The document lists terms related to astronomical sizes from biggest to smallest: 1. Universe - Everything that exists within the observable universe since the Big Bang. 2. Galaxy - Structures formed by assemblies of stars, gas and dust. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is just one of billions. 3. Solar system - The Sun and celestial bodies that orbit it, including planets and their moons. 4. Star - Giant balls of gas that produce energy through nuclear reactions. 5. Planet - Large spherical bodies that orbit stars. 6. Moon - Natural satellites such as Earth's moon and the moons of other planets.

2. Put the terms in order from
BIGGEST to smallest: solar system,
galaxy, universe, star, planet,
moon UNIVERSE, GALAXY, SOLAR
SYSTEM, STAR, PLANET, MOON

3.  UNIVERSE-Everything that exists. The size of the observable Universe is determined
by the distance light has travelled since the Universe was formed in the Big Bang, 12 - 15
billion years ago.
 Galaxy-The structure formed by as assembly of thousands of millions of stars together
with gas and dust. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is a spiral galaxy. Galaxies may be
described as elliptical, irregular or spiral. Our galaxy is just one among many billions.
 Solar system-The Sun and the collection of celestial bodies that orbit it. These include
the nine planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and
Pluto) and their 60 moons, the asteroid belt, the comets and the Kuiper belt.
 Star-Giant ball of gas in space which produces vast amounts of energy through nuclear
reactions in its core. There are many different types of stars, which are classified
according to their temperatures, colors, ages and compositions.
Planet-Large, spherical, rocky or icy
body which orbits the Sun or another
star.
Moon-(1) The Earth's satellite, which
orbits at a distance of 384 500 km. Its
mass is one-eightieth (1/80) and its
gravity one-sixth (1/6) of the Earth's.
Surface temperatures range from 80400 K. It has no atmosphere.
(2) General name also given to natural
satellites, e.g., the moon of Jupiter and
Saturn.
http://htwins.net/scale/ click to have
mind BLOWN
http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEM763S1VED_index_0.html

4. What is the most commonly used measurement for
large distances used by astronomers? What does this
term mean?

5. LIGHT YEAR OR PARSEC A light-year, is a unit of length,
equal to just under 10 trillion kilometres (10×1015 metres, or
about 6 trillion miles). As defined by the
International Astronomical Union (IAU), a light-year is the
distance that light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year.[1]The
light-year is often used to measure distances to stars and other
distances on a galactic scale, especially in non-specialist and
popular science publications.
 The preferred unit in astrometry is the parsec, because it
can be more easily derived from, and compared with,
observational data. The parsec is defined as the distance at
which an object will appear to move one arcsecond of parallax
when the observer moves one astronomical unit perpendicular
to the line of sight to the observer, and is equal to
approximately 3.26 light-years.[1]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year

6. What word best describes the
number of galaxies in the
Universe? Hundreds, thousands,
millions, billions?

7. What word best describes the Number of
galaxies in the Universe? B B B Billions!
CLICK HERE FOR GREAT SHORT ABOUT THE UNIVERSE

8. What do astronomers call the
distance from our Sun to the Earth?

9. What do astronomers call the distance from our Sun
to the Earth? AU astronomical Unit
 1 AU = 149,597,870.691 kilometers
Definition: An Astronomical Unit is approximately
the mean distance between the Earth and the Sun…
Since an AU is based on radius of a circular orbit, one
AU is actually slightly less than the average distance
between the Earth and the Sun (approximately 150
million km or 93 million miles).

http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/au.html

10. How do scientists know if a
star/planet is moving away from or
towards us?

11.  How do scientists know if a star/planet is moving away from or towards
us? RED SHIFT 'Red shift' is a key concept for astronomers. The term can
be understood literally - the wavelength of the light is stretched, so the
light is seen as 'shifted' towards the red part of the spectrum.
 BLUE SHIFT When a distant object moves toward the observer the lines
in its spectrum shift to shorter (bluer) wavelengths. This is because of the
apparent compression of the wave of light. As a result of this compression
the wavelength shortens and thus shifts towards the blue side of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The blueshift of an astronomical object is an
indication of the speed at which this object is approaching the observer.
 Go to
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/redsh
for more info.


http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMLJ0S1VED_index_0.html

12. What causes tides on Earth?

13. What causes tides on Earth?
Position of earth, moon , sun
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gftT3wHJGtg
Click on the youtube link for more information

14. Draw a spring tide. (include the earth, moon, sun,
and tide)


15. Draw a spring tide. (include the earth, moon, sun, and
tide) the earth moon and sun are LINED UP!


16. Draw a neap tide. (include the earth, moon, sun, and
tide)

17. http://changinautical.blogspot.com/2010/08/spring-and-neap-tides.html
Draw a neap tide. (include the earth, moon, sun, and
tide) the earth, moon, and sun will form a 90 degree
angle

18. Name the planets in OUR solar system starting with the
Sun and travelling further away.
My very easy method; just set up nine planets
mercury
Venus
Earth
 mars
 Jupiter
 Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
 Pluto (no longer a planet due to dirty orbit but one
day will be a planet again!)

19. What determines the gravity of a
star, moon, or planet?
 ITS MASS AND RADIUS
MORE mass and LESS Radius = more gravity
The biggest factor for gravity is MASS
TWO OBJECTS IN SPACE ARE affected by their
MASS and DISTANCE.

20. What is ABSOLUTE magnitude(brightness)?
How bright a star would appear if it were viewed
at a standard distance of 10 parsecs. (1 parsec =
3.26 light years)
Think about it like this… if you
have a super bright flashlight
that is far away and a not so
bright flashlight that is IN YOUR
FACE. The not so bright light
appears brighter. (apparent
magnitude)
To have an ABSOLUTELY fair
and accurate test of brightness,
you would need to put both flash
lights the SAME distance away
(absolute brightness)

21. What is APPARENT magnitude(brightness)?
How bright a star APPEARS FROM HERE (Earth)
Think about it like this… if you
have a super bright flashlight
that is far away and a not so
bright flashlight that is IN YOUR
FACE. The not so bright light
appears brighter. (apparent
magnitude)
To have an ABSOLUTELY fair
and accurate test of brightness,
you would need to put both flash
lights the SAME distance away
(absolute brightness)

22. What is the
Hertzsprung–
Russell diagram and
what does it tell
astronomers?
 Hertzsprung-Russell (HR)
diagram A diagram in
which the luminosities
(brightness)of stars are
plotted against their
colors or spectral types.
Stars do not occupy all
regions of the H-R
diagram but form various
sequences, the most
important being the main
sequence, the giant
branch and the
horizontal branch. IN
other words it tells you
what kind of star you are
looking at, how hot it is
and how bright it is.

23. What is the difference between a rotation and a
revolution when talking about a planet?
ROTATION- spin on axis = day
REVOLUTION- trip around a star(sun) or planet=
year
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/6hrevolution.html http://www.google.com/imgres?q=revolution+astronomy&hl=en&safe=active&sa=X&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&biw=1280&bih=820&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=rOaHF70s7214sM:&imgrefurl=http://www.mrcrandall.com/terms/revolve.htm&docid=5otqT4vHE1oRM&imgurl=http://www.mrcrandall.com/terms/revolve_files/image003.png&w=727&h=222&ei=C9uCT9z3LMyEtgec0MWXBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=618&vpy=185&dur=3453&hovh=124&hovw=407&tx=201&ty=95&sig=114896936411332690632&page=1&tbnh=57&tbnw=186&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:75

24. Define geocentric. Is this correct?
EARTH = center of solar system/universe. This is
NOT TRUE! It was an early attempt to explain how
the stars and planets moved.


WRONG!
FAIL!!!

25. What causes seasons on Earth?
AXIAL TILT and REVOLUTION around sun.
 We now know that Earth orbits the sun elliptically and, at the same
time, spins on an axis that is tilted relative to its plane of orbit. This
means that different hemispheres are exposed to different amounts of
sunlight throughout the year. Because the sun is our source of light,
energy and heat, the changing intensity and concentration of its rays
give rise to the seasons of winter, spring, summer and fall.

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3077384
Click here for short video on seasons

26. Define Heliocentric. Is this correct?
SUN= center of solar system. Ding ding! CORRECT!
Helios=sun Centric= centered

27. Draw a neap tide. (include the earth, moon, sun, and
tide)

http://changinautical.blogspot.com/2010/08/spring-and-neap-tides.html
LOOK how the sun, earth, and moons form a 90 degree angle during a NEAP
TIDE
http://changinautical.blogspot.com/2010/08/spring-and-neap-tides.html

28. Each galaxy contains (general number) of stars.
B B B BILLIONS! Wow! That is a LOT! And
remember there are B B B Billions of Galaxies
and EACH one has BILLIONS of stars.
Click for AWESOME Animaniacs Universe so

29. Test answers TEACHERS ONLY
Click link above for answer key
Click link above for answer key
(do

30. What are the main Parts of an experiment?
Independent Variable
This is the part of your experiment that you will test
(change) to answer your hypothesis. In the example above,
the independent variable would be the different colors of
the light bulbs. A GOOD experiment should have only
ONE VARIABLE.
Dependent Variable
This is what occurs in response to the changing
independent variable. In our example the Dependent
Variable is how much the grass seeds grow.
Control
The control should be the part of the experiment where
you do not include the Independent Variable. In our
example, grass seed that is growing under the white
(uncolored) bulb would be your control. The control lets
you compare your results in the experiment.


http://www.sciencebob.com/sciencefair/scientificmethod.php

31. What are the 3 MAIN states of matter?
Solid- TIGHTLY PACKED SLOW MOVING. DEFINITE
SHAPE DEFINITE VOLUME
Liquid- Move more quickly with more space than a
solid. No definite shape, DEFINITE volume.
GAS- Fast moving lots of space between atoms. NO
definite shape, NO definite volume.

32. What THREE parts make up an
atom? What are their charges?
Proton= +
Neutron= no
charge
Electron= - charge

33. How are elements grouped in the
periodic table of elements?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table
The periodic table is a tabular display of the
chemical elements, organized on the basis of their
properties. Elements are presented in increasing
atomic number. While rectangular in general outline, gaps
are included in the rows or periods to keep elements with
similar properties together, such as the halogens and the
noble gases, in columns or groups, forming distinct
rectangular areas or blocks.
Click here for short video on the periodic
table

34. Define atomic number.
The atomic number is equal to the number of
protons in an atom's nucleus. The atomic number
determines which element an atom is. For example,
any atom that contains exactly 47 protons in its
nucleus is an atom of silver.
http://education.jlab.org/glossary/atomicnumber.html

35. What is a MIXTURE?
TWO or more substances not chemically bonded. Think
Chex MIX (I don’t like the burnt toast thingys, so I take
them out!)
Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A
homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the
composition is uniform(SAME). A heterogeneous mixture is a
type of mixture in which the components can easily be identified,
as there are two or more phases present. Air is a homogeneous
mixture of the gaseous substances nitrogen, oxygen, and smaller
amounts of other substances. Salt, sugar, and many other
substances dissolve in water to form homogeneous mixtures. A
homogeneous mixture in which there is both a solute and solvent
present is also a solution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture

36. What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
The Law of Conservation of Mass dates
from Antoine Lavoisier's 1789
discovery that mass is neither
created nor destroyed in chemical
reactions. In other words, the mass
of any one element at the
beginning of a reaction will equal
the mass of that element at the end
of the reaction. If we account for all
reactants and products in a chemical
reaction, the total mass will be the
same at any point in time in any
closed system. Lavoisier's finding laid
the foundation for modern chemistry
and revolutionized science.

http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-conservation-of-mass-17395478
http://www.rjdposters.com/Store/DrawProducts.aspx?
Action=GetDetails&ProductID=621&ParentID=&PageID=75

37. What is a chemical change?
A chemical change
makes a substance
that wasn't there
before. There may be
clues that a chemical
reaction took place,
such as light, heat,
color change, gas
production, odor, or
sound.
http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenotesl3/a/chemphyschanges.htm

38. How does a living system (like a pond) follow the law
of conservation of mass?
 Ecosystems can be thought of as a battleground for
elements, in which species that are more efficient
competitors can often exclude inferior competitors.
Though most ecosystems contain so many individual
reactions, it would be impossible to identify them all, each of
these reactions must obey the Law of Conservation of
Mass — the entire ecosystem must also follow this same
constraint. Though no real ecosystem is a truly closed
system, we use the same conservation law by accounting
for all inputs and all outputs….When a forest is cut (and
especially if trees are burned to clear land for
agriculture), this stored carbon reenters the atmosphere
as CO2. Mass balance ensures that the carbon formerly locked
up in biomass must go somewhere; it must reenter some
other compartment of some ecosystem. Mass balance
properties can be applied over many scales of organization,
including the individual organism, the watershed, or even a
whole city http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-conservation-of-mass-17395478
SHORT STORY: Critters are
born, critters die, critters eat,
critters are eaten. There will
be a natural balance that keeps
predators and prey balanced
and the pond healthy.

39. Give an example of the effect of
temperature for a solid dissolving into a
liquid.
Solid into liquid: like
sugar into iced tea.
Hotter temp= more
solubility

40. Give an example of the effect of temp for a
gas dissolving into a liquid.
Gas into liquid: bubbles in soda and O2 in live
bait bucket
COLDER temp = more solubility warm soda=flat
soda warm bait bucket=dead bait

41. What are some properties of acids
and bases?

42. What is the pH scale? What do the numbers mean?
 The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The
pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than
7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic.
 The pH scale is logarithmic and as a result, each whole pH value below 7 is ten times more acidic than the next
higher value. For example, pH 4 is ten times more acidic than pH 5 and 100 times (10 times 10) more acidic than
pH 6. The same holds true for pH values above 7, each of which is ten times more alkaline (another way to say
basic) than the next lower whole value. For example, pH 10 is ten times more alkaline than pH 9 and 100 times
(10 times 10) more alkaline than pH 8.
 Pure water is neutral. But when chemicals are mixed with water, the mixture can become either acidic or basic.
Examples of acidic substances are vinegar and lemon juice. Lye, milk of magnesia, and ammonia are examples of
basic substances.

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/184ph.html