoms, treatment methods, medications, and the roles of community education and pharmacists in cancer prevention and care.
- Risk factors, screening recommendations, and the importance of diagnosis and treatment programs as part of overall cancer control.
World Cancer Day aims to reduce the global burden of cancer through collective and individual action. Collectively, we can prevent cancer by avoiding risks, creating healthy environments in schools, workplaces and cities, supporting cancer survivors to return to work, improving access to care, and shaping policies. Individually, we can make healthy choices, seek early detection, ask for support, take control of our cancer journey, and advocate for others. The goal is to educate about effective interventions and change perceptions so that all people have access to high quality cancer treatment and support.
This document discusses breast cancer and cervical cancer in India. It covers the problem statement of these cancers worldwide and in India, risk factors like age, family history, hormones, and HPV virus. It also discusses prevention through screening, hygiene, and treating pre-cancerous lesions early. The key aspects are that breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women and cervical cancer is most common in India, both have increased risks due to certain genetic and lifestyle factors, and prevention focuses on screening, education, and treating early-stage cancers.
Cancer refers to uncontrolled cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body. It was first described by Hippocrates using terms that mean "crab" to describe tumors. The document discusses the causes of cancer including genetic and environmental factors. It also summarizes common cancer types and treatments which include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Cancer stages are described from Stage 0 to Stage IV based on tumor size and spread.
The National Breast Cancer Foundation is located in Frisco, Texas. Their mission is to save lives through early detection and providing mammograms to those in need. They raise funds through celebrity events and sponsorships to provide screening and support services to people with breast cancer. They help both men and women diagnosed with various types of breast cancer, from early to late stages.
This review article summarizes the epidemiology of breast cancer in Indian women. Some key points are:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Indian women, surpassing cervical cancer. However, cervical cancer remains more common in rural India.
- The age-adjusted incidence of breast cancer in India is lower than countries like the UK, but the mortality rates are similar.
- Risk factors for breast cancer in India include increasing age, obesity, household activities, betel nut and tobacco chewing, higher lifetime exposure to estrogen and progesterone, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Breast cancer incidence and mortality are increasing in India due to rapid urbanization and changes to diet and lifestyle. However,
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can affect people of all ages. While genetics play a small role, environmental factors are responsible for the vast majority of cancers. Some known causes of cancer include tobacco use, certain infections, radiation, poor diet/obesity, and environmental pollutants. There is no single cause of cancer for most individuals, as cancer is usually the result of multiple factors. Certain inherited genetic mutations do significantly increase cancer risk for some people. Prolonged exposure to carcinogens like asbestos can also cause specific types of cancer. Overall, cancer remains a major public health problem worldwide.
This document discusses cancer, including categories of cancer, signs and symptoms, frequency and common cancers worldwide and in India. It summarizes that carcinomas arise from epithelial cells, sarcomas from connective tissues, and lymphomas from immune/bone marrow cells. The highest global cancer rates occur in Northern Europe and Australia. Lung cancer is most common worldwide while breast cancer has the highest rate in Belgium. Primary prevention focuses on reducing environmental/lifestyle risk factors while secondary prevention utilizes cancer screening and registries.
CANCER.pptx Type of cancer and treatment of cancer.kamal969161
The document provides an overview of cancer including:
- An introduction defining cancer and how it spreads.
- Background information on cancer incidence in Nepal, with the most common cancers being lung, cervical, breast, stomach and colorectal.
- Details on public health efforts related to cancer including primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.
- Signs and symptoms, treatment methods, medications, and the roles of community education and pharmacists in cancer prevention and care.
- Risk factors, screening recommendations, and the importance of diagnosis and treatment programs as part of overall cancer control.
World Cancer Day aims to reduce the global burden of cancer through collective and individual action. Collectively, we can prevent cancer by avoiding risks, creating healthy environments in schools, workplaces and cities, supporting cancer survivors to return to work, improving access to care, and shaping policies. Individually, we can make healthy choices, seek early detection, ask for support, take control of our cancer journey, and advocate for others. The goal is to educate about effective interventions and change perceptions so that all people have access to high quality cancer treatment and support.
This document discusses breast cancer and cervical cancer in India. It covers the problem statement of these cancers worldwide and in India, risk factors like age, family history, hormones, and HPV virus. It also discusses prevention through screening, hygiene, and treating pre-cancerous lesions early. The key aspects are that breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women and cervical cancer is most common in India, both have increased risks due to certain genetic and lifestyle factors, and prevention focuses on screening, education, and treating early-stage cancers.
Cancer refers to uncontrolled cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body. It was first described by Hippocrates using terms that mean "crab" to describe tumors. The document discusses the causes of cancer including genetic and environmental factors. It also summarizes common cancer types and treatments which include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Cancer stages are described from Stage 0 to Stage IV based on tumor size and spread.
The National Breast Cancer Foundation is located in Frisco, Texas. Their mission is to save lives through early detection and providing mammograms to those in need. They raise funds through celebrity events and sponsorships to provide screening and support services to people with breast cancer. They help both men and women diagnosed with various types of breast cancer, from early to late stages.
This review article summarizes the epidemiology of breast cancer in Indian women. Some key points are:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Indian women, surpassing cervical cancer. However, cervical cancer remains more common in rural India.
- The age-adjusted incidence of breast cancer in India is lower than countries like the UK, but the mortality rates are similar.
- Risk factors for breast cancer in India include increasing age, obesity, household activities, betel nut and tobacco chewing, higher lifetime exposure to estrogen and progesterone, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
- Breast cancer incidence and mortality are increasing in India due to rapid urbanization and changes to diet and lifestyle. However,
Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new
cases in 2012.
The document discusses spearheading cancer awareness in Kenya. It outlines the mission and vision of Women for Cancer, which aims to raise public awareness of early cancer testing and facilitate early detection and treatment. It notes statistics on various cancers in Kenya and challenges such as late presentation and limited treatment options. It emphasizes focusing cancer awareness efforts on advocacy, empowering communities, and addressing behavioral and environmental risk factors to help prevent cancers.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST CANCER WITH LUNG CANCER FOR WOMEN AGE 50-60Martin Renyut N
This document discusses a paper written by Martin Renyut Nisnoni titled "The Relationship Between Breast Cancer with Lung Cancer for Women Age 50-60 in the Central of Jakarta, 2008". The paper examines the relationship between breast cancer and lung cancer in women aged 50-60 in central Jakarta. It provides background information on breast cancer and lung cancer, discusses risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. The objectives are to provide knowledge on both cancers and their relationship, as well as information on prevention and handling of the diseases.
Cancer Awareness - Kaplan University Dept. of Public Healthsmtibor
Cancer awareness, including general definitions, detection, prevention, treatment, and risk factors. Emphasis on skin and prostate cancers and at-risk populations.
Cancer is the general name for over 100 medical conditions involving uncontrolled and dangerous cell growth. Some cancers are caused by genetic factors while others are caused by environmental exposures, such as chemicals. Two patients may have cancer for different reasons - one may have a family history of breast cancer while the other was exposed to carcinogenic chemicals at work. Both ultimately suffer from abnormal cell growth triggered by different root causes.
Cancer is the general name for over 100 medical conditions involving uncontrolled and dangerous cell growth. Some cancers are caused by genetic factors while others are caused by environmental exposures to carcinogenic chemicals or other external agents. Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to abnormal cell growth and the development of cancer in patients.
The effect of skin preparation by using aloe vera gel onAlexander Decker
1. The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of using aloe vera gel on skin to reduce radiation-induced skin reactions in breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.
2. Sixty patients were randomly divided into two groups - a study group that used aloe vera gel and a control group receiving standard care.
3. Results showed that radiation therapy-induced skin reactions like erythema, dry desquamation and moist desquamation were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group.
This document discusses cancer, including its definition, incidence rates globally and in India, and epidemiology. Some key points include:
- Cancer is abnormal cell growth that can spread to other tissues and organs, potentially causing death.
- In 2008, there were over 12.7 million new cancer cases globally, with lung, breast, and colorectal cancers causing the most deaths. India saw over 9.4 lakh new cases and 6.3 lakh deaths that year.
- Risk factors include diet, chemicals, tobacco, viruses, parasites, genetics, age, sex, habits, and the environment.
- Prevention strategies encompass education, screening, vaccination, legislation, and limiting exposure to risks.
This document summarizes risk factors and determinants of the most malignant cancer types globally based on a literature review. It finds that smoking is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and links various other factors like unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption, infections, and environmental pollution to increased cancer risks. It also examines differences in cancer rates by gender, age, and world region, finding for example that lung cancer deaths are much higher in men than women globally. Future challenges for reducing cancer rates include growth and aging of the population worldwide.
The document discusses cancer and its various types. It begins by defining cancer as uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells that form tumors. The two main types of tumors are benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous), with malignant tumors able to spread through metastasis. The most common cancers are discussed as breast cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, leukemia, and pancreatic cancer. Risk factors, prevention methods, and treatment options such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are also outlined.
1) Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. The most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), which accounts for 8 out of 10 breast cancers. IDC starts in the ducts of the breast and can spread through the lymphatic system.
2) Treatment options for IDC include lumpectomy, which removes the tumor and surrounding tissue, or mastectomy, which removes the entire breast. Both have advantages and disadvantages.
3) Breast cancer poses a significant economic burden both for individuals and healthcare systems. It also has profound social and psychological impacts on patients.
The document discusses various topics related to cancer epidemiology. It provides statistics showing that lung, breast, colon, stomach, prostate, liver and cervix cancers are among the most common types of cancer. It also discusses factors contributing to cancer deaths, finding that tobacco use accounts for 30%, diet 35%, infections 10%, and other factors like occupation, pollution and genetics account for smaller percentages. The document also discusses associations between specific cancers and factors like infections, radiation, chemicals, diet, obesity and geography.
This PDF provides the majority of my slides from the statewide Minnesota Cancer Summit from February 28, 2019. The presentation focuses on Clinical Cancer Advances as published and released by consensus expert panels from The American Society of Clinical Oncology (@ASCO).
Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
I. Cancer is a growing problem in low- and middle-income countries, where over 90% of cervical cancer deaths and more than 60% of breast cancer deaths occur.
II. There are several myths about cancer in resource-poor settings, including that it is unnecessary, unaffordable, and impossible to address. However, most cancers can be prevented or treated effectively and cheaply.
III. Closing the cancer divide is an equity imperative, as those with low incomes suffer more from both preventable and treatable cancers due to lack of access to screening and treatment. Investing in expanded cancer care and control in LMICs could save millions of lives at relatively low cost.
This document discusses the epidemiology of breast cancer including prevalence, incidence, mortality, survival rates, and how these statistics vary by sex, age, race, and geography. It notes that in 2008, breast cancer prevalence worldwide was estimated at over 2 million cases while the incidence was over 1.3 million cases. In the US in 2012, the incidence was over 200,000 new cases and the mortality was over 40,000 deaths. Screening mammography has contributed to increased breast cancer survival rates. Incidence and mortality rates vary significantly by age, with rates increasing with older age, and race, with higher rates in white women compared to black women in the US. Incidence also differs substantially between countries.
ROLL OF POSITRON EMMISION MAMMOGHRAPHY IN DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER BREAST C...Syed Hasnain Raza Shah
This document provides an overview of positron emission mammography and its role in the detection of breast cancer. It begins with declarations and acknowledgments, then provides a certificate confirming the document fulfills requirements for an MSc in Physics. The introduction discusses cancer in general, the history and types of breast cancer, signs and symptoms, stages, and risk factors. It explains that positron emission mammography is a valuable technique for early detection of breast cancer through improved imaging compared to traditional mammography. The document aims to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique for aiding in breast cancer diagnosis.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cancer is a group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the potential to
invade or spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new
cases in 2012.
The document discusses spearheading cancer awareness in Kenya. It outlines the mission and vision of Women for Cancer, which aims to raise public awareness of early cancer testing and facilitate early detection and treatment. It notes statistics on various cancers in Kenya and challenges such as late presentation and limited treatment options. It emphasizes focusing cancer awareness efforts on advocacy, empowering communities, and addressing behavioral and environmental risk factors to help prevent cancers.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BREAST CANCER WITH LUNG CANCER FOR WOMEN AGE 50-60Martin Renyut N
This document discusses a paper written by Martin Renyut Nisnoni titled "The Relationship Between Breast Cancer with Lung Cancer for Women Age 50-60 in the Central of Jakarta, 2008". The paper examines the relationship between breast cancer and lung cancer in women aged 50-60 in central Jakarta. It provides background information on breast cancer and lung cancer, discusses risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. The objectives are to provide knowledge on both cancers and their relationship, as well as information on prevention and handling of the diseases.
Cancer Awareness - Kaplan University Dept. of Public Healthsmtibor
Cancer awareness, including general definitions, detection, prevention, treatment, and risk factors. Emphasis on skin and prostate cancers and at-risk populations.
Cancer is the general name for over 100 medical conditions involving uncontrolled and dangerous cell growth. Some cancers are caused by genetic factors while others are caused by environmental exposures, such as chemicals. Two patients may have cancer for different reasons - one may have a family history of breast cancer while the other was exposed to carcinogenic chemicals at work. Both ultimately suffer from abnormal cell growth triggered by different root causes.
Cancer is the general name for over 100 medical conditions involving uncontrolled and dangerous cell growth. Some cancers are caused by genetic factors while others are caused by environmental exposures to carcinogenic chemicals or other external agents. Both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to abnormal cell growth and the development of cancer in patients.
The effect of skin preparation by using aloe vera gel onAlexander Decker
1. The study aimed to identify the effectiveness of using aloe vera gel on skin to reduce radiation-induced skin reactions in breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy.
2. Sixty patients were randomly divided into two groups - a study group that used aloe vera gel and a control group receiving standard care.
3. Results showed that radiation therapy-induced skin reactions like erythema, dry desquamation and moist desquamation were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group.
This document discusses cancer, including its definition, incidence rates globally and in India, and epidemiology. Some key points include:
- Cancer is abnormal cell growth that can spread to other tissues and organs, potentially causing death.
- In 2008, there were over 12.7 million new cancer cases globally, with lung, breast, and colorectal cancers causing the most deaths. India saw over 9.4 lakh new cases and 6.3 lakh deaths that year.
- Risk factors include diet, chemicals, tobacco, viruses, parasites, genetics, age, sex, habits, and the environment.
- Prevention strategies encompass education, screening, vaccination, legislation, and limiting exposure to risks.
This document summarizes risk factors and determinants of the most malignant cancer types globally based on a literature review. It finds that smoking is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and links various other factors like unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption, infections, and environmental pollution to increased cancer risks. It also examines differences in cancer rates by gender, age, and world region, finding for example that lung cancer deaths are much higher in men than women globally. Future challenges for reducing cancer rates include growth and aging of the population worldwide.
The document discusses cancer and its various types. It begins by defining cancer as uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells that form tumors. The two main types of tumors are benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous), with malignant tumors able to spread through metastasis. The most common cancers are discussed as breast cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, leukemia, and pancreatic cancer. Risk factors, prevention methods, and treatment options such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are also outlined.
1) Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women. The most common type is invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), which accounts for 8 out of 10 breast cancers. IDC starts in the ducts of the breast and can spread through the lymphatic system.
2) Treatment options for IDC include lumpectomy, which removes the tumor and surrounding tissue, or mastectomy, which removes the entire breast. Both have advantages and disadvantages.
3) Breast cancer poses a significant economic burden both for individuals and healthcare systems. It also has profound social and psychological impacts on patients.
The document discusses various topics related to cancer epidemiology. It provides statistics showing that lung, breast, colon, stomach, prostate, liver and cervix cancers are among the most common types of cancer. It also discusses factors contributing to cancer deaths, finding that tobacco use accounts for 30%, diet 35%, infections 10%, and other factors like occupation, pollution and genetics account for smaller percentages. The document also discusses associations between specific cancers and factors like infections, radiation, chemicals, diet, obesity and geography.
This PDF provides the majority of my slides from the statewide Minnesota Cancer Summit from February 28, 2019. The presentation focuses on Clinical Cancer Advances as published and released by consensus expert panels from The American Society of Clinical Oncology (@ASCO).
Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
I. Cancer is a growing problem in low- and middle-income countries, where over 90% of cervical cancer deaths and more than 60% of breast cancer deaths occur.
II. There are several myths about cancer in resource-poor settings, including that it is unnecessary, unaffordable, and impossible to address. However, most cancers can be prevented or treated effectively and cheaply.
III. Closing the cancer divide is an equity imperative, as those with low incomes suffer more from both preventable and treatable cancers due to lack of access to screening and treatment. Investing in expanded cancer care and control in LMICs could save millions of lives at relatively low cost.
This document discusses the epidemiology of breast cancer including prevalence, incidence, mortality, survival rates, and how these statistics vary by sex, age, race, and geography. It notes that in 2008, breast cancer prevalence worldwide was estimated at over 2 million cases while the incidence was over 1.3 million cases. In the US in 2012, the incidence was over 200,000 new cases and the mortality was over 40,000 deaths. Screening mammography has contributed to increased breast cancer survival rates. Incidence and mortality rates vary significantly by age, with rates increasing with older age, and race, with higher rates in white women compared to black women in the US. Incidence also differs substantially between countries.
ROLL OF POSITRON EMMISION MAMMOGHRAPHY IN DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER BREAST C...Syed Hasnain Raza Shah
This document provides an overview of positron emission mammography and its role in the detection of breast cancer. It begins with declarations and acknowledgments, then provides a certificate confirming the document fulfills requirements for an MSc in Physics. The introduction discusses cancer in general, the history and types of breast cancer, signs and symptoms, stages, and risk factors. It explains that positron emission mammography is a valuable technique for early detection of breast cancer through improved imaging compared to traditional mammography. The document aims to evaluate the effectiveness of this technique for aiding in breast cancer diagnosis.
The document summarizes information about breast cancer, including:
1) Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that starts in the breast cells and can spread to other parts of the body. Countries with high rates include the U.S. and other Western nations.
2) Risk increases with age, from less than 1% for women ages 30-39 to over 3.7% for women ages 60-69. Diet, stress, and lifestyle factors like obesity may also impact risk.
3) Breast cancer is diagnosed through screening or when lumps or other abnormalities are detected. Treatment depends on cancer stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or a combination. Regular self-
This document discusses risk factors for developing colorectal cancer. Having a family history of colorectal, ovarian, endometrial or breast cancer increases risk. Certain races like Black, White and Asian/Pacific Islander have higher rates than others. Being older, like 61 years old, increases risk over time. Environmental factors like diet, tobacco and lack of exercise also influence risk. Genetic conditions like familial adenomatous polyposis can contribute to development of colorectal cancer due to errors in the genetic code.
This document provides an overview of breast cancer, including what it is, common symptoms, types, how it spreads, risk factors, detection and diagnosis methods, staging, treatment options including reconstruction, and follow up care. It defines breast cancer as uncontrolled cell growth that may form tumors and spread to other parts of the body. It describes non-invasive and invasive types and explains how cancer spreads through the lymph system. Risk factors include family history, lifestyle, reproductive history, and genetic factors. Mammography is a key screening and diagnostic tool. Staging evaluates tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Surgery, radiation, and drug therapies are common treatments depending on stage. Reconstruction and long term follow up care are also discussed.
1. Breast cancer develops from mutations in genes controlling cell growth and health. Abnormal cells divide uncontrollably, forming tumors that can be benign or malignant.
2. Malignant tumors are cancerous and can spread via the lymphatic system to other parts of the body. Breast cancer refers specifically to malignant tumors in the breast.
3. Treatment plans consider cancer type, stage, hormone sensitivity, and patient history. Early detection through education and screening as well as primary and adjuvant therapies can help improve outcomes for breast cancer.
Cancer is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include inherited gene mutations and errors in DNA replication, while environmental factors like tobacco use, certain infections, radiation, lack of exercise, poor diet, and alcohol consumption account for 80-90% of cancer cases. The top cancer types globally are lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and stomach cancers. Cancer prevalence varies worldwide and is increasing, with nearly 10 million new cases and 6 million cancer deaths estimated to have occurred in 2020.
Myths And Facts About Breast Cancer.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the world, with around 2.26 million new cases diagnosed each year. With around 0.7 million fatalities per year worldwide, it is one of the major causes of death among female cancer patients. It is quite common in those aged 25 to 70, with peak prevalence in women aged 50 to 69.
Breast cancer occurs when a pre-cancerous tumour progresses to a malignant tumour in a multi-stage process that is triggered by abnormal and uncontrolled growth of normal cells. These abnormalities are brought on by physical carcinogens (ultraviolet and ionising radiation), chemical carcinogens (alcohol, aflatoxin, tobacco smoke), and biological carcinogens (viral infections, bacteria, or parasites). Breast cancer risk is also increased by genetic factors. 5 to 10% of breast cancer instances are caused by genetic abnormalities passed down through a family’s generations.
1. The document is a seminar presentation on leukemia presented by Miss Priyanka Patle to Miss Aaroma Bagh.
2. It includes definitions of breast cancer from various health organizations and researchers. Breast cancer is defined as the uncontrolled growth of breast cells that can occur in both women and men.
3. The presentation covers topics such as the incidence, types, risk factors, stages, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and management of breast cancer including medical, surgical, therapeutic and nursing approaches.
Breast Cancer Screening Essay
The document discusses the benefits of mammograms in detecting breast cancer early, especially for women in their forties and fifties. However, mammograms have limitations as they can miss some cancers and lead to unnecessary biopsies. Women should be informed of both the benefits and limitations of regular breast cancer screening. The purpose of mammograms is to find small breast cancers early, but they can be difficult to detect in women with dense breast tissue. Screening mammograms have been found to identify 66% of breast cancers in women and 51% in women under 50.
Breast cancer is a major health issue in India. It is the most common cancer among women in many large cities and the second most common in rural areas. Rates of breast cancer are increasing in India due to urbanization and lifestyle changes. Many women are diagnosed at later stages due to lack of screening. Efforts are being made to increase awareness and screening through organizations and hospitals but policy and funding support is still lacking, especially in rural areas.
Breast cancer is a major health issue in India. It is the most common cancer among women in many large cities and the second most common in rural areas. Rates of breast cancer are increasing in India due to urbanization and lifestyle changes. Many women are diagnosed at later stages due to lack of screening. Efforts are being made to increase awareness and screening through organizations and hospitals but more support is still needed, especially in rural areas.
The human being is fighting against several types of cancer for decades. Breast cancer is something that is spreading its claw day by day. Not only women but men also have this deadly cancer. Nusuki always has worked for the social cause, and this time it is no different too. In this October, as known as the month of International Breast Cancer Month, Nusuki is taking a step forward to support the person with breast cancer.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. In India, rates are increasing, with one woman being diagnosed every four minutes. Breast cancer incidence is rising in younger Indian women between ages 30-40. There are several types of breast cancer, with invasive ductal carcinoma being the most common globally and in India. Indian women experience significant psychosocial distress from breast cancer due to factors such as fear of recurrence, changes to body image, and relationship and employment issues. More efforts are needed in India to increase awareness of breast cancer risks, screening, and support services to help reduce the physical and emotional burden of the disease.
Breast cancer starts in the cells of the breast and can spread to other parts of the body. There are several types of breast cancer including ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, inflammatory breast cancer, and metastatic breast cancer. Risk factors include being a woman, aging, family history and genetic factors, personal history of breast cancer, reproductive history. Screening tests include mammograms, clinical breast exams, and breast self-exams. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy weight, physical activity, breastfeeding, diet and avoiding hormone therapy when possible.
Breast cancer starts in the cells of the breast and can spread to other parts of the body. There are several types of breast cancer including ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, inflammatory breast cancer, and metastatic breast cancer. While the exact causes are unknown, risk factors include gender, age, genetics, family history, personal history, menstrual periods, pregnancy history, and breastfeeding. Signs and symptoms include a lump or thickening in the breast. Investigations include mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. Prevention strategies incorporate lifestyle factors and screening includes clinical breast exams and mammograms.
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A Study on Quality of Life and Social Support Breast Cancer Women in Greater ...IJASRD Journal
This document summarizes a research paper about gainful human empowerment reform in managerial engineering. It discusses gainful policy and human empowerment reform, focusing on creating trust and confidence. It also reviews strategic control, metrics, and communication channels used in gainful human empowerment reform. The paper examines how reducing information asymmetry and improving board development can increase strategic involvement. It concludes that investing in director development affects gainful human empowerment reform strategy.
Road Accident Analysis and Prevention in Nigeria: Experimental and Numerical ...IJASRD Journal
This paper empirically analysed road accident and its prevention in Nigeria. Data for road traffic crashes trend was sourced from Federal Road Safety Corps in Nigeria from 1960 - 2017. The data was tested for stationarity using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, while the co-integration was conducted using Johansen’s methodology. Least Square estimate was employed for the empirical analysis. The results show that there is long run equilibrium relationship between total number of casualties, total number of fatal cases and total number of minor cases of accidents in Nigeria. The results show that there is positive and significant relationship between fatal cases, severe cases and total number of casualties, while minor cases have negative and significant relationship with total number of casualties. The study therefore recommends that government should invest massively in road transportation infrastructure in order to repair dilapidated roads, expand narrow roads and construct new ones. Government should legislate and enforce installation of speed limit devices for all vehicles operating on Nigerian roads to reduce reckless speeding on the highways which will definitely reduce total number of accidents and casualties on Nigerian roads.
Leadership by Humanistic Approach in Workplace ManagementIJASRD Journal
The form and structure of an organization's human resources system can affect employee motivation levels in several ways. Organizations can adopt various systems type leadership humanistic approach empowerment practices to enhance employee satisfaction. The systems type leadership revolution moves recording and analysis activities that were traditionally professional performance lines of activities focused to high operational content. The scientific and systems type leadership progress, growth and internationalization of markets, processors are processes in which the accounting profession plays a leading role of humanistic approach in workplace management. This paper considers the humanistic approach in workplace management. The strategic importance of workers is discussed and their interaction, as an asset, with other important organization assets. The basic methodologies for workers are then explained and their limitations are considered.
Time Evolution of Density Parameters for Matter and Dark Energy and their Int...IJASRD Journal
In the framework of Brans-Dicke (BD) theory, the first part of the present study determines the time dependence of BD parameter, energy density and Equation of State (EoS) parameter of the cosmic fluid in a universe expanding with acceleration, preceded by a phase of deceleration. For this purpose, a scale factor has been so chosen that the deceleration parameter, obtained from it, shows a signature flip with time. Considering the dark energy to be responsible for the entire pressure, the time evolution of energy parameters for matter and dark energy and the EoS parameter for dark energy have been determined. A model for an effective interaction term, between matter and dark energy, has been proposed and calculated. Its negative value at the present time indicates conversion of matter into dark energy. Using this term, the time dependence of the rates of change of matter and dark energy has been determined. It is found that the nature of dependence of the scalar field upon the scale factor plays a very important role in governing the time evolution of the cosmological quantities studied here. The present study provides us with a simple way to determine the time evolution of dark energy for a homogeneous and isotropic universe of zero spatial curvature, without involving any self-interaction potential or cosmological constant in the formulation.
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Generally concrete is good in compression and weak in tension. The fibre in concrete generally increases both the compression and tension in concrete cement is the most important constituent material, since it binds the aggregate and resists the atmosphere action. Since the production of Portland cement clinker is an energy intensive process a partial substitution of clinker by mineral like dolomite and abundantly available agriculture wastes like Rice husk ash obviously represents considerable energy servings and reduction of Co2 emission. In this project work banana fibre are added with 2% by volume of cement, dolomite powder and Rice husk ash is partially replaced by 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% by the volume of cement. The concrete was determined for mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength they are also tested and studied.
A Novel Implementation for Radio Resource Allocation on Mobile Access Based o...IJASRD Journal
The proposed technology can reduce network costs by allowing optimized use of radio resources in mobile wireless networks. The system provides reliable and high-capacity channels, while the wireless part allows user mobility. Solving the problem involves an attempt to determine an optimal distribution of radio resources to the RAUs (radio allocation unit) and network cells can be split or merged dynamically to optimize this distribution as a function of the fluctuation of demands.
The Internet of Things (IoT) can be able to incorporate a large number of different end systems and it have the ability to transfer data over internet without human interaction. One of the main concerns with our environment has been solid waste management which in addition to disturbing the balance of the environment. it also has adverse effects on the health of the people in the society. The detection, monitoring and management of wastes is one of the primary problems. The traditional way of manually monitoring the wastes in garbage bins is the complex process and also it utilizes more human effort and time. This is an advanced method in waste management since it is automated. This IoT garbage monitoring system is a very innovative system which will help to prevent overflowing of wastes from the bin and keep cities clean. This system monitors the garbage bins and informs about the level of garbage collected in garbage bins. The data is transfer through internet to the control room.
IoT Based Accident Avoidance and Detection System for Two WheelersIJASRD Journal
This document describes an IoT-based accident avoidance and detection system for two-wheelers. The system uses an accelerometer to sense vehicle tilt and activate supporting wheels to prevent falls. A vibration sensor senses accident severity. An IoT modem then sends this data to an Android app, which notifies the nearest medical center and friends via text with the accident location. This allows for timely medical aid. The system can also monitor speed and trigger an alarm if speed exceeds a threshold, helping avoid accidents. The goal is to reduce accident fatalities by facilitating immediate emergency response.
Internet of things (IoT) has started growing due to the developments in RFID, sensors, communication technologies and Internet protocols. The basic aim is to connect sensors in a straight line devoid of human association in the vicinity of help in creation of new types applications. The revolution in mobile, Internet in addition to machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies preserve is seen when the primary step towards IoT. Internet of Things (IoT) is forwarding the association among the objects (the “things”) and the backend systems passing through the Internet. Every object can become connected and smart. As a result, the background is monitored via sensing the background furthermore the data are transferred toward cloud with internet connectivity of the things. The monitoring environment comes closer in spite of distance. There are several platforms that provide services such as data analytics, business analytics, notification, etc. Each platform provides a specific service In this expose, we examine a delegate section of these platforms, together open- source and proprietary, on the source of their capability to convene the potential of dissimilar IoT users. The evaluation focuses on how prepared and functional these platforms are for IoT ecology players, other than on the peculiarities of the essential scientific layers. This paper mainly aims to provide a summary of different platforms and stages for IOT. This paper would help the IoT users to decide their best platform to suit their application.
Realization of Direct Digital Synthesis in Cordic AlgorithmIJASRD Journal
Nowadays the modern communication system and software defined radio-based applications needs Trans receiver consisting of fully programmable circuit which performs modulation and demodulation process. The method which does not need memory for realizing modulators and demodulators is CORDIC algorithm. The CORDIC algorithm is a versatile algorithm which calculates only adder and shifter operations instead of using multiplier. So, this algorithm is mostly used for VLSI and digital signal processing. The main concept used in this project is Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) which generates the analog waveform in digital format based on CORDIC algorithm approach .This paper focuses on analysis and simulation of Binary phase shift keying (BPSK), Binary amplitude shift keying (BASK), Binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation scheme using DDS based on CORDIC algorithm instead of ROM look up table which greatly reduce the number of slices and no of look up tables. The whole simulation is done on Modelsim and Xilinx-ISE using Verilog descriptive language and these modulation schemes are implemented on Spartan-3 FPGA kit.
Virtual Reality Based Requirement Distributions for Disaster Affected PeoplesIJASRD Journal
The general aim of the development of virtual reality technology for automation applications at the IRF is to provide the framework for Projective Virtual Reality which allows users to “project” their actions in the virtual world into the real world. Based on this virtual reality requirement distribution for disaster affected people system is proposed. In this system, it displays the basic need of affected people. Through this the concerned authority will know their requirement and distribute their need. The proposed system gets user’s height and change buttons’ vertical position. In addition, users can change a button label and type.
Implementation of Low Complex Universal Filtered MulticarrierIJASRD Journal
In 5G technology for enhancing the high speed data process the Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC), Universal Filtered multicarrier (UFMC), and Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) techniques are used in effective manner. The FIR filter plays an important role in 5G mobile communication technology. In this paper, the hardware complexity reduced by using the FIR filter. In previous technique, 73 multipliers are required to the filtering process. Here to reduce the number of multipliers by using the multiplexers. The 73 multipliers to be replaced with the 5 number of 16:1 multiplexers, 5 multipliers and 4 registers. The Multiple Constant Multiplication (MCM) scheme is also presented for the block implementation FIR filters. Reducing the memory usage for using the less number of multipliers. Use the less number multipliers the difficulties are to be reduced. The overall implementation has a result of 42% reduction in hardware complexity.
Uncompressed Video Streaming in Wireless Channel without Interpolation using ...IJASRD Journal
This document summarizes an article that proposes methods for uncompressed video streaming over wireless channels using search algorithms without interpolation. It introduces full search and logarithmic search algorithms to estimate pixel motion for video transmission. The full search algorithm provides optimal estimation but is computationally expensive, while the logarithmic search algorithm reduces complexity. Experimental results show the full search algorithm achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratio than existing methods. The proposed methods improve video quality for wireless transmission without increasing computational complexity.
Massive MIMO-Based 5G Networks: Energy Harvesting Base Stations with Minimum ...IJASRD Journal
The degree of CSI available to Transmitter and Receiver is influenced by the capacity of MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). The maximizing Energy Efficiency (EE) is to optimum transmission strategy for multiple user Massive MIMO system are to be optimized in radio frequency energy harvesting network. The grid energy permits requite for the changeability and intermittent the harvest energy. Hence, the quality of service constraint has to been solved under the problem of power grid expenditure reduction. In hybrid Massive MIMO system focuses on Energy efficient maximization where Massive MIMO employs where there are two other promising 5G technologies: assorted networks and millimeter wave. For achieving larger Energy Efficiency gains multiple opportunities open up than with conservative Massive MIMO systems. A sarcastic psychoanalysis of the Energy Efficient development approach considering combination Massive MIMO scheme permits as to verify various open research tribulation it will immensely help users in using energy-efficient 5G deployments.
Voice Based Search Engine for Visually Impairment PeoplesIJASRD Journal
World Wide Web (WWW) is unexpectedly emerging because the accepted records supply for our society. The WWW is normally reachable the usage of an internet-browsing package from a networked pc. The layout of facts on the net is visually orientated. The reliance on visible presentation locations excessive cognitive demands on a person to function this sort of system. The interaction might also sometimes require the whole attention of a consumer. The design of information presentation at the web is predominately visible-oriented. This presentation technique requires most, if no longer all, of the person’s attention and imposes significant cognitive load on a user. This technique isn't always sensible, in particular for the visually impaired persons. The awareness of this challenge is to develop a prototype which supports net browsing the use of a speech-based interface, e.g. A telephone, and to degree its effectiveness. The command input and the delivery of web contents are totally in voice. Audio icons are constructed into the prototype so that users will have higher knowledge of the original shape/purpose of a web page. Navigation and manage commands are available to decorate the net browsing enjoy. The effectiveness of this prototype is evaluated in a consumer take a look at involving both generally sighted and visually impaired humans. Voice browsers allow human beings to get right of entry to the Web the usage of speech synthesis, pre-recorded audio, and speech reputation. This may be supplemented via keypads and small presentations. Voice may also be supplied as an accessory to standard computing device browsers with high resolution graphical presentations, presenting an on hand alternative to the use of the keyboard or screen, as an instance in cars in which palms/eyes unfastened operation is crucial. Voice interplay can get away the bodily obstacles on keypads and shows as cell devices turn out to be ever smaller. The browser will have an integrated textual content extraction engine that inspects the content of the page to construct a structured illustration. The inner nodes of the structure constitute diverse tiers of abstraction of the content. This enables in easy and bendy navigation of the page so that it will hastily home into gadgets of interest.
Developing countries like India needs a significant improvement in infrastructure such as Roads or Highways. An express high way, for physical improvement, is one of them. Regardless, we experience a long queue at each toll plazas on expressway which wastes a lot of experience time, fuel and surges of co2. In order to check the issue basic in light of the present manual toll gathering system, Automated Toll Collection structure is exceedingly required. In this venture, we will look at the separate data from the client and it will be prepared for toll gathering framework, to make progressively productive and perfect. Beginning at now, at each toll both the vehicle needs to stop for paying the toll. We have proposed a structure that would pay the toll subsequently and diminish the line at the toll corner. For this purpose we have used the RFID tags to identify the user and so that the amount is automatically deducted from the users wallet. SMS is send to the user after deducting the amount form the user wallet. In addition to this, we have used the GPS to find the user location.
Secure Medical Data Computation using Virtual_ID Authentication and File Swap...IJASRD Journal
PHR provides users with a great deal in leakage of sensitive information. However, securing the sensitive medical data also brings very serious security problems, especially for the data security which is stored in the medical cloud data. Once the data is leaked to a third party, then the data privacy has become a major problem, mainly such as authentication, availability of data, confidentiality etc., and which is to be taken into consideration very effectively. An authentication scheme based on virtual smartcard using hashing function for medical data is proposed to solve the problem of in which the illegal users access the resources of servers. Here, we also maintain PHR sensitive data in the cloud by using file swapping concept. Once the user access the data. The user data will be swapped into different places by file swapping concept, so the file will be more secured and no one can hack or theft our data.
Secure Video Processing using ROI Extraction and ECC EncryptionIJASRD Journal
Video encryption is the process of encrypting videos to hide the object in video for secure video sharing. To hide privacy from sensitive areas in video frame, ROI extraction techniques are proposed. Lightweight encryption algorithm is performed on every ROI to make the privacy sensitive information. To implement ECC encryption for encryption of extracted ROI. Provide secure video communication between sender and receiver.
An Approach to Detect and Avoid Social Engineering and Phasing Attack in Soci...IJASRD Journal
Digital physical frameworks are the key advancement driver for some spaces, for example, car, flight, mechanical procedure control, and industrial facility mechanization. Be that as it may, their interconnection possibly gives enemies simple access to delicate information, code, and setups. In the event that aggressors gain control, material harm or even damage to individuals must be normal. To neutralize information burglary, framework control and digital assaults, security instruments must be implanted in the digital physical framework. The social building assault layouts are changed over to social designing assault situations by populating the format with the two subjects and articles from genuine precedents while as yet keeping up the point by point stream of the assault as gave in the format. Social Engineering by E-Mail is by a wide margin the most intensely utilized vector of assault, trailed by assaults beginning from sites. The aggressor in this way misuses the set up trust by requesting that consent utilize the organization's remote system office to send an email. A social designer can likewise join mechanical intends to accomplish the assault goals. The heuristic-based discovery method examines and separates phishing site includes and recognizes phishing locales utilizing that data .Based on the robotized examination of the record in the informal organization, you can construct suppositions about the power of correspondence between clients. In view of this data, it is conceivable to compute the likelihood of achievement of a multistep social building assault from the client to the client in digital physical/digital social framework. Furthermore, the proposed social designing assault layouts can likewise be utilized to create social building mindfulness material.
Effect of HHO Gas as Fuel Additive on the Exhaust Emissions of Internal Combu...IJASRD Journal
The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
2. A Study on Quality of Life and Social Support Breast Cancer Women in Greater Corporation of
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Volume 06, Issue 07, Version I, Jul’ 2019 8
INTRODUCTION
The word cancer is derived from the Latin word, Cancrum which means a crab. Cancer
may affect people at all ages, even foetuses but risk for the common variety trends to increase
with age. Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths. The oldest treatment for malignancy is
surgery, but there is now an increase range of nonsurgical treatments, encompassing both
radiotherapy and drug treatments (Chemotherapy)[1]. Malignancy is common, developing at
some time in life of more than one-third of population. It is the second most common cause of
death in the western world after cardiovascular disease. However, there is significant
variation with age, sex and geography in the incidence of the various malignancies as well as
in the resources available for detection and treatment and amongst the more common solid
tumours are lung and breast cancer[2].
1.1 Epidemiology of Cancer
Epidemiology of cancer determines the frequency and distribution of a disease and
other health related events in a defined population. Epidemiological studies enable trends to
be monitored over time and draws attention to deviations from normal patterns in
subpopulations. Examples of epidemiological factors that may affect the occurrence of cancer
are age, gender, race and geography.
1.2 Environmental Factors that Contribute to Cancer Development
A carcinogen is an agent capable of increasing the incidence of neoplasms above that
experienced in the absence of the agent. Carcinogens generally refer to environmental factors,
including naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals present in food, air, water and
radiation.
1.3 Environmental Carcinogens
• Chemical Carcinogens
• Radiation
• Exogenous Hormones
• Dietary factors.
1.4 Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer is a malignant (Cancer) tumour that starts from cells of the breast. It
is found mostly in women, but men can get breast cancer, too.
1.5 The Breasts
In each breast, there are 15 to 20 lobes which are arranged in a formation similar to
that of a daisy. Each lobe consists of many smaller lobules, which end in many tiny bulb
structures which are capable of producing milk. The lobes, lobules and bulbs are joined
together by thin tubes called ducts. The ducts meet at the nipple located at the centre of the
areola which is the dark area of skin[3]. Though, there are no muscles in the breast, there are
muscles that lie under each breast covering the ribs. Breast tissue contains blood vessels and
vessels containing lymph. These lymph vessels lead to small bean shaped organs which are
known as lymph nodes. Lymph clusters can be found in the chest, under the arm and above
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the collar bone, they are also found in many parts of the body. Breast cancer is the most
common malignancy among women and the second leading cause cancer deaths among
women[4].
1.6 Breast Cancer Terms
(a) Carcinoma
This is a term used to describe a cancer that begins in the lining layer of organs such
as the breast. Nearly all breast cancers are carcinomas (either ductal carcinomas or lobular
carcinomas).
(b) Adenocarcinoma
An adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that starts in gland tissue (tissue that makes
and secretes a substance). The ducts and lobules of the breast are gland tissues because they
make breast milk, so cancers starting in these areas are often called adenocarcinomas.
(c) Carcinoma in Situ
This term is used for the early stage of cancer, when it is still only in the layer of cells
where it began. In breast cancer, in situ means that the cancer cells are only in the ducts
(Ductal carcinoma in situ) or lobules (lobular carcinoma in situ). They have not spread into
deeper tissues in the breast or to other organs in the body. They are sometimes called non-
invasive or pre-invasive breast cancers.
(d) Invasive (Infiltrating) Carcinoma
An invasive cancer is one that has already grown beyond the layer of cells where it
started (Unlike carcinoma in situ). Most breast cancers are invasive carcinomas-either
invasive ductal carcinoma or invasive lobular carcinoma.
(e) Sarcoma
Sarcomas are cancers that start from connective tissues such as muscle tissue, fat
tissue or blood vessels, Sarcomas of breast are rare.
1.7 Types of Breast Cancer
There are many types of breast cancer, but some of them are very rare. Sometimes a
breast tumour can be a mix of these types or a mixture of invasive and in situ cancer.
(a) Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): Commonest type of non-invasive breast cancer.
DCIS means that the cancer is still in the ducts and has not spread through the duct
walls into the tissue of the breast. Most women having cancer at this stage can be
cured. The best way to find DCIS early is with the help of a mammogram. If areas of
dead or dying cancer cells are to be seen within the biopsy (when the tissue is taken
out to be scrutinized in the lab) sample, then the tumour is likely to grow and spread
more aggressively (quickly).
(b) Lobular carcinoma In Situ (LCIS): This starts in the lobules, which are the milk
making glands, but do not go pass the lobule walls. Though it is not a true cancer, it
increases a women’s risk of getting cancer later. Hence, for this purpose, women with
LCIS must make sure they have regular mammograms and doctor visits[5].
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(c) Invasive (or infiltrating) ductal carcinoma (IDC): It begins in the duct and
breaks through the duct walls and spreads into the breast tissue and may spread to
other parts of the body.
(d) Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC): It is the least common, but most aggressive of
breast cancers, taking the form of sheets or nests, instead of lumps. It can start in the
soft tissues of the breast, just under the skin, or it can appear in the skin.
1.8 Risk Factors
• Increased risk in women who begins menstruation before age 12 and late Menopause
after age 55.
• Women who conceive their first child late after age 30 years develop breast cancer
than who conceives a child at a younger age.
• Women with family history of breast cancer.
• Women who suffer breast cancer in one breast.
• Obese women with sedentary life style.
• Most women who develop breast cancer do not have any known risk factors or a history
of the disease in their families.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Objectives
(a) To study the Socio-economic and Demographic Profile of the Breast Cancer Patients.
(b) To Assess the Awareness level among Breast Cancer Patients about the Breast Self
Examination.
(c) To study the Support rendered by the Family Members towards Breast Cancer Patients.
(d) To study the Knowledge and Apprehensions of the Patients about their Illness.
(e) To study the Affect of Breast Cancer on the family, children and spouse of a Breast
Cancer Patients.
(f) To study the Importance of Regular Screening in Breast Cancer Survivor.
(g) To undertake Twenty Case Studies for deeper understanding of Risk Factors of Breast
Cancer and problems faced by Patient respondents.
2.2 Hypothesis
1. With the increase of age of woman the risk proneness level of Breast Cancer would
also Increase.
2. Women who have had no children or who had their first child after age of 30 years have
a slightly higher breast cancer risk than women having children before age 30 years.
3. Breast cancer risk is higher among women whose close blood relatives have this
disease than women whose relatives are not having breast cancer.
4. Factors that may increase breast cancer risk include high fat intake, high alcohol
consumption, and a diet rich in over cooked meats.
2.3 Pilot Study
A pilot study was conducted on 15 Breast Cancer Patients from three Hospitals i.e.
Chettinad Hospital at Sholingallur, Apollo Cancer Research Center at Kottivakkam and
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Cancer Research Institute Adyar (5 Patients from each Hospital) for estimating the
appropriateness of statements. After Pilot study was conducted some necessary modifications
were incorporated in Interview Schedule in order to enhance the Validity and Reliability
of the study.
2.4 Interview Schedule
Interview Schedule has been pre-designed in a very systematic manner after conduct
of Pilot Study. Interview Schedule consists of Five Parts i.e. Part A, Part B, Part C, Part
D and Part E. Part A describes Socio-economic and Demographic Profile, Part B
delineates Personal History Particulars, Part C delineates Food Habits particulars,
Part D describes Medical History and Part E delineates Psycho-Social Factors
associated with Breast Cancer. Interviewer asked each respondent the questions
designed in Interview Schedule and noted down all the answers received from all 331
respondents.
2.5 Research Design
Descriptive Research Design has been employed for the present study. Through
this design Socio-economic and demographic conditions of Breast Cancer Patients such
as age, occupation, marital status, economic status, education, Risk Assessment regarding
to Breast Cancer i.e. age at Menarche, age at Menopause, age at Marriage, Use of Family
Planning Methods, Experience of Abortion, age at first child born, Breast fed their children,
habit of smoking & Alcohol, Type of Food, History of Cancer, Awareness on Breast Self
Examination such as Noticeable Lump, Delay in consulting a doctor and treatment,
Knowledge about Illness, Knowing about Breast Prosthesis, Affect on Family, Family
Support and Apprehensions about Illness were described in the systematic manner and
further how they were associated with Breast Cancer was described in the form of tables and
graphical analysis.
2.6 Sample Size
A total sample of 331 Breast Cancer patients i.e. 81 patients from Chettinad Hospital
at Sholingallur 96 patients from Apollo Cancer Research Center at Kottivakkam and 154
patients from Cancer Research Institute Adyar were selected for the present study by
adopting a Convenience sampling method. While selecting sample respondents a lot of
care has been taken by the researcher to maintain the quality of representativeness of total
population in Guntur town. Thus, the total Sample Size of the present study was 331.
2.7 Collection of Data - Primary Data
First the researcher tried to build up a very good rapport with each respondent before
the commencement of Interview procedure. The researcher collected the information from
each respondent by asking questions that were already designed in Interview Schedule.
Primary data has been collected from 331 females Breast Cancer Patients in Greater
Corporation of Chennai by adopting pre-designed Interview Schedule.
2.8 Secondary Data
Before collecting the primary data, there was great need to analyze the studies and
surveys that were already conducted by experts in the subject field. For this purpose, a
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literature survey was conducted by referring the secondary sources of information such as
Census reports, books, research Journals, conference proceedings, web sources and other
research reports so as to assess the research gap to describe the issues and factors affecting
Breast Cancer.
2.9 Statistical Techniques – Data Analysis
Statistical techniques such as simple frequencies, percentages, Chi-square and Log it
model have been employed in the present study to analyse the data.
2.10 Limitations of the Study
The present study is subjected to certain limitations in view of unclear nature of
disclosure and nondisclosure; it was sometimes difficult to determine the true level of patient
awareness of their cancer diagnosis, the limited size of the sample and limited coverage of
study area only. The study is not extensive in its coverage since it is confined to only three
Hospitals in Greater Corporation of Chennai and only 331 respondents were taken for the
study. So, the result of the study may not be applicable to other regions in the country with
varied socio-economic, demographic and geographical conditions. However, the researcher
has attempted to conduct an in-depth study by covering various aspects, problems and very
significant research area of Breast Cancer and their socio-economic and demographic
associated factors, Psycho-socio and other Risk factors, Awareness on Brest Self Examination,
Effect on Family, Family Support and Apprehensions about Illness.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Educational Qualification
Attainment of literacy level is an important indicator of a community’s social and
economic status. As per the National Health Policy 2012, 35 per cent of the country is
illiterate. Students are the main targets for imparting information relating to basic principles
of health care. The present study in the select population in Chennai city showed that 32 per
cent or 96 respondents were illiterate. And the number of respondents who were illiterate
from all the four zones far outnumbered the other literate persons. And there was more
number of illiterates in south or Santhome Zone than other three zones. The presence of more
number of private schools than government and corporation schools in the vicinity of the
select Metro Corporation area appears to be the reason for the greater level of illiteracy
among the slum dwellers due to poverty. Though the number of government or corporation
schools may be adequate, the improper maintenance of the school along with inadequate
professionals to provide education and ill-treatment vetted to the students gives out wrong
signals as to its attendance thus leading to closure of the school in due course of time.
Table – 1: Literacy Level of Background in Chennai City
ZONES Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 7 Zone 10 Total
Illiterate 24 25 17 30 96 (32.0)
Primary 11 13 05 25 54 (18.0)
Middle 11 18 11 32 72 (24.0)
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High School 04 13 10 32 59 (19.7)
Hr. Sec and Above 03 03 04 09 19 (6.30)
Total 53 72 47 128 300 (100.00)
Note: Figures in brackets represents percentage; Survey Results conducted during the present
study.
3.2 Household Income
The purchasing power gained by the economic activity ranges from mere food finder
to huge sums of finance to fund luxurious living. At least one third of the same population did
not reveal their true income. Though income of the family is camouflaged by the respondents,
after much initiation, 160 of them or 53.3 per cent of the total respondents said that their
earnings were between Rs.3000 to Rs.6000. Respondents having an income more than
Rs.6000 included income of the other members of the family or the respondent was employed
in the public or private sector. The study has showed that slums house earners of both less
than Rs.150/- per day and more than Rs.52,000/- per annum. There is a need for an in-depth
study as to why the rich who can afford all the amenities still thrive in the slum area. In other
words, they remain a burden to the poorest of the poor who are unable to get a decent living
place for themselves and their siblings. This also explains the growth of squatter settlements
in and around the city.
Table – 2: Household Income of Select Areas Households in Chennai City
Income Group Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 7 Zone 10 Total
Below Rs. 5000 13 15 12 36 76 (24.3)
Rs. 5000 and Rs.6000 31 40 21 68 160 (53.3)
Above Rs. 7000 31 40 21 68 160 (53.3)
Total 53 72 47 128 300 (100.00)
Source: Survey conducted, 2015.
Note: Figures in brackets represents percentage.
The income of the slum dwellers ranges from less than Rs.5,000/- to more than
Rs.7,000/- per month. The study that there were dwellers whose income was Rs.52,000/- per
month. Therefore, it can be said that income though one of the many criterion for living in
Chennai city, is not the main one. The comparison between the income level and the reason
for residing in the slums did not have any significance. The study showed a chi-square value
of 11.345 and P-value of 0.5 for the same.
Table – 3: Reasons for Residing in Chennai City
Reasons for residing in slums < Rs.5000 Rs.5000 – Rs.6000 > Rs.7000 Total
Low rent 4 7 5 16
Located in the center of the city 4 12 2 18
Since marriage 12 36 10 58
Since birth 40 65 23 128
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Inherited the house 6 12 8 26
Migrated for job 7 21 11 39
Others 3 7 5 15
Total 76 160 64 300
Income level sometimes makes the slum dweller to forgo treatment, particularly when
it is the health of the women which is in stake. Though women are considered the head of the
family, it is the husband or the father who may be the patriarch of the family. The level of
the income decides the importance of the health of the women. The study found that for the
health problems like urinary infection, sexually transmitted disease, menopause, etc., very
few respondents approach for treatment and care. From the Table – 3, it can be observed that
around 61 respondents approach the private clinic while other 62 respondents have replied
to have forgone treatment. Both these respondents fall in the category of middle income group
with Rs.5,000/- to Rs.7,000/- income per month.
Table – 4: Approaching Health Care Institutions by Women for Urinary, Sexually
Transmitted Diseases and Menopause Disorders in Chennai City Slums under the Three
Income Categories
Health facility < Rs.3000 Rs.3000 to Rs.6000 > Rs. 6000 Total
Health Post 12 20 4 36
Government Hospital 6 10 4 20
Private Clinic 25 61 27 113
Self care 0 1 0 1
NGO 1 6 2 9
Don’t know 32 62 27 121
Total 76 160 64 300
So far as income is concerned, there was no significant difference in the income
distribution and the health care facility approached by the women for their personal health.
The study also tried to ascertain the significance with regard to the health facility approached
and the health of the women with regard to their problems pertaining to menopause, cervix,
vaginal discharge, etc. Among those who approach health care institutions for treatment,
whether they prefer public or private health institutions, the present study showed that, out
of 300 respondents, 124 of them approached private health institutions rather than public
institutions as shown in Table – 5.
Table – 5: Preferred Health Institutions for Women Oriented Diseases under the Three Income
Categories
Health Facility < Rs.3000 Rs.3000 to Rs.6000 > Rs.6000 Total
Health Post 10 24 4 38
Government Hospital 10 20 9 39
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Private Clinic 30 66 28 124
Self care 1 2 0 3
NGO 1 6 3 10
Don’t know 24 42 20 86
Total 76 160 64 300
3.3 Caste of the Respondents
The present study has revealed that the majority of the population in slums belongs
to either schedule caste or most backward classes or backward classes. The National Family
Health Survey* of 2004-2005 has reported that majority of the slums in India in general and
Chennai in particular is inhabited by population belonging to the schedule caste. This study
too confirms the findings that the majority of the respondents, 215 out of 300, belongs to
schedule castes. Most of the respondents in the north and south zones of Chennai city is
fisherman whose community status is that of Schedule caste. In vernacular terms, the
community which most of the slum populations belonged to is Adi Dravidar Community.
Table – 6: Castes of the Respondent
Community Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 7 Zone 10 Total
Backward Class 03 14 07 30 54 (18.0)
Most Backward Class 06 05 02 18 31 (10.3)
SC/ST 44 53 38 80 215 (71.7)
Total 53 72 47 128 300 (100.00)
The comparison between the community and the overall opinion about the health care
services provided shows a high significance probability of 0.0001 of F probability value.
3.4 Availability of Health Care Services
The slum population in Chennai is provided with several heath care services through
plethora of network from public sector, private practitioners, voluntary organization,
industrial houses, state employees’ insurance schemes, other systems of medicines, etc, as a
result of flourishing amongst the general yet posh locality. A moderately poor slum household
approaches the private practitioners who are available nearby at any time of the day or night.
But a truly below poverty line citizen still wait for the day break to approach a government
health organization to relieve of their pain.
The major provider of public health services in Chennai city are government hospitals,
free of cost. The other infrastructure available is the Urban Health Posts which function at
the grass root level, in addition to corporation dispensaries. Besides the public institutions,
there are private practitioners having clinics, small nursing homes having limited bed
facilities, bigger nursing homes catering to limited specialty services and the bigger multi-
specialty hospitals providing multiple diagnostic, screening and treatment care involving
huge expenses.
The public sector provides health care services like family planning, immunization
activities, ante-natal, pre-natal and post-natal care, adolescent care, cancer control, and
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HIV/AIDS screening, maternity benefit for poor mothers, infectious diseases control,
communicable diseases control, etc, through its network of delivery systems. The other
aspects of health namely the environmental sanitation, solid waste management, water
supply, etc, are provided and monitored by the corporation.
The scenario sounds exciting with so many providers for health and health care services.
But the true picture we get from the present study reveal certain facts. The health posts are
accessed by the slum population only to fulfill the mandatory requirements of registration.
The slum dwellers are excluded from the benefits such as free medical care from the
government hospitals in the event, if the pregnancy is not registered with the health post of
the respective jurisdiction. Hence, the slum populations either avail of the services of the
government hospitals by registering in health posts located in their respective slum areas or
forgo the benefits as shown in the Table 7 Registration of pregnancy is undertaken during
the fourth month of pregnancy. In the event, the pregnant women approach the health post
after the stipulated period; they are turned away with much empathy that the women in need
shun the facility for the rest of her life.
Table – 7: Frequency of Visiting Public Health Institutions for Ante-natal, Neo-natal and
Post-natal Care
Health facility Frequency Percentage
Health Post 167 55.67
Government Hospital 56 18.67
Private clinic 49 16.33
Others 28 9.33
Total 300 100.00
MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
4.1 Socio-Economic and Demographic Profile
• Majority (32.3%) of the respondents were found to be having higher incidence of breast
cancer in the age group of 40-49 and 50-59 years followed by above 60 years age group
(20.8%) and 30-39(12.7%) whereas only 1.8% of the respondents were found to be in
the 20-29 age group.
• Majority (48%) of the respondents having higher incidence of breast cancer attained
college education followed by primary education (27.8%), secondary education (9.7%),
P.G (7.6%) While only 6.9% of the respondents found to be illiterate.
• Majority (72.8%) of the respondents were found to be housewives whereas only 1.2%
of the respondents were found to be business and others.
• Majority of the respondents (93.4%) were observed as married while 2.7% of the
respondents were found to be widows whereas only 0.9% of the respondents were noted
as divorced.
• It was found in the study that majority (77.3%) of the respondents were living in
nuclear families while 22.7% of the respondents were living in joint families.
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• Majority (33.5%) of the respondents were found to be having an earning income above
Rs.40000/- per month whereas only 3.6% of the respondents were having income of
below Rs. 10000/-.
• Majority (84.6%) of the respondents were found to be having own house while 4.2% of
the respondents were living in a mortgaged house where as 3.0% of the respondents
were having other type of house.
• Majority (74.3%) of the respondents were found to be living in urban areas while
remaining (25.7%) were living in rural areas.
4.2 Breast Cancer - Risk Assessment
• Majority (68.3%) of the respondents attained the Menarche at the age between 13 to
14 years whereas only 1.2% of the respondents attained their Menarche at the age
above 16 years.
• Majority (38.1%) of the respondents reached menopause at the age between 46 to 50
years where as only 1.2% of the respondents reached their menopause at the age above
55 years.
• Majority (45.9%) of the respondents got married at the age between 16 to 20 years
followed by 21-25 years (30.2%) where as 1.2% of the respondents got married at the
age above 30 years while only 0.3% of the respondents were remained as unmarried.
• Majority (66.2%) of the respondents have not used any family planning methods where
as 33.8% of the respondents were found to have family planning methods.
• Majority (47.7%) of the respondents had two children where as 12.4% of the
respondents had one child while 4.2% of the respondents were found to have no
children.
• Most (80.4%) of the respondents didn’t undergo for any kind of abortions while others
have had (19.6%) undergone abortions.
• Majority (40.5%) of the respondents expressed that their first child was born at the
age between 16 to 25 years where as 3.0% of the respondents conceived their first child
at the age above 30 years while 4.2% of the respondents were found to be having no
children.
• Most (86.1%) of the respondents have breast fed their children while only 9.7% of the
respondents have not breast fed their child.
• Most (98.5%) of the respondents did not have a habit of smoking where as 1.5% of the
respondents were found to have a habit of smoking.
• Most (78.2%) of the respondents have not been exposed to passive smoking and 21.8%
of them have exposed to passive smoking.
• Most (96.8%) of the respondents have never consumed alcohol while 3.0% of
respondents were found to be consuming alcohol.
4.3 Awareness on Breast Self Examination knowledge about Illness and Follow-
ups:
• Majority (72.2%) of the respondents has no knowledge about self breast examination
while (27.8%) of the respondents has knowledge about self- Breast examination.
• It was found that among 27.8% of the respondents knew about breast self examination,
majority (10%) of the respondents came to know breast self examination through
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magazines followed by Doctors (9.4%) whereas only 1.5% of the respondents knew
through others.
• It was found that majority (89.4%) of the respondents have had complaints of lump in
the breast where as 0.9% of the respondents have had pain.
• Majority (75.8%) of the respondents have had a noticeable lump in the breast while
9.1% of the respondents have been found with a lump through routine check-up where
as 7.6% have noticed a lump through other investigations.
• Majority (66.8%) of the respondents have undergone for FNAC followed by 16.6% of
the respondents have undergone for Mammography, 15.7% of the respondents have
undergone for Biopsy where as 0.9% of the respondents have undergone for PET CT
scan.
• Majority (70.1%) of the respondents have delayed in consulting a doctor where as
29.9% of the respondents consulted a doctor without delay.
• Majority (47.4%) of the respondents delayed consulting a doctor after noticing a lump
due to ignorance where as 3.0% of the respondents delayed consulting a doctor after
noticing a lump due to non-availability of services.
• Majority (40.8%) of the respondents delayed for 1-2 months in consulting a doctor after
noticing a lump where as 2.1% of the respondents delayed for 4-5 months.
• It was found in the above table that most (95.2%) of the respondents knew about their
illness while only 4.8% of the respondents did not know about their illness.
• It was found that majority (51.1%) of the respondents got information about treatment
options through Doctor whereas only 0.9% of the respondents got information from
other sources.
• Majority (60.4%) of the respondents have had no complaint of pain where as 39.6% of
the respondents have complaints of pain.
• Majority (63.4%) of the respondents did not know about breast prosthesis while 36.6%
of the respondents have known about breast prosthesis.
4.4 Effect on Family, Support from Family, Apprehensions about Illness:
• Most (83.1%) of the respondents have had fear about the disease where as 16.9% of the
respondents experienced no fear about disease.
• It was found that majority (39.3%) of the respondents have had fear of about recurrence
of cancer while as 7.6% of the respondents had fear about change in appearance where
as 16.9% of the respondents have had no fear.
• Majority (58.9%) of the respondents were shocked by the diagnosis, 26.9 % of the
respondents were depressed while 10.6% of the respondents were Brave where as 3.6%
of respondents were found to be hopeless.
• Majority (59.2%) of the respondents have shared their feelings with others in their sad
time. (20.5%) of the respondents spent time sitting alone while as 14.8% of the
respondents cried where as 5.4% of the respondents choose to do other activities.
• Majority (65.6%) of the respondents were mixing freely with others after their diagnosis
where as 34.4% of the respondents expressed that they were not interacting freely with
others after their diagnosis.
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• Majority (65.6%) of the respondents mix freely with others. 12.1% of the respondents
avoid due to self-appearance, 10.3% of the respondents due to ongoing conversation on
the disease, 9.1% avoid people due to low self esteem, 3% of the respondents avoid due
to fear of rejection.
• Majority (52%) of the respondents have received Financial support from their family
followed by 31.4% of the respondents have received emotional while 16.6% of
respondents received informational support.
• Majority (96.4%) of the respondents were obtained information about treatment in
every visit, (2.4%) of the respondents obtained information about treatment Monthly
where as 1.2% of the respondents were getting information about treatment weekly
once.
• Majority (56.8%) of the respondents have not enquired about any alternative treatment
options while 22.7% have considered Ayurveda as an alternate mode of treatment
where as 0.3% of the respondents have considered Naturopathy.
• Majority (78.5%) of the respondents have never interacted with other survivors of
breast cancer while remaining 21.5% of the respondents have interacted with other
survivor of breast cancer.
• It was found in the study that 20.5% of the respondents felt that interacting with other
breast cancer survivors gave a boost to their confidence where as 0.9% of the
respondents who felt that interacting with other breast cancer survivors did not help
their confidence while 78.5% of the respondents never spoke to any breast cancer
survivors.
• Most (99.1%) of the respondents did not join any support group where as 0.9% of the
respondents have joined a support group.
CANCER PREVENTION
• Avoid: Any form of tobacco should be avoided. It is a major risk factor for cancer.
Smoking in both forms, passive and active must be stopped. Also chewing tobacco will
cause cancer.
• Food: The most important thing it to eat healthy foods which contains grains, fruits
and vegetables. It is recommended to not consume red meat. Alcohol should strictly be
avoided. Consumption of fatty foods is not recommended.
• Exercise: Exercising regularly will help in preventing formation of fat in our body.
Daily exercise must be an essential extent of one’s daily routine.
• Sunlight: The UV rays which are emitted from Sun, is a major cause of skin cancer.
It is advised to avoid the sun’s ultraviolet rays, specifically between 10 am to 4 pm. It
is also suggested to apply ample amounts of sunscreen lotion before going outdoors
during the peak hours.
• Immunization: Getting vaccinated against Hepatitis B will reduce the infection
which will cause liver cancer.
• Health: Sexually transmitted diseases, for example: human papilloma virus infection,
hepatitis B and HIV can be avoided by practicing safe sex. These STDs can be a cause
to various types of cancers. This can be achieved by using condoms and limiting the
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number of sexual partners. If drug usage is present, do not share the needles and
immediately seek professional help.
• Annual check-ups: We need to make a habit of going for our annual medical check-
ups. These regular checks can detect cancer at early stages which will help in better
treatment options.
STRATEGIES
1) Creating awareness about cancer is the most important part of the life of an
individual. Early detection of cancer helps an individual to get cured. To create
awareness in women and educate them regarding breast self examination and risk
factors of breast cancer for early detection with the help of health workers and
volunteers. To include more NGO’s to create awareness and screening in areas where
tertiary care of hospitals is not available.
2) Adopt a healthy life style to reduce the risk of breast cancer which includes
maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercises and avoid fried items. Conduct a
breast self examination, clinical breast examination and get regular screening
mammography every year.
3) To promote the necessity of modifiable risk factors like avoiding smoking,
alcohol and take less fat high fiber diet. Promote healthy diet inclusive of lots of green
vegetables follows high nutrient diet. Changes in diet and life style to reduce the
incidence of cancer.
4) Women who are having history of breast cancer in their family should go for
screening like mammography or clinical examination advised by their physician.
5) To promote the importance of having children before the age of 30 years.
Breast feeding also contributes to risk reduction. Women who have used Hormone
replacement therapies are at risk that risk increases with increasing Duration of
hormone replacement therapy.
6) Training should be available for doctors, paramedical personnel and social
Workers from voluntary and government organizations to impact training in Breast
cancer awareness and psychosocial problems of patients who suffered with breast
cancer. People should be oriented through media, booklets, radio and etc.
7) Psychological issues are associated with breast cancer, which creates fear in
them. After completion of treatment also most of them have fear about recurrence.
Social workers or volunteers should conduct group sessions for those who are having
same type of cancer. Cleared their misconceptions and motivate them towards positive
attitude.
8) A multidisplinary team support is necessary in every area to avail quality
medical treatment to overcome the burden of cancer.
9) Social media should play a responsible role in creating awareness and indulging
group activities for breast cancer survivors to overcome their feelings.
10) Information about facilities necessary in post breast cancer treatment should
be increased. Educating them use of breast prosthesis and wigs should be encouraged
to improve their self consciousness.
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11) Follow-up care is very important after treatment to identify the recurrence
early. Government should provide facilities like mammography, MRI in district
hospitals also.
12) Health of women depends on the prevailing economic, political, social, cultural,
educational, and physical environment. This multi-dimensional supportive
environment needs to be planned and developed by the individual, family, community,
and institutions, NGO’s, Governments and International Organizations for the
welfare and care of the Breast Cancer Patients.
13) Promotion of health is the most important part of the total health care of the
Breast Cancer Patients. To maintain and promote health during treatment, it is vital
to prevent diseases and disability. Early detection and appropriate care should follow
when preventive measures taken up, 50 percent or more of all the health problems are
preventable. Positive attitude towards life coupled with exercise and good nutrition
makes a big difference in your overall Quality.
SUGGESTIONS
In order to reduce aging problems of the Breast Cancer Patients such as biological, i.e.
health problems, arising out of their early menarche, late menopause, abortion, consuming
fatty food and alcohol, passive smoking, the economic problem due to the reduction in the
income level and psychosocial and cultural problems arising during the treatment and life in
the modem family, the following ways and means of their mitigation seem to be more wise,
useful and highly redeeming:
1) Mobile units should be arranged in every district and awareness classes should be
arranged for the public in the field of oncology. Create awareness among educated and
non-educated women regarding breast self examination for early detection.
Government should create awareness and screening methods in rural area also with
the help of health volunteers.
2) The family members should be made aware of psychological and health problems
of the breast cancer patients and in such a way that they should take
3) a sympathetic attitude towards the patients.
4) The government should give incentives to families which take care of cancer
patients like income tax relief, monetary benefits etc.
5) Patients who are physically and mentally fit to work should be helped in finding
out some remunerative work full time or part time in the field or their interest and
ability. This will help them in reducing their feeling of dependency on others can be
productive.
6) The government should consider and provide free or at least subsidized
Facilities for their travelling.
7) Everyone should take less fat and more fiber diet. Avoid of taking fast foods and
fried items.
8) Motivation is important during their treatment and helps to complete it.
Counselors or doctors should work to motivate the patient and family members about
the support and how it helps the patient.
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9) The cancer support team should explain the importance of regular follow-ups
during their treatment and after completion of treatment and explain the role of
regular follow-ups in diagnosing early recurrence.
10) Government should provide chemo drugs to less cost and health policies or
schemes for decreasing the financial constraint on patient its families.
11) Government should take up measures to start well equipped oncology
12) Clinics in every district hospitals.
13)Organizational frame work and programmes at central and state
(a) National Board for senior citizens.
(b) National Institute for senior citizens.
FUTURE ACTIONS FOR THE BREAST CANCER PROBLEM
Considering the increasing number of Breast Cancer Patients and their near total
economic dependence and increasing their psycho- social problems security plans for them to
be taken up in a big way. Future actions can include two types of programmes – those
Generating awareness among young girls (such as rallies, poster competitions and
symposium) and more organized moves need to be made to meet the demands of the Breast
Cancer Patients. More involvement of the nation and the society is needed in terms of finance
and services. The rich and the privileged classes may be able to arrange for their welfare but
the poor and down trodden, more so the women, really need all help in their vulnerable
conditions. The following steps can be taken in future studies for ameliorating the vulnerable
conditions and Preventive Measures for Minimizing Brest Cancer problem.
1) To increase the awareness among all women about Breast Self Examination.
2) To study whether any modifiable risk factors can be curtailed.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the present study that was
conducted on psycho social factors that affect breast cancer patients has revealed that as the
age increases the risk of the breast cancer also increases. The incidence of breast cancer was
found to be more in urban areas, among highly educated and high income women group when
compared with that of women from rural areas, uneducated and low income group women
respectively. The risk of developing breast cancer was not associated with presence of cancer
in family and the result of this study did not find early menarche and late menopause to be
risk factors for breast cancer but the risk increases moderately with consumption of oil and
fatty foods. The majority of respondents were not having knowledge about breast self
examination and subsequently delayed in consulting a doctor even after noticing a lump.
Respondents expressed that they did not use any family planning methods and further they
expressed that they did not smoke or consume alcohol.
The importance of this study was to evaluate the factors which affect the psycho social
barrier in breast cancer and establish a multi dimensional and effective means to elevate and
improve the breast cancer patient’s quality of life basing on this. On another note the
differences in the research results might be from different approaches to statistical data
analysis. The emotional stress of living with a diagnosis of cancer and its treatment, fear of
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recurrence, and the distress imposed by living with the day-to-day physical problems
described above can create new or worsen pre-existing psychological distress for people living
with cancer, their families, and other informal caregivers. Physical and psychological
impairments can also lead to substantial social problems, such as the inability to work or
fulfill other normative social roles.
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[2] Brincton, L. A., Schairer, C., & Hoover, R. N., (2018) “Menstrual Factors and Risk of
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[3] Dan L. Longo & Harrison’s (2011) “Hematology & Oncology”. Tata McGraw-Hill Edition,
New Delhi, 320-342, pp. 459 – 471.
[4] Ganz, P. A., Rowland, J.H., Despond, K., et al., (1998) “Life after Breast Cancer:
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[5] Jacobsen PB, Butler RW. (1996) “Relation of Cognitive Coping and Catastrophizing to
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