The document provides an overview of 16th century art in Northern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Renaissance period from 1500-1600. It summarizes that the Protestant Reformation led to iconoclasm and the destruction of religious artwork. Artists had to find new ways to depict religious figures without appearing idolatrous. Northern European artists were influenced by the Italian Renaissance but developed their own traditions, such as a focus on detailed realism and landscape paintings. Examples discussed include Albrecht Durer's fusion of Northern realism with Italian monumentality, and significant architectural works like The Escorial in Spain and the Louvre in France that blended Italian and local styles.
Medieval philosophy refers to philosophy in Western Europe between the decline of classical pagan culture and the rediscovery of ancient philosophy during the Renaissance. The most significant influence on medieval philosophy was Christianity, as Christian institutions supported intellectual life and provided subjects for philosophical reflection. Philosophy focused on problems of salvation and the afterlife rather than nature. It was theocentric and centered around the belief in one God. The works of Aristotle and Plato were rediscovered and studied in the 12th century, marking a "golden age" of medieval philosophy concerning religion, logic, and metaphysics. Two influential Roman philosophers were Boethius and Augustine, with Augustine integrating Neoplatonism into Christian doctrine.
This document provides an overview of issues related to the problem of evil from both an atheist and Christian perspective. It discusses contemporary Christian attitudes about the problem of evil, as well as atheist arguments like Epicurus' argument and incoherence arguments. It examines major Christian responses to the problem of evil known as theodicies. It also explores logical and evidential arguments from evil, the problem of hell, and atrocities in the Old Testament. The document aims to present these topics at a philosophical level to develop a response to atheism's best case regarding the problem of evil.
Neo-Platonism was a philosophical movement that combined Plato's ideas with Christianity and influenced many Renaissance artists. It saw beauty and art as a way to understand God. Botticelli's works The Birth of Venus and Primavera depicted Neo-Platonic ideas of divine beauty entering the world. Michelangelo also embraced Neo-Platonism and sought to reveal ideal forms within the material. Raphael's Three Graces referenced Neo-Platonic symbolism of love and virtue. However, Neo-Platonism declined during the Counter-Reformation as some saw it as heretical.
Leon Battista Alberti was an Italian Renaissance humanist, author, architect, poet, linguist, philosopher, and general Renaissance man. He was born in Genoa in 1404 to a wealthy Florentine merchant family. He received an education in mathematics, law, and the classics. As an architect, some of his most notable works included the façade of Santa Maria Novella in Florence and the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini. He was a pioneer in the early Renaissance and made important contributions in the fields of architecture, linguistics, poetry, and philosophy.
The document describes several ancient architectural wonders of the world including:
- The Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt built around 2584-2561 BC that are still standing today.
- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon built around 600 BC that were destroyed by earthquakes after the 1st century AD.
- The Temple of Artemis built in 550 BC and rebuilt in 323 BC that was destroyed by arson and plundering.
- The Statue of Zeus at Olympia built in 435 BC that was disassembled and destroyed by fire in the 5th-6th centuries AD.
- The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus built in 351 BC that was destroyed by earth
Medieval philosophy refers to philosophy in Western Europe between the decline of classical pagan culture and the rediscovery of ancient philosophy during the Renaissance. The most significant influence on medieval philosophy was Christianity, as Christian institutions supported intellectual life and provided subjects for philosophical reflection. Philosophy focused on problems of salvation and the afterlife rather than nature. It was theocentric and centered around the belief in one God. The works of Aristotle and Plato were rediscovered and studied in the 12th century, marking a "golden age" of medieval philosophy concerning religion, logic, and metaphysics. Two influential Roman philosophers were Boethius and Augustine, with Augustine integrating Neoplatonism into Christian doctrine.
This document provides an overview of issues related to the problem of evil from both an atheist and Christian perspective. It discusses contemporary Christian attitudes about the problem of evil, as well as atheist arguments like Epicurus' argument and incoherence arguments. It examines major Christian responses to the problem of evil known as theodicies. It also explores logical and evidential arguments from evil, the problem of hell, and atrocities in the Old Testament. The document aims to present these topics at a philosophical level to develop a response to atheism's best case regarding the problem of evil.
Neo-Platonism was a philosophical movement that combined Plato's ideas with Christianity and influenced many Renaissance artists. It saw beauty and art as a way to understand God. Botticelli's works The Birth of Venus and Primavera depicted Neo-Platonic ideas of divine beauty entering the world. Michelangelo also embraced Neo-Platonism and sought to reveal ideal forms within the material. Raphael's Three Graces referenced Neo-Platonic symbolism of love and virtue. However, Neo-Platonism declined during the Counter-Reformation as some saw it as heretical.
Leon Battista Alberti was an Italian Renaissance humanist, author, architect, poet, linguist, philosopher, and general Renaissance man. He was born in Genoa in 1404 to a wealthy Florentine merchant family. He received an education in mathematics, law, and the classics. As an architect, some of his most notable works included the façade of Santa Maria Novella in Florence and the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini. He was a pioneer in the early Renaissance and made important contributions in the fields of architecture, linguistics, poetry, and philosophy.
The document describes several ancient architectural wonders of the world including:
- The Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt built around 2584-2561 BC that are still standing today.
- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon built around 600 BC that were destroyed by earthquakes after the 1st century AD.
- The Temple of Artemis built in 550 BC and rebuilt in 323 BC that was destroyed by arson and plundering.
- The Statue of Zeus at Olympia built in 435 BC that was disassembled and destroyed by fire in the 5th-6th centuries AD.
- The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus built in 351 BC that was destroyed by earth
Lesson 7 of a multipart series. The Cosmological, Ontological, Teleological and other arguments don't prove the God of the Bible, however, they do support a Theistic world view.
The document summarizes key aspects of Gothic architecture. It describes how Crusaders were influenced by Eastern architecture and brought back new building techniques to Europe. It then discusses how Abbot Suger addressed the problem of overcrowding at his church by reconstructing it in a new style with pointed arches, rib vaults, and larger windows to admit more light, establishing characteristics of Gothic cathedrals. Finally, it provides examples of notable Gothic cathedrals like Notre Dame and Chartres that refined and spread the style across Europe.
The document discusses the history and styles of architecture from the Medieval and Renaissance periods. Medieval Gothic architecture featured tall spires, stained glass windows, and vertical lines to honor God. Renaissance architecture used old ideas in new ways with horizontal lines, domes, small round windows, arches, and vaults to show that man and his world are important. It then focuses on the Cathedral of Santa Maria in Florence, which took over 100 years to complete due to the difficulty of constructing a dome until Filippo Brunelleschi won a contest in 1419 and used Roman arch techniques to finally complete the dome between 1420-1436.
Gothic architecture originated in 12th century Europe and is known for pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, and decorative elements like gargoyles. Key features include pointed arches that allowed buildings to reach greater heights and widths, ribbed vaulting for fire protection, and flying buttresses for structural support which permitted thinner walls and larger windows. These elements made Gothic cathedrals and churches lighter and more ornate than previous Romanesque designs.
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th century movement aimed at reforming corruption within the Catholic Church. Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and papal authority in 1517, which helped spark the Reformation. This led to the formation of Protestant religions separate from Catholicism and a split in Christianity. The Reformation spread ideas like "faith alone" and challenged the Church's authority, while the Counter-Reformation strengthened Catholic doctrines and launched the Inquisition in response.
The Pantheon in Rome is one of the oldest and most well-preserved ancient structures still standing today. Originally built as a temple to honor all gods in 27 BC, it was later reconstructed under Emperor Hadrian in 125 AD and converted to a Catholic church in 608 AD. The Pantheon's most distinctive feature is its large oculus opening at the top of the dome, which at nearly 30 feet in diameter was the building's only source of light. Though originally used as a pagan temple, it continues to serve as a Roman Catholic church and is still an iconic landmark attracting many visitors to Rome.
This presentation is done by Heinz Jayshree O. Laforteza as one of his projects on ITALIAN REGIONS in his Italian 11 class (AY 2013-2014) at the University of the Philippines under Prof. Emanuela Adesini.
The document provides an overview of Gothic architecture through 3 paragraphs. It discusses that Gothic architecture flourished from the 12th to 16th centuries in Europe, featuring pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It was most prominently used in the construction of cathedrals and churches. The document then summarizes some key characteristics of Gothic cathedrals, including their Latin cross floor plan, pointed arches, stained glass windows, and vertical emphasis conveyed through buttresses, tracery, and towers/spires. It concludes by briefly mentioning Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris as an iconic example of Gothic architecture.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy from 600 BC to 322 BC. It discusses some of the major early philosophers known as the Pre-Socratics, including Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Pythagoras. It then focuses on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, known as the three great philosophers of ancient Greece. Socrates developed the Socratic method of questioning beliefs and seeking truth. Plato emphasized the role of philosopher-kings and equal rights. Aristotle studied nature scientifically and analyzed different forms of government.
The document discusses the history of chocolate, describing how it originated from cacao beans grown by the Olmecs and Mayans in Mexico and Central America. It then explains how Spanish conquistadors brought cacao beans back to Europe in the 16th century and how chocolate became popularized as a drink among European nobility before eventually becoming widely consumed around the world today.
The document provides an overview of developments in Italian Renaissance art and architecture during the 15th century. It discusses how art was influenced by classical styles and humanism, with an emphasis on realistic perspective in paintings and nude figures. Important architects like Brunelleschi and Alberti designed buildings using mathematics, symmetry, and light-filled spaces. Painters like Masaccio and del Castagno created frescoes applying linear perspective and individualized figures.
Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance artist and scientist from 1452-1519 known for his paintings of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper who studied human proportion. Michelangelo was another influential Italian Renaissance artist from 1475-1564 who worked as both a sculptor and painter, creating the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel and the statue of David. Vincent van Gogh was a post-impressionist Dutch artist from 1853-1890 known for his painting Starry Night who struggled with mental illness and cut off part of his ear.
Early Modern Europe saw many significant events and changes between the 15th and 16th centuries. The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 marked a shift in power. Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492 opened up exploration and trade with the New World. Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517 sparked the Protestant Reformation across Europe.
The document discusses art in 16th century Europe during the High Renaissance and Mannerism periods. It provides examples of works from prominent artists of the time like Michelangelo, Cranach, Perugino, and El Greco. It then discusses how art evolved during the Baroque period in response to Mannerism and the Renaissance. Examples are given of Baroque works from Italian artists like Caravaggio and Bernini as well as Northern European artists like Rembrandt and Vermeer.
Lesson 7 of a multipart series. The Cosmological, Ontological, Teleological and other arguments don't prove the God of the Bible, however, they do support a Theistic world view.
The document summarizes key aspects of Gothic architecture. It describes how Crusaders were influenced by Eastern architecture and brought back new building techniques to Europe. It then discusses how Abbot Suger addressed the problem of overcrowding at his church by reconstructing it in a new style with pointed arches, rib vaults, and larger windows to admit more light, establishing characteristics of Gothic cathedrals. Finally, it provides examples of notable Gothic cathedrals like Notre Dame and Chartres that refined and spread the style across Europe.
The document discusses the history and styles of architecture from the Medieval and Renaissance periods. Medieval Gothic architecture featured tall spires, stained glass windows, and vertical lines to honor God. Renaissance architecture used old ideas in new ways with horizontal lines, domes, small round windows, arches, and vaults to show that man and his world are important. It then focuses on the Cathedral of Santa Maria in Florence, which took over 100 years to complete due to the difficulty of constructing a dome until Filippo Brunelleschi won a contest in 1419 and used Roman arch techniques to finally complete the dome between 1420-1436.
Gothic architecture originated in 12th century Europe and is known for pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, and decorative elements like gargoyles. Key features include pointed arches that allowed buildings to reach greater heights and widths, ribbed vaulting for fire protection, and flying buttresses for structural support which permitted thinner walls and larger windows. These elements made Gothic cathedrals and churches lighter and more ornate than previous Romanesque designs.
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th century movement aimed at reforming corruption within the Catholic Church. Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and papal authority in 1517, which helped spark the Reformation. This led to the formation of Protestant religions separate from Catholicism and a split in Christianity. The Reformation spread ideas like "faith alone" and challenged the Church's authority, while the Counter-Reformation strengthened Catholic doctrines and launched the Inquisition in response.
The Pantheon in Rome is one of the oldest and most well-preserved ancient structures still standing today. Originally built as a temple to honor all gods in 27 BC, it was later reconstructed under Emperor Hadrian in 125 AD and converted to a Catholic church in 608 AD. The Pantheon's most distinctive feature is its large oculus opening at the top of the dome, which at nearly 30 feet in diameter was the building's only source of light. Though originally used as a pagan temple, it continues to serve as a Roman Catholic church and is still an iconic landmark attracting many visitors to Rome.
This presentation is done by Heinz Jayshree O. Laforteza as one of his projects on ITALIAN REGIONS in his Italian 11 class (AY 2013-2014) at the University of the Philippines under Prof. Emanuela Adesini.
The document provides an overview of Gothic architecture through 3 paragraphs. It discusses that Gothic architecture flourished from the 12th to 16th centuries in Europe, featuring pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It was most prominently used in the construction of cathedrals and churches. The document then summarizes some key characteristics of Gothic cathedrals, including their Latin cross floor plan, pointed arches, stained glass windows, and vertical emphasis conveyed through buttresses, tracery, and towers/spires. It concludes by briefly mentioning Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris as an iconic example of Gothic architecture.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek philosophy from 600 BC to 322 BC. It discusses some of the major early philosophers known as the Pre-Socratics, including Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Pythagoras. It then focuses on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, known as the three great philosophers of ancient Greece. Socrates developed the Socratic method of questioning beliefs and seeking truth. Plato emphasized the role of philosopher-kings and equal rights. Aristotle studied nature scientifically and analyzed different forms of government.
The document discusses the history of chocolate, describing how it originated from cacao beans grown by the Olmecs and Mayans in Mexico and Central America. It then explains how Spanish conquistadors brought cacao beans back to Europe in the 16th century and how chocolate became popularized as a drink among European nobility before eventually becoming widely consumed around the world today.
The document provides an overview of developments in Italian Renaissance art and architecture during the 15th century. It discusses how art was influenced by classical styles and humanism, with an emphasis on realistic perspective in paintings and nude figures. Important architects like Brunelleschi and Alberti designed buildings using mathematics, symmetry, and light-filled spaces. Painters like Masaccio and del Castagno created frescoes applying linear perspective and individualized figures.
Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance artist and scientist from 1452-1519 known for his paintings of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper who studied human proportion. Michelangelo was another influential Italian Renaissance artist from 1475-1564 who worked as both a sculptor and painter, creating the frescoes of the Sistine Chapel and the statue of David. Vincent van Gogh was a post-impressionist Dutch artist from 1853-1890 known for his painting Starry Night who struggled with mental illness and cut off part of his ear.
Early Modern Europe saw many significant events and changes between the 15th and 16th centuries. The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 marked a shift in power. Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas in 1492 opened up exploration and trade with the New World. Martin Luther's 95 Theses in 1517 sparked the Protestant Reformation across Europe.
The document discusses art in 16th century Europe during the High Renaissance and Mannerism periods. It provides examples of works from prominent artists of the time like Michelangelo, Cranach, Perugino, and El Greco. It then discusses how art evolved during the Baroque period in response to Mannerism and the Renaissance. Examples are given of Baroque works from Italian artists like Caravaggio and Bernini as well as Northern European artists like Rembrandt and Vermeer.
The document discusses the historical roots and differences between the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation in the 16th century. It begins by exploring biblical passages that foreshadowed or paralleled these movements. It then examines the key figures of Martin Luther, who led the Reformation, Ignatius Loyola, who founded the Jesuit order to spearhead the Counter-Reformation, and Desiderius Erasmus, who took a more moderate position. The document analyzes their differing approaches and beliefs, and how they represented the radical reform vs. maintaining traditional church authority. It portrayed Luther as courageously defending scriptural truth despite opposition, while Loyola was devoted to restoring Catholicism's power and influence.
Pacific art spans from 7000 BCE to the present across many diverse Pacific cultures. The art reflects the varied lives and traditions of peoples living on small islands across Australia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. While styles and materials differ between regions, common themes in Pacific art include boats and the sea due to the maritime nature of Pacific communities, as well as ancestral and spiritual figures and rituals central to Pacific cultures.
This document provides information on several artworks from the Northern Renaissance and Italian Quattrocento periods. It describes Robert Campin's Mérode Altarpiece, highlighting symbols like candles and flowers. It also summarizes Hugo van der Goes' Portinari Altarpiece, noting figures' sizes and symbols like wheat. Pietro Perugino's fresco Christ Delivering the Keys to Saint Peter is analyzed for its use of linear perspective and figures lined up in a classical plaza.
At the end of the 1200s, Europe faced challenges of famine from depleted soil nutrients and colder weather due to a mini ice age. The Black Death plague began in China in 1331 and reached Europe in 1347, carried by rats and transmitted by fleas. The plague caused high fever, large purple skin blotches, and black spots around flea bites. If survived, one became immune. The plague devastated Europe, killing 1/3 of the population between 1347-1351. There was also the Hundred Years War between England and France from 1337-1453 over the English claim to the French throne, though the English were eventually driven out of France. Additionally, the French kings controlled the papacy
Week 6.16th century renaissance in northern europe.overviewasilkentent
The document summarizes the Northern European Renaissance from 1500-1599. Key events included Martin Luther nailing his 95 Theses in 1517, starting the Protestant Reformation, and Galileo adapting the telescope for astronomy in 1609, which led to his excommunication. Writers like Shakespeare and philosophers like Descartes questioned ideals, religion, and human existence. The printing press spread ideas. The wealthy supported the Catholic Church split to avoid taxes and appointments. Scientific discoveries challenged Church authority. Works by artists like Bosch raised questions about human nature.
The document provides information on 15th century art in Northern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula presented in chapter 18 of some student slides. It discusses several key artworks from the time period including their artists, dates, locations, materials, subjects, and significance. The document focuses on analyzing stylistic features and providing context for the artworks within the larger developments and themes of 15th century Northern European art.
19th Century Art in Europe and the US: Part 2smolinskiel
The document provides an overview of major art movements and developments in Europe and the United States during the 19th century, including Realism, Impressionism, and Post-Impressionism. It discusses key artists such as Courbet, Millet, Daumier, Manet, Homer, Bonheur, Eakins, and Tanner. Their works depicted ordinary subjects with accuracy and objectivity, rejected traditional styles and subject matter, and responded to industrialization and social changes of the time. New techniques like lithography and plein air painting also emerged. The document examines how these artists captured the spirit of their era through paintings of peasants, landscapes, still lifes, and scenes of modern life.
15th Century Art in Northern Europe and the Iberian Peninsulasmolinskiel
In 15th century Northern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula, International Gothic style dominated painting. Flemish paintings featured symbolically rich layers of meaning in crowded compositions. Secular art and architecture became more important. Printmaking was introduced, allowing art to be mass produced for the first time. Rich middle classes supported the arts, fueling the Renaissance. Notable works included Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Wedding and Ghent Altarpiece, both featuring intricate symbolism and realistic details. Hugo van der Goes' Portinari Altarpiece depicted the Virgin Mary in a hospital chapel.
Composition is the arrangement of elements in a work of art. There are several composition strategies an artist can use, including leading lines to guide the eye, framing to direct attention to a subject, and the rule of thirds for balancing elements. When composing a piece, an artist should consider principles such as balance, focus, movement, contrast, pattern, proportion, and unity.
Line, value, shape, form, space, color, and texture are elements of art. Line is a mark with greater length than width that can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, straight, curved, thick, or thin. Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a surface. Shape is a closed line that can be geometric or organic. Forms are three-dimensional shapes that express length, width, and depth. Space is the area between and around objects, and can refer to both physical and optical depth. Color has characteristics of hue, value, and intensity, and is created through mixing primary, secondary, and intermediate colors. Texture is the surface quality that can be seen and felt.
Space exists between, around, and within all objects. There are two types of space: positive space, which are the shapes or forms of interest, and negative space, which is the empty area around objects. Shapes are defined by the negative space surrounding them, and understanding the relationship between objects and space is important for defining forms. Artists can manipulate space to create the illusion of depth on a two-dimensional surface.
Two-point perspective is a technique in drawing where objects appear to recede into the distance on either side of the picture plane. This creates the illusion of depth and distance on a flat surface. It is distinguished from one-point perspective by having two vanishing points located on opposite sides of the picture plane rather than just one.
This document discusses one-point perspective in Renaissance art. It explains that during the Renaissance, artists became interested in making two-dimensional artwork appear three-dimensional. Artists used mathematics and close observation to develop linear perspective techniques. One-point perspective involves drawing orthogonal lines that converge at a single vanishing point, making distant objects appear smaller to create the illusion of depth on a flat surface. The document provides instructions for how to draw a simple one-point perspective scene using a horizon line and vanishing point.
A slideshow connected to a lecture of Northern Renaissance Art available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Christina McCollum.
The document provides instructions for creating block prints through a process of sketching compositions, carving a linoleum block, inking the block, and printing. It discusses considerations for composition such as use of space, rule of thirds, texture, balance of light and dark, and contrast. The reader is then instructed to create 13 prints exploring different color schemes such as primary/secondary/tertiary colors, warm/cool colors, analogous/complimentary colors, and more. Printing techniques including printing maximum two colors at a time and hand-coloring additional colors are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of major themes and developments in Italian art during the 15th century Quattrocento era. Key points include: scholars and artists became fascinated with classical antiquity and its influence can be seen in their realistic depictions of the human form and natural world; the Catholic Church was an important patron for artworks depicting biblical scenes in a realistic style; humanism and a focus on human potential and civic responsibility were dominant concerns; linear perspective and realistic rendering of space/volume became widespread techniques due to pioneers like Brunelleschi; major artists discussed include Masaccio, Donatello, Piero della Francesca, Botticelli, and others. Architecture developed new styles inspired by classical forms like in Brun
19th Century Art in Europe and the US: PART 1smolinskiel
Romanticism was a dominant movement in 19th century art in Europe and the United States. It focused on emotion, imagination, and individuality over rational thought. Key Romantic artists included Goya, Gericault, and Delacroix who depicted dramatic subjects and political themes. Romantic architecture revived past styles like Gothic and incorporated new technologies like iron. The development of photography also influenced painting during this period.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages as a period of cultural, scientific, and intellectual growth. This was sparked by increasing wealth from trade which allowed for patronage of the arts, and the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts which challenged the dominant scholastic thinking. Notable figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Copernicus, and Galileo who made significant contributions across multiple disciplines and helped usher in new ways of thinking. The printing press was also a major development, allowing for the spread of ideas. Over time, the Renaissance ideals spread throughout Europe, marking the transition to modernity.
The Renaissance Period (1450-1600) marked a rebirth of classical knowledge and ideas from ancient Greece and Rome. Humanism spread throughout Europe as a movement focused on humanity and its accomplishments. Notable Renaissance figures included artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael who created renowned works and set standards in painting. Their realistic artistic styles broke from medieval traditions. The Renaissance also saw advances in architecture, literature, education and more as Europe emerged from the Dark Ages.
The document provides an overview of Early Medieval art from 450-1050 CE. It describes several civilizations that were producing art during this period, including Hiberno-Saxon art in the British Isles, Viking art in Scandinavia, and Carolingian art in France and Germany. Some key characteristics of Early Medieval art mentioned are the prevalent use of interlacing patterns, animal styles, and horror vacui designs. Examples of artwork from the Lindisfarne Gospels and Book of Kells are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the European Renaissance and Reformation between 1300-1600. It describes how two major movements, the Renaissance and the Reformation, brought dramatic social and cultural changes to Europe. The Renaissance was a rebirth of learning that produced great works of art and literature, beginning in northern Italy. The Reformation was a religious reform movement led by Martin Luther that established Protestant churches and challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.
The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century as a result of changes brought about by events like the Crusades, Black Death, and Hundred Years' War. Wealthy Italian city-states like Florence financed the Renaissance and patrons like the Medici family in Florence supported artists and scholars. Key intellectual movements included humanism, with its focus on human potential and secularism. Renaissance art flourished in Italy and the Northern Renaissance, with artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Durer producing famous works. The Renaissance spread north and its ideas were a precursor to the Protestant Reformation.
The document provides background information on Medieval art in Europe from approximately 450 CE to 1400 CE. It discusses three main periods: Early Medieval, Romanesque, and Gothic. For each period, it describes relevant historical context, key characteristics of architecture, manuscripts, and sculpture/painting. Specific examples discussed include the Book of Lindisfarne, Bayeux Tapestry, and Gothic cathedrals like Chartres and Westminster Abbey.
The document provides background information on Medieval art in Europe from approximately 450 CE to 1400 CE. It discusses three main periods: Early Medieval, Romanesque, and Gothic. For each period, it describes relevant historical context, key characteristics of architecture, manuscripts, and sculpture/painting. Specific examples discussed include the Book of Lindisfarne, Bayeux Tapestry, and Gothic cathedrals like Chartres and Westminster Abbey.
he Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.
Gothic art developed in Western Europe from the 12th to 16th centuries, coinciding with changes in medieval society. The most characteristic Gothic architecture featured cathedrals with pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, flying buttresses, and large windows to let in light. Gothic sculpture became more naturalistic and expressive, often depicting religious themes. Painting evolved from illuminated manuscripts to panels and frescoes with livelier colors and perspective. Overall, Gothic art marked a shift from the heavy Romanesque style through lighter, brighter designs that spread across Europe.
Gothic art developed in Western Europe from the 12th to 16th centuries, coinciding with changes in medieval society. The most characteristic Gothic architecture featured cathedrals with pointed arches, vaulted ceilings, flying buttresses, and large windows to let in light. Gothic sculpture became more naturalistic and expressive, often depicting religious themes. Painting evolved from illuminated manuscripts to panels and frescoes with livelier colors and perspective. Overall, Gothic art marked a shift from the heavy Romanesque style through lighter, brighter designs that spread across Europe.
The document provides an overview of the origins and early development of art from the time humans began moving out of Africa around 1 million years ago. It discusses how early humans created functional tools and objects like spearheads before beginning to represent the human form and animal forms in artworks around 30,000 years ago. Examples are given of early sculptures like the Human with Feline Head and Venus of Willendorf that represented the human form. The development of animal representations and techniques like cave painting are also summarized.
The Byzantine Empire had its capital in Constantinople and lasted from 330 AD to 1453 AD. It reached its peak in the 6th century under Justinian I. Byzantine art and architecture were heavily influenced by Christianity and featured grand churches like Hagia Sophia with massive domes, intricate mosaics, and icons. The Byzantine Empire declined as the Ottoman Empire rose and eventually conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine era.
The document provides an overview of the Renaissance period in Italy, including:
1) Italian city-states like Florence grew wealthy through trade, with merchants supporting artists and scholars, helping launch the Renaissance revival of classical art and learning.
2) Figures like Giotto, Donatello, Masaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael, da Vinci made important contributions to Renaissance art and architecture, developing techniques like realistic human figures, free-standing sculptures, linear perspective.
3) Humanist philosophy emphasized human potential and achievement on Earth rather than just the afterlife, with "Renaissance men" striving to achieve in many disciplines, spreading new ideas across Europe during this period.
The document is a chapter from a history textbook about the European Renaissance and Reformation between 1300-1600 CE. It is divided into four sections: [1] Italy is the birthplace of the Renaissance as new ideas in art and literature emerged; [2] these ideas spread north to areas like Germany and the Low Countries, influencing artists like Dürer and the growth of humanism; [3] Martin Luther leads the Protestant Reformation against abuses in the Catholic Church, though it faces opposition; [4] the Reformation continues as Calvin formalizes Protestant theology and the Catholic Church launches a Counter Reformation through reforms.
The Renaissance and Reformation periods had both similarities and differences in their artistic styles. During the Renaissance, art was grandiose in scale and focused on religious subjects, as most Europeans were Catholic and art was commissioned by the church. In contrast, Reformation art emphasized simplicity and modesty, as Protestants rejected ornate religious art. Landscapes and scenes of everyday life became popular instead of religious imagery, as iconoclasm increased. Ultimately, the two periods influenced each other as new attitudes and questioning of the Catholic Church emerged during the Reformation.
The document provides an overview of the Italian Renaissance from 1300-1600. It summarizes that the Renaissance was a period of creativity, change, and a return to classical Greco-Roman styles and thought. It began in Italian city-states like Florence which had become prosperous centers due to trade and banking, with wealthy families like the Medicis patronizing the arts. Figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael produced renowned works. The writings of humanists like Petrarch helped spread new ideas, while the printing press made books more widely available, fueling the spread of the Renaissance to Northern Europe.
Similar to Late northern Renaissance 16th century (20)
The Memory Project is a nonprofit organization that invites art teachers and students to create portraits for underprivileged youth around the world who have faced challenges. Since 2004, over 110,000 portraits have been created for children in 45 countries. The document provides information about the portrait creation process, how schools can get involved, funding, benefits of participation, and examples of portrait mediums created by students in the past like pencil, watercolor, collage, colored pencil, and marker. It also lists some of the countries where portraits have been created for children.
This document discusses using line to create value and depict form. It introduces six line techniques to convey value: straight lines, crossing lines, scribbled lines, zig zag lines, and two invented techniques. Readers are instructed to use a variety of these line techniques to draw part of a photo, focusing on accurate shapes, proportions, values, details, and craftsmanship. A pencil sketch should be followed by use of markers to add tonal variety through line thickness.
The chapter test images were being prepared for Chapter 29. Photos were selected that aligned with the key concepts in the chapter, including photos that depicted protein synthesis and cell signaling pathways. Caption were written and attached to each image to reinforce the important ideas and processes shown in the visuals.
18th Century Art in Europe and the Americassmolinskiel
This document provides an overview of art in Europe and the Americas during the 18th century. It describes the major artistic styles of the period, including Rococo, Neoclassicism, and the beginning of Romanticism. It discusses Rococo architecture and painting, noting characteristics like asymmetry, ornate decoration, and themes of aristocratic leisure. Neoclassicism is described as a more democratic style inspired by antiquity, evident in architecture like Monticello that featured symmetrical designs with columns and pediments. Major artists like Tiepolo, Vigée-Lebrun, Reynolds, and Gainsborough are also mentioned.
Artists since 1945 have commented on social and political issues through their work, addressing problems like racism and weapons of mass destruction. There was great experimentation across media as new technologies emerged. Abstract Expressionism became a prominent American movement, with Pollock's drip paintings and Rothko's color field paintings reflecting the existential mood of the time. Pop Art emerged in the 1960s, drawing from popular culture with works by Warhol and Lichtenstein depicting celebrity and commercial images. Minimalism also gained popularity, emphasizing simple geometric forms and industrial materials.
Modern Art in Europe and the Americas 1900-1945smolinskiel
This document provides an overview of major art movements in Europe and the Americas from 1900-1945. It discusses Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Dada, De Stijl, Surrealism, and Art Deco. Key aspects covered include the optimism of the time period despite political and social upheaval, influential artists and patrons, and characteristics of each movement such as their use of color, form, and abstraction. Major works are cited from artists like Matisse, Picasso, Kandinsky, and others to illustrate styles and techniques.
This document provides an overview of Baroque art and architecture from 1600-1700 in Europe. It begins with definitions of Baroque and its key differences from Renaissance styles. The summary then discusses the main characteristics and developments of Baroque in Italy, France, and England. For Italy, works by Bernini such as St. Peter's colonnade and Borromini's San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane are analyzed. Versailles palace is covered for France. Key English works mentioned include St. Paul's Cathedral and Blenheim Palace. Sculptors like Bernini and painters including Caravaggio and Rubens are also discussed.
During the 15th century Italian Renaissance, culture flourished in Italian city-states like Florence, Ferrara, and Venice. Artists developed techniques like linear perspective and proportion in painting to create more realistic depictions. Important architectural innovations included Filippo Brunelleschi's dome for Florence Cathedral, which used inner and outer domes for stability without wooden supports. Renaissance buildings featured open plans, symmetry, and classical influences to emphasize harmony.
During the 15th century Italian Renaissance, major developments occurred in the arts and culture of Italian city-states. Artists studied classical styles and humanist ideals, developing techniques like linear perspective to create highly realistic paintings and sculptures. Wealthy ruling families commissioned large works that featured the nude human form and explored pagan themes. Architects like Brunelleschi and Alberti designed buildings using principles of proportion, symmetry, and light-filled interior spaces.
14th Century Art in Europe Student Slidessmolinskiel
This document provides information on several artworks from 14th century Europe. It describes an ivory sculpture of the Virgin and Child from the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris that represents the pinnacle of Gothic art. It also discusses a tabernacle sculpture featuring the Madonna and Child from Florence, and a fresco of the Nativity with Prophets from Siena. Finally, it summarizes artworks housed in cathedrals and churches in England, Germany, and the Czech Republic that demonstrate innovations in Gothic architectural styles during this period.
This document provides an overview of art in 14th century Europe, with a focus on Italy. It discusses the transition from Medieval to Renaissance styles, with artists gaining more individual recognition. Architecture flourished in Italy, as seen in cathedrals like Florence Cathedral with its dome designed by Brunelleschi. Painting advanced as well, with Giotto introducing more realistic, three-dimensional figures and masterworks like the Scrovegni Chapel frescoes. Sienese painters like Duccio and Simone Martini also contributed with their more decorative styles. Overall, the document outlines the major artistic developments and works in Italy during this transitional period between eras.
Japanese art has a long history spanning over 30,000 years. Early pottery from the Jomon period dates back to around 10,000 BCE. Major cultural influences came from Korea and China starting in the Yayoi period 400 BCE. Key periods include the Nara period which saw the founding of Japan's first imperial capital in 645 CE and the Heian period when literature became popular. Artistic styles evolved over time, influenced by Buddhism and periods of war. Famous works include Hokusai's 1831 woodblock print "The Great Wave" and calligraphy by the monk Ikkyu expressing his passion for Zen Buddhism. The 607 CE Horyu-ji Buddhist temple is considered the oldest wooden structure in
The document provides an overview of Indian and Southeast Asian art, including key ideas, historical background, and details on specific works and locations. It discusses how Indian art stresses interconnectivity across disciplines and is influenced by Hindu and Buddhist philosophies. It also describes the diverse landscapes, populations, and 18 official languages of India. Specific pieces are summarized, like the massive Borobudur Buddhist monument in Java and the iconic Taj Mahal mausoleum in Agra. Buddhist painting conventions and the architectural features of the Vishvanath Temple are outlined as well.
The document provides an overview of art from the Americas from 10,000 BCE to the present day. It describes the major historical periods and discusses the evolution from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural civilizations with complex artistic traditions among cultures like the Olmecs, Mayans, and Incas. Specific artworks and sites highlighted include the Nazca lines, Colossal Olmec heads, a Hopewell pipe, and Bill Reid's modern Haida sculpture "The Spirit of Haida Gwaii." Machu Picchu is discussed as an example of Inca architecture and urban planning. The document also defines some key vocabulary terms related to Americas art.
Chinese art was heavily influenced by the philosophies of Daoism and Confucianism. Calligraphy was the most respected art form, while paintings came in scrolls, fans, and albums. Architecture featured courtyard homes expressing family and social hierarchies. Art aimed to be monumental. Culturally diverse, China was divided into historical periods named for ruling dynasties like Tang and Ming. The Forbidden City and Temple of Heaven are grand architectural examples. Sculptures included the Terracotta Army and seated Buddhas. Literati artists painted individually rather than for commissions.
2. What’s up with 16th century in Northern
Europe and the Iberian Peninsula?
• The Reformation brings on iconoclasm, lots of great
artwork is thus destroyed, new work is prohibited from
being made
• However, the 16th century is still pretty darn creative and
dynamic
• Artists figure out how to represent figures without
appearing to create pagan idols
• Northern European artists very inspired by Italian
Renaissance, but created their own traditions
• Albrecht Durer – combines Northern Renaissance realism
and interest in detail with Italian concern for size and
monumentality
3. A little history…
• Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther
(monk and scholar) caused a split in the Christian
faith – created political turmoil that lasted for
centuries (He had a lot of complaints about the
church in Germany)
• Countries with a short Christian history (Germany,
Scandinavia, and the Netherlands) became
Protestant
• Countries with a long Christian history (Spain, Italy,
Portugal, and Poland) remain Catholic
4. • Protestants spread anti-Catholic feelings
around – starts iconoclastic movement –
attack paintings and sculptures of holy
figures (they were considered sacred just
a second ago, what the heck?!)
• Calvinists were leaders of the
iconoclastic movement. They were
horrified by the “blasphemous and
idolatrous” images of the Christians
5. Artists and Patrons are conflicted…
• Artists caught in the middle of the iconoclasm argument –
the Church was a great employer, but what if the Protestants
are right?
• Artists try to avoid the issue by doing other types of
painting, like portraits. They play down religious themes.
• Protestants thought they could reach God through their own
human intercession, so paintings of Jesus (when allowed)
were direct and forceful
• Catholics liked saints, Mary, priests, etc. to act as “in
betweens” between themselves and God (so images of holy
people were more accepted) – But idolatry was not allowed
by either Catholics or Protestants
6. and a word about trade…
• Northern European economy was
flourishing – constant flow of trade
across the Atlantic
• With trade came the buying/selling of art
• Printmaking and other new technologies
make artists popular internationally
(prints travel well and are relatively
cheap!)
7. Let’s look at architecture!
• Gothic style was appreciated at first, but then
became “old fashioned”. However, the
verticality of Gothic stuck around.
• Italian High Renaissance elements (columns,
pilasters, pediments, etc.) were used a lot.
Let’s see some examples…
8. THE ESCORIAL, by: Juan de Herrera and
Juan Bautista del Toledo, 1563-1584, Madrid
11. •It’s a palace, monastery, royal mausoleum, and church. It’s everything!
•Dedicated to St. Lawrence (Philip II won the Battle of San Quintin on
his feast day.
•Ground plan is in the shape of a gridiron (St. Lawrence was tied to a
gridiron and burned to death)
12. Plan of THE ESCORIA (and poor St. Lawrence with his gridiron)
13. •Philip II’s personality is reflected in the design – severe,
restrained, massive, yet understanted
•Entrance flanked by engaged Doric columns, pediment up top
14. • Four towers dominate the corners
• Designed with the intent on showing that Spain is the center
of the Christian world
• Most of Spain’s kings (over the past 500 years) have been
buried here
16. Your art history education is NOT complete until you go here. GO!!! It’s
one of the world’s largest museums and a historic monument! It has
about 35,000 art objects. It’s the most visited museum in the world!
17. It wasn’t always a museum! – built as a royal palace
for French kings (a blend of a French chateau and ann
Italian palazzo) –opened as a museum in 1793
25. PAINTING and SCULPTURE TIME!
• We’ll see an Italian Renaissance influence, but the
Northern European artists put their own spin on it
(added minute details and painstaking realism)
• Michelangelo was really popular in Northern Europe
(even though he never went there!). Italian artists
went north to study there (and the spread the style)
• Northern European painters influenced by
Mannerism and High Renaissance trend of
massiveness and size
• Fondness for nature not seen in Italian art
(landscapes, animals, tiny people in vast outdoor
settings)
26. • High horizon lines allow artists to show as much
“earth” as possible
• Use atmospheric perspective, not a ton of linear
perspective
• After reformation, portraits and scenes of everyday
life are favored over religious themes (except for El
Greco, he was passionate about Mannerism and
religious stuff)
• The Reformation makes things tough for sculptors
(their work might be seen as pagan idols, oh no!) –
many sculptures destroyed by religious nuts
• Religious sculptures continue in Catholic countries,
like Italy, but not in Protestant Northern Europe
27. Garden of Earthly Delights
by Hieronymus Bosch
1505-1510, oil on wood (go to Madrid’s Prado Museum to see it)
28. When you
close it up, it
looks like this
(shows the
world during
Creation,
probably the
3rd day -no
animals or
people yet)
32. • Let’s start with the left side:
• Shows the Garden of Eden –
humans in an ideal world,
but…
• Some signs of evil to come
-animals being violent and
eating each other
-Adam and Eve look thin –
insubstantial nudes, no
backbone, act only on
impulses
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. •Center panel is
truly the Garden
of Earthly
Delights – the
result of Adam
and Eve’s sin
•Sexual play of
primitive
humans
•Eating sexually
suggestive fruits
and berries
•idleness
40. •Sexually suggestive
towers and wading
pools
•Animals suggest
sexual perversity
•Water-bound globe is
a hybrid of stone and
organic matter,
adorned by nude
figures cavorting both
with each other and
with various
creatures, some of
whom are realistic,
others are fantastic or
hybrid
41. •The head of
one female is
adorned with
two cherries—
a symbol of
pride.
•A man drinks
lustfully from
an organic
vessel
•A man carries
a couple
encased in a
mussel shell
42.
43. •Ordinary fruit is
gigantic
•Males and
females in couples
and in groups
doing all sorts of
amorous tings –
behaving without
shame – sexual
curiosity
•Self-absorbed
joy, life without
consequences (no
kids or old people)
44. Now let’s look at the right side:
•HELL! Souls are tormented by
demons and made to pay for
their sins
•THIS is what happens when
you do all the things the people
in the central panel are doing
•Musical instruments are used
for torture (music arouses
passions, look out!)
•High horizon line (in all
panels) allows Bosch to pack in
a lot of details
45. •The "Tree-Man”
•A pair of human
ears brandishing
a blade
•A cavity in the
torso with three
naked people at a
table, seated on
an animal, and a
fully clothed
woman pouring
drink from a
barrel.
46. •The city in the
background is
burning down.
The light from
the fire pours out
in beams
•People fleeing
47. •The figures are light
and minimally modeled
•They lack individuality
and minds of their own
•The hell scene is set at
night, no natural beauty
•Cruel torture and
retribution
•War, torture, demons,
mutated animals
feeding on human flesh
•Nakedness of human
figures, try to cover
themselves
48. A man is
approached by
a pig wearing
the veil of a
nun. The pig
is shown
trying to
seduce the
man to sign
legal
documents –
symbolizes
penalty for
lustful
thoughts
49. •All symbolizes stages of alchemy:
•LEFT: opposite elements brought together
•CENTER: mixing of elements
•RIGHT: purification process by fire
51. •Originally in a hospital where people were treated for “St.
Anthony’s Fire” (ergotism) – disease caused by eating a
fungus that grows on rye flour – causes convulsions and
gangrene, yikes
53. •This view shows the Crucifixion
•Dark background, dead, decomposing body
•Arms detached from sockets, brutalized body, agony of the
body shown = agony of ergotism
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60. •Mary is dressed like a hospital nun and is swooning in grief
•John the Baptist with a lamb (symbol of Christ’s sacrifice)
•Notice how the seam of the panels would ‘amputate’ Christ’s
arm when opened – patients w/ ergotism would be as well
61. •St. Sebastian on left (martyred by arrows)
•St. Anthony the Great (keeping calm even though there’s a
monster outside the window)
•Both saints protect and heal the sick
62. •This is the second view
•Christ rising from the dead, rags are now beautiful robes, no more
wounds or suffering (message to patients – your disease will vanish
when you go to heaven)
63.
64. •Left shows the ANNUNCIATION (angel Gabriel tells
Mary she will give birth to the son of God, no pressure) –
depicted in a chapel because it’s a sacred event
65. •Center – concert of angles and the Nativity
•Lots of symbols: enclosed garden = Mary’s womb and perpetual
virginity, rose bush w/o thorns = Mary is free from sin,
•fig tree = mother’s milk
66. •This is the third (and final!) view
•Symbols of ergotism- oozing boils, withered arm, distended
stomach
67. •St. Anthony in center
•Who else is here? – St. Augustine and Guy Guers (the patron),
bearers of offerings, St. Gerome, Christ, 12 Apostles
68. Visit of Saint
Anthony to Saint
Paul the Hermit
Saint Anthony tormented by
demons sent by Satan. God sends
angels to help combat the demons
70. This is his
house in
Nurnberg,
Germany
(Smo cam)
It’s cool inside!
How did I
NOT take a
selfie here?
71. •Who does he remind you
of (appearance, pose,
etc.)?
72. •Christ-like pose, but not
blasphemous!
•God’s creativity is
reflected in humans’
creativity
•Frontal, symmetrical
pose
•Directly looking at the
viewer, engaging
•Triangular form
73. •Christ-like pose, but not
blasphemous!
•God’s creativity is
reflected in humans’
creativity
•Frontal, symmetrical
pose
•Directly looking at the
viewer, engaging
•Triangular form
74. •Durer is considered
the greatest artist of the
Northern Renaissance
•He did it all! –
altarpieces, religious
works, portraits, self-
portraits, engravings,
etc.
78. •Influenced by
classical sculpture
•Italian influence
•Contrapposto
•Northern Europe
twist – super detailed
•Adam tries to reason
with Eve – he grabs a
branch of mountain
ash (which snakes
don’t like)
81. •Humans look ideal
(before the fall of
man!)
•Lots of symbolism:
•Mouse = Satan
•Parrot = cleverness
•Four humors are
represented by animals
(cat = angry, rabbit =
energetic, elk = sad,
ox = lethargic) – four
humors kept in balance
before the fall of man
83. •In the Bible’s
“Book of
Revelations”, four
horsemen come at
the end of the world
to destroy life. How
uplifting!
•They have weapons:
famine (scales), war
(sword), death
(pitchfork) and
pestilence (bow)
84. •Where is the line
between earth and
heaven? There isn’t
one!
•Crowded
composition
•Four horsemen ride
swiftly over the dead
89. •John and Peter are
on the left
•Peter represented
the pope in Rome,
so Durer placed
him behind John
(Durer was a
Lutheran, and thus
did not believe in
the pope’s
importance in the
church)
90. •Mark and Paul are
on the right
•Protestants like
Paul (in white, in
front)
91. •Four humors
represented:
•John is sanguine
(optimistic,
cheerful)
•Paul is melancholic
(sad, depressed)
•Mark is choleric
(angry, irritated)
•Peter is phlegmatic
(lethargic)
JOHN
Peter
Paul
Mark
92. •Would you believe
this was painted for
a city hall and not a
church?! I kid you
not!
•Figures are in
Italian style, but
with Northern
European attention
to detail
JOHN
Peter
Paul
Mark
94. •A scene that shows the
victory of Greek
Alexander the Great
over Persian King
Darius in 333 BCE
•In reference to the
battle against the Turks
fought by William IV of
Bavaria (the patron of
this painting)
•People are in Medieval
outfits, though (?) in the
Alpine landscape
95. •Sun is setting
over the Greeks,
moon is rising
over the Persians
•Background
includes
references to the
Nile delta, Cyprus,
and the isthmus of
Suez. Nile empties
into
97. •This is Altdorfer’s #1
masterpiece
•This is what we call a
WORLD LANDSCAPE
(shows an imaginary
panoramic landscape
from an elevated
viewpoint; includes
mountains and lowlands,
water, and buildings;
usually a Biblical or
historical narrative, but
figures are dwarfed by
their surroundings.
98. •Commissioned by
Duke William IV
of Bavaria to hang
in his home in
Munich (part of a
set of historical
paintings)
•The sky has a
religious undertone
(inspired by
Church’s beliefs
about the
apocalypse)
99. •Thousands of soldiers
and horses with weapons
•Armies separated by
dress- Alexander’s men
in suits of armor, Persian
wear turbans (look just
like 16th century Turks!)
•Bodies of fallen soldiers
on ground
•Soldiers continue across
the battlefield to the
campsite and cityscape
by the water – moving
toward the mountains in
the center
103. Translation: “Alexander the Great defeating the last
Darius, after 100,000 infantry and more than 10,000
cavalrymen had been killed amongst the ranks of the
Persians. Whilst King Darius was able to flee with no
more than 1,000 horsemen, his mother, wife, and children
were taken prisoner.”
106. •Double
portrait with
a still life of
carefully
rendered
objects
•Objects are
a reference
to their
educated
background
107. •The skull is an
ANAMORPHIC
image (done in
distorted
perspective, must
be seen from a
particular angle
or in a cylindrical
mirror to look
“correct”
111. •Skull is meant to
be a visual
puzzle – forces
the viewer to
approach the
painting from the
side to see the
skull become
accurate (the
painting may
have been hung
to encourage this
angle)
112. •Skull may be
used as a
symbol of
death
•What else is in
this painting?
115. LEFT figure: an
ambassador to the court
of Henry VIII
(massive, worldly,
extroverted, looking
directly at viewer)
RIGHT figure: a bishop
(introverted,
ecclesiastical-ie:
relating to the church,
dark clothing, eyes
slightly averted from
viewer)
116. Concealed
crucifix in upper
left – Christ is
presiding over the
destinies of these
men…who
inevitably will die
(no one can
escape death,
even the most
successful/good
people)
117. Lute with a broken string (death symbol as well?)
118. Click here for a short movie about this piece
Hey, show a
movie about us!
123. Return of the Hunters
By: Pieter Brugel
1565, oil on wood panel
124. •A series of six paintings that represent different times of year
•This one is November/December
•Alpine landscape, winter scene
125. •Strong diagonals lead eye into the painting
•High horizon line = Northern European tradition
•Endless details
126. •Hunt isn’t going so well in the winter, poor little dogs are
skinny and hanging their heads, hunters trudging along wearily
•All they got is a little fox (pathetic)
127. •Calm, cold, overcast day
•Muted whites and grays, bare trees, smoke from fires in the air
•People prepare food at an outdoor fire (be thankful for ovens)
128. •People are peasants, not anyone in particular
•Nothing is static, movement throughout the painting
•People ice skate, play hockey on frozen lake
129. I hate winter. Click here to
watch a movie about our
pathetic hunt.
131. •Count Orgaz
died 300 years
before this
painting was
commissioned
•This painting
hangs above his
tomb in Santo
Tome (a church)
•Painting shows
Orgaz being
placed directly in
133. •Count Orgaz was
a great
philanthropist,
supported the
church of Santo
Tome (painting
commissioned by
the priest)
•Saints come down
from heaven to
bury him – this
painting shows that
miracle
137. •Catholics believe
that doing good
works
(philanthropy) is
essential for leading
a good Christian life
(remember, this is a
SPANISH painting,
where Catholicism
is strong)
138. Legend of Orgaz’s burial: Saint Stephen and Saint Augustine
descended in person from the heavens and buried him by their
own hands in front of the dazzled eyes of those present
146. VOCABULARY:
•ANAMORPHIC IMAGE: an image that must
be viewed by a special means, such as a mirror,
in order to be recognized
•ENGRAVING: a printmaking process in which
a toll called a burin is used to carve into a metal
plate, causing impressions to be made in the
surface. Ink passes into the crevices of the plate,
and paper is applied. The result is a print with
remarkable details and finely shaded contours
•POLYPTYCH: a many-paneled altarpiece
147. •WOODCUT: a printmaking process in which a
wooden tablet is gouged into with a tool, leaving
the design raised and the background cut away
(like a rubber stamp). Ink is rolled onto the
raised portions, and an impression is made when
paper is applied to the surface. – have strong
angular surfaces with sharply delineated lines.
FIN