All description of internal and external organ of female reproductive system.

1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

2. FUNCTIONS OF INTERNAL FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
SR
NO.
ORGAN NAME FUNCTION
1. Ovaries • Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone
• Site of ovum development and ovulation
2. Fallopian Tubes • Carry the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
• Usually the site of fertilization
3. Fimbriae • Sweep the ovum into the fallopian tube following ovulation
4. Uterus • Pear-shaped organ in which the embryo and fetus develop
• Involved in menstruation
5. Cervix • Separates the vagina from uterus
• Holds the Fetus in place during pregnancy
• Dilates during birth to allow the fetus to leave the uterus
6. Vagina • Extends from the cervix to the external environment
• Provides a passageway from sperm and menstrual flow
• Functions as the birth canal

3. FUNCTIONS OF EXTERNAL FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
 TO ENABLE SPERM TO ENTER THE BODY
 PROTECT THE INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS FROM
INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS.

4. EXTERNAL ORGAN
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Urethral opening
Vaginal orifice and Hymen
Bartholin's glands
Skene’s gland
Vestibular bulbs

5. 1.Vulva- which runs from the pubic area downward to the rectum.
2.Mons pubis-
 The mons pubis, or mons veneris, is the rounded soft fullness of subcutaneous fatty
tissue and loose connective tissue over the symphysis pubis
 It contains many sebaceous glands and develops course dark, curly hair at puberty, about
1-2 year before the onset of menses
 The mons plays a role in sensitivity and protects the symphsis pubis during coitus.
3. Labia majora
The vulva is bounded on each side by the elevation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
They are continuous and joint medially to form the posterior commisure in front of the
anus

6. Labia majora or "greater lips" are the part around the vagina containing subcutaneous
gland, sweat glands hairless follicles and two glands (Bartholin’s glands) which helps
lubrication during intercourse.
The labia majora are homologous with the scrotum of the male
4. Labia minora or "lesser lips" are the thin hairless ridges at the entrance of the
vagina, which joins behind and in front. In front they split to enclose the clitoris.
The lower portion of the labia minora fuses across the midline to form the fold of skin
known as fourchette
Fourchette usually gets lacerated during childbirth
Between the fourchette and the vaginal orifice is the fossa navicularis

7. Labia does not contain the hair follicles, it is made up of connective tissue,
numerous sebaceous gland, erectile muscle fiber and numerous vessels and nerve
ending
The libia minora are homologous to the penile urethra and part of the skin of penis
in male
4. The clitoris is a small pea- shaped structure. It plays an important part in sexual
excitement in females
It consist of a glands, a body and two crura
 It is small cylindrical erectile body
 Measuring about 1.5 to 2cm
 Situated in the most anterior part of the vulva
 The two labia minora meet at the clitoris,

8.  A small, sensitive protrusion.
 The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, richly supplied with nerves.
 The clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.
 Clitoris is homologous to the penis in the male
5. Vestibule
 The vestibule is formed by the labia minora
 It is triangular space bounded anteriorly by the clitoris, posteriorly by the fourchette and on
either side by labia majora
 It encloses
 Urethral opening,
 Vaginal orifice and hymen,
 Ducts from the greater vestibular

9. 6. Urethral opening
 Situated in midline just in front of the vaginal orifice. About 1-1.5 cm below the pubic
arch
 The peraurethral ducts open either on the posterior wall of the urethral orifice or directly
into the vestibule
7. Vaginal orifice and hymen
 Lies in the posterior end of the vestibule
 It completely enclosed by a septum of mucous membrane called hymen
 The membrane varies in shape but is usually circular or crescentic in vargins
 Hymen Located just inside the vaginal Opening
 It is usually ruptured at the consummation of marriage
 On both sides it is lined by stratified squamous epithelium

10. 8. Opening of Bartholin ducts
 There are two bartholin’s glands
 One on each side
 Each gland has a duct which measures about 2 cm and open into vestibular outside
 They are pea-sized and yellowish white in colour
 Close to the posterior end of the vestibular bulb
 During sexual excitement it secretes abundant alkaline mucus which helps in lubrication.
 The duct is lined by columnar epithelium but near its opening by stratified squamous
epithelium
 Bartholin’s glands are homologous to the bulb of the penis in male

11. 9. Skene’s gland
They are largest parauretharal glands
Skene’s glands are homologous to the prostate in the male
The two skene’s ducts may open in the vestibule on either side of the external urethral
meatus
10. VESTIBULAR BULB
These are bilateral elongated masses of erectile tissues situated beneath the mucous
membrane of the vestibule
Each bulb lies on either side of the vaginal orifice in front of the bartholin’s gland
They are homologous to the bulb of the penis and corpus spongiosum in the male

12. INTERNAL ORGAN
1. VAGINA:
• VAGINA = “BIRTH CANAL”
• A TUBE LIKE, MUSCULAR BUT ELASTIC
ORGAN
• FIBROMUSCULAR – MEMBRANOUS
SHEATH COMMUNICATING THE
UTERINE CAVITY WITH THE EXTERIOR
AT THE VULVA
• ABOUT 4 TO 5 INCHES LONG IN AN
ADULT WOMAN.
• PH- 4 – 5 ACIDIC
• IT IS THE PASSAGEWAY FOR SPERM TO
THE EGG AND FOR MENSTRUAL
BLEEDING
• ORGAN OF COPULATION AND FORMS
THE BIRTH CANAL OF PARTURITION.

13.  STRUCTURE
• POSTERIOR WALL OF VAGINA IS 10 C M LONG
• ANTERIOR WALL IS ONLY 7.5 CM LENGTH
• THE UPPER END OF THE VAGINA IS KNOWN AS THE VAULT
• PINK IN APPEARANCE
• IT CONNECTS THE EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS TO THE
UTERUS. THE ORGAN OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE IN WOMEN.

14. FORNICS OF VAGINA
• FORMED AT THE TOP OF VAGINA DUE TO PROJECTION OF THE
UTERINE CERVIX
• FOUR FORNICS ARE THERE
• ONE ANTERIOR – FRONT OF CERVIX
• ONE POSTERIOR – BEHIND
• TWO LATERAL – EITHER SIDE OFCERVIX

15. RELATION OF VAGINA
• Anterior to the vagina – the upper one-third is related with base of the bladder
and the urethra which are closely connected to the anterior vaginal wall
• Posterior to the vagina – lie the pouch of douglas, the anterior rectal wall and
the perineal body; each occupying one third of the posterior vaginal wall
• Laterally – on the upper one third are related with the pelvic cellular tissue at the
base of broad ligament . The middle third is blendded with the levator ani and the
lower third is related with the bulbocavernosus muscles, vestibular bulbs and
Bartholin’s glands

16. Layers
Mucous coat : which is lined by stratified squamous epithelium without any
secreting glands
Subcutaneous layer : loose areolar vascular tissue
Muscular layer : indistinct inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles
Fibrous coat derived from the endopelvic fascia and is highly vascular

17. UTERUS
STRUCTURE
 THE UTERUS IS A THICK-WALLED, MUSCULAR, PEAR-SHAPED
ORGAN
 LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE PELVIS, BEHIND THE
BLADDER, AND IN FRONT OF THE RECTUM. THE UTERUS IS
ANCHORED IN POSITION BY SEVERAL LIGAMENTS.
 THE UTERUS CONSISTS OF THE CERVIX AND THE MAIN BODY
(CORPUS).
 THE CERVICAL CANAL IS USUALLY NARROW, BUT DURING LABOR,
THE CANAL WIDENS TO LET THE BABY THROUGH.
 THE CERVIX IS USUALLY A GOOD BARRIER AGAINST BACTERIA,
EXCEPT AROUND THE TIME AN EGG IS RELEASED BY THE OVARIES
(OVULATION), DURING THE MENSTRUAL PERIOD, OR DURING
LABOR..

18. FUNCTION
 THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE UTERUS IS TO SUSTAIN A
DEVELOPING FETUS.
 IT PREPARE FOR THIS POSSIBILITY FOR EACH MONTH
 AT TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY IT EXPELS THE UTERINE
CONTENTS
RELATION
 ANTERIOR – THE UTEROVESICAL POUCH AND THE BLADDER
 POSTERIOR – THE RECTOUTERINE POUCH OFTHE DOUGLAS
 LATERALLY – THE BROAD LIGAMENT, THE UTERINE TUBES
 SUPERIOR – THE INTESTINE
 INFERIOR – THE VAGINA

19. MEASUREMENTS AND PARTS
 MEASURES 8 CM LONG, 5 CM WIDE ,1.25 CM THICK
 WEIGHT 50 GMS
 PARTS
 THE BODY OF CORPUS
 THE FUNDUS
 THE CORNUA
 THE ISTHUMUS
 THE CERVIX
 INTERNALAND EXTERNAL OS
 CERVICAL CANAL

20. THE FUNCTION OF THE UTERUS
 MENSTRUATION : THE UTERUS SLOUGHS OFF THE
ENDOMETRIUM.
 PREGNANCY : THE UTERUS SUPPORT FETUS AND ALLOWS
THE FETUS TO GROW.
 LABOR AND BIRTH : THE UTERINE MUSCLES CONTRACT
AND THE CERVIX DILATES DURING LABOR TO EXPEL THE
FETUS

21. FALLOPIAN TUBE
 THE TWO FALLOPIAN TUBES, WHICH ARE ABOUT 4 TO 5 INCHES
(ABOUT 10 TO 13 CENTIMETERS) LONG, EXTEND FROM THE
UPPER EDGES OF THE UTERUS TOWARD THE OVARIES.
 THE FALLOPIAN TUBES ARE LINED WITH TINY HAIRLIKE
PROJECTIONS (CILIA). THE CILIA AND THE MUSCLES IN THE TUBE'S
WALL PROPEL AN EGG DOWNWARD THROUGH THE TUBE TO THE
UTERUS. THE EGG MAY BE FERTILIZED BY A SPERM IN THE
FALLOPIAN TUBE

22.  RELATIONS
 ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR AND
SUPERIOR – THE PERITONEAL
CAVITY AND INTESTINE
 LATERALLY – THE SIDEWALL OF
PELVIS
 INFERIOR – THE BROAD
LIGAMENT AND THE OVARIES
 MEDIAL – THE UTERUS
LIES BETWEEN THE
UTERINE TUBES
 PARTS
 The intestinal portion
 The isthumus
 The ampulla
 The infundibulum
 The intra mural part

23. OVARIES
 THE OVARIES ARE USUALLY PEARL-COLORED, OBLONG, AND
ABOUT THE SIZE OF A WALNUT.
 THEY ARE ATTACHED TO THE UTERUS BY LIGAMENTS. IN
ADDITION TO PRODUCING FEMALE SEX HORMONES
 ( ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ) AND MALE SEX
HORMONES, THE OVARIES PRODUCE AND RELEASE EGGS.
 THE DEVELOPING EGG CELLS (OOCYTES) ARE CONTAINED IN
FLUID-FILLED CAVITIES (FOLLICLES) IN THE WALL OF THE
OVARIES. EACH FOLLICLE CONTAINS ONE OOCYTE.

24.  RELATIONS
 Anterior to the ovaries are the broad ligaments
 Posterior to the ovaries are the intestine
 Laterally to the ovaries are the infundibulopelvic ligaments and side walls of the pelvis
 Superior to the ovaries lie the uterine tube
 Inferior to the ovaries lies the ovarian ligaments
 STRUCTURE
 Medulla
 Cortex

25. BREASTS
Female constitute accessory reproductive organs as the glands are concerned with
lactation following childbirth.
Position- extends from the second to sixth ribs in midclavicular line.
Breasts weights 200-300g during childbearing age.
The areola is placed about the centre of the breast and is pigmented-2.5cm
diameter
Montgomery glands are accessory glands located around the periphery of the
areola. They can secrete milk.
Nipple is a muscular projection covered by pigmented skin.

26.  It accommodates about 15-20 lactiferous ducts and their openings.
 Each milk duct dilates to form lactiferous sinus at about 5-10 mm away from its opening
in the nipple.
 The mature breast consists of about 20% glandular tissue and 80% fat and the rest
connective tissue.
 The breasts is composed of 12-20 lobes.
 Each lobe has one excretory duct that opens at the nipple.
 Each lobe has about 10-100 lobules.
 Cooper’s ligaments provide support to the breast.
 One lactiferous duct drains a lobe.
 Contraction of cells squeezes the alveoli and ejects the milk into the large duct.
 Behind the nipple, the main duct dilates to form ampulla where the milk is stored.

27.  BONY PELVIS
• Hip bone (Ilium,ischium and pubis)
• Sacrum
• Coccyx (Joined anteriorly by pubic symphysis Posteriorly by sacroiliac
joint)
 Functions of Female pelvis:
Allow the movement of the body (Walking & Running)
Helps to sit, stand & kneel
Helps for delivery process
Transmit the weight from trunk to leg, Act as bridge between femur
Protects the vital organs

28. Pelvis
Bones
Innominate (2)
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1)
Joints
Sacroiliac Joint (2)
Sacrococcygeal joint
(1)
Symphysis Pubis (1)
Ligaments
Interpubic
Sacroiliac
Sacrococcygeal
Sacrotuberous
Sacrospinous

29. THE INNOMINATE BONE
It is otherwise known as Nameless bone or Hip bone. The innominate bone
contains a deep
cup to receive the head of the femur named as acetabulum.
The innominate bone composed of three parts. They are
The Ilium
The Ischium
The Pubic