Galaxy and star
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A galaxy is a large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by gravity. The three main types of galaxies are elliptical, spiral, and irregular galaxies. A spiral galaxy has a central bulge and outer disk with spiral arms. The Milky Way galaxy is a large barred spiral galaxy that contains our solar system. A star is a luminous ball of gas that produces energy through nuclear fusion at its core. There are several stages in a star's life including protostars, main sequence stars, red giants, and white dwarfs.
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7.2 characteristics and evolution of stars
1) Stars begin as clouds of dust and gases called nebulae. Under gravity, the gases condense to form protostars and begin nuclear fusion, becoming main sequence stars like our Sun.
2) As stars age, they expand and become red giants or supergiants after exhausting hydrogen fusion. Further fusion of helium produces carbon.
3) When further fusion is no longer possible, the star collapses into a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole in a supernova explosion, depending on the star's original mass.
Stars
A star is a ball of plasma held together by gravity that undergoes nuclear fusion at its core, releasing electromagnetic radiation. Stars exist along a spectrum from hot, blue stars to cooler, red stars and can be classified based on their temperature, luminosity, and color. A star's life cycle begins as a contracting nebula and progresses through stages such as the main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, and white dwarf before ending as a neutron star or black hole.
Galaxy
Galaxies come in different sizes and types. They range from dwarfs with a few billion stars to giants with over 100 trillion stars. Galaxies are classified into three main types - ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars. The Hubble sequence further categorizes galaxies based on their visual structure into ellipticals, spirals, barred spirals, and lenticular galaxies. Spiral galaxies have a central bulge and spiral arms, while ellipticals are spherical or ellipsoidal. Interacting galaxies can trigger new star formation when their gas and dust interact during collisions.
Life cycle of stars
There are different life cycle stages for stars depending on their original mass. Low mass stars progress through the stages of nebula, main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, and black dwarf. High mass stars go through nebula, main sequence, red supergiant, supernova, and either become a neutron star or black hole. The main sequence stage can last billions of years for low mass stars but only millions for high mass stars.
Asteroid
Asteroids are minor planets, especially those located in the inner Solar System. They are made up of rock and metals and are found predominantly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. While small compared to Earth's moon, asteroids can be dangerous if they collide with Earth. The document provides details on the composition and types of asteroids, as well as some of the largest asteroids like Ceres and Pallas. It also discusses how studying asteroids can help us understand the origins of our solar system and life.
Types of galaxies
Types of galaxies
You can edit this powerpoint for your own presentation but don't re-upload.
I used hyperlink(especially on images) and alot of animation.
Types of stars
This document describes different stages and types of stars:
- Main sequence stars like our Sun spend most of their lives fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores.
- Red giants are large, reddish stars that have exhausted hydrogen fusion and begun fusing helium.
- Planetary nebulae form when average-sized stars eject their outer layers after becoming red giants, leaving behind dense, hot cores called white dwarfs.
- Brown dwarfs are failed stars too small to sustain nuclear fusion.
- Variable stars change in brightness over timescales from seconds to years as they evolve.
- Binary stars are two gravitationally bound stars that orbit a common center of mass.
The Star
This document provides an overview of the characteristics, classifications, motions, and significance of stars. It discusses their sizes, colors, temperatures, compositions, and magnitudes. Stars are classified based on their spectral types, which relate to their surface temperatures. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram plots stars' luminosities and temperatures. Stars exhibit both apparent and actual motions, including proper motion across the sky. Studying stars helps us understand how elements are formed, how our solar system evolved, and the dynamics influencing galaxies.
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7.2 characteristics and evolution of stars
1) Stars begin as clouds of dust and gases called nebulae. Under gravity, the gases condense to form protostars and begin nuclear fusion, becoming main sequence stars like our Sun.
2) As stars age, they expand and become red giants or supergiants after exhausting hydrogen fusion. Further fusion of helium produces carbon.
3) When further fusion is no longer possible, the star collapses into a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole in a supernova explosion, depending on the star's original mass.
Stars
A star is a ball of plasma held together by gravity that undergoes nuclear fusion at its core, releasing electromagnetic radiation. Stars exist along a spectrum from hot, blue stars to cooler, red stars and can be classified based on their temperature, luminosity, and color. A star's life cycle begins as a contracting nebula and progresses through stages such as the main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, and white dwarf before ending as a neutron star or black hole.
Galaxy
Galaxies come in different sizes and types. They range from dwarfs with a few billion stars to giants with over 100 trillion stars. Galaxies are classified into three main types - ellipticals, spirals, and irregulars. The Hubble sequence further categorizes galaxies based on their visual structure into ellipticals, spirals, barred spirals, and lenticular galaxies. Spiral galaxies have a central bulge and spiral arms, while ellipticals are spherical or ellipsoidal. Interacting galaxies can trigger new star formation when their gas and dust interact during collisions.
Life cycle of stars
There are different life cycle stages for stars depending on their original mass. Low mass stars progress through the stages of nebula, main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, and black dwarf. High mass stars go through nebula, main sequence, red supergiant, supernova, and either become a neutron star or black hole. The main sequence stage can last billions of years for low mass stars but only millions for high mass stars.
Asteroid
Asteroids are minor planets, especially those located in the inner Solar System. They are made up of rock and metals and are found predominantly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. While small compared to Earth's moon, asteroids can be dangerous if they collide with Earth. The document provides details on the composition and types of asteroids, as well as some of the largest asteroids like Ceres and Pallas. It also discusses how studying asteroids can help us understand the origins of our solar system and life.
Types of galaxies
Types of galaxies
You can edit this powerpoint for your own presentation but don't re-upload.
I used hyperlink(especially on images) and alot of animation.
Types of stars
This document describes different stages and types of stars:
- Main sequence stars like our Sun spend most of their lives fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores.
- Red giants are large, reddish stars that have exhausted hydrogen fusion and begun fusing helium.
- Planetary nebulae form when average-sized stars eject their outer layers after becoming red giants, leaving behind dense, hot cores called white dwarfs.
- Brown dwarfs are failed stars too small to sustain nuclear fusion.
- Variable stars change in brightness over timescales from seconds to years as they evolve.
- Binary stars are two gravitationally bound stars that orbit a common center of mass.
The Star
This document provides an overview of the characteristics, classifications, motions, and significance of stars. It discusses their sizes, colors, temperatures, compositions, and magnitudes. Stars are classified based on their spectral types, which relate to their surface temperatures. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram plots stars' luminosities and temperatures. Stars exhibit both apparent and actual motions, including proper motion across the sky. Studying stars helps us understand how elements are formed, how our solar system evolved, and the dynamics influencing galaxies.
Life Cycle Of Stars
All stars begin as nebulae of dust and gas that collapse under gravity into protostars. They fuse hydrogen into helium during the main sequence stage, which is the longest phase in a star's life. A star's ultimate fate depends on its mass. Small mass stars become white dwarfs after the main sequence, while medium mass stars become red giants then white dwarfs. Large mass stars over 15 solar masses may explode as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
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There are three main types of galaxies: irregular galaxies with no defined shape, elliptical galaxies that are flattened balls containing only old stars, and spiral galaxies with a central bulge and rotating disk containing gas, dust, and younger stars. Stars form within giant clouds of gas and dust called nebulae, and their lifetime depends on their mass - smaller stars live much longer than larger ones. The universe contains these galaxies, nebulae, and stars, all bound together by gravity.
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- Stars vary greatly in size, from neutron stars only 20-40 km wide to supergiants like Betelgeuse over 600 times the diameter of the Sun. They can exist as single stars, binary systems, and larger groupings in star clusters and galaxies.
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Stars and Galaxies
Stars are giant balls of gas that produce light and heat through nuclear fusion reactions in their cores. Astronomers can determine properties of stars like temperature, luminosity, and composition by analyzing their spectra. Stars evolve over their lifetimes, with more massive stars having shorter lives and ending as supernovae. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in spiral, elliptical, and irregular shapes. The universe originated in a massive expansion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
The Universe
The document provides an overview of what is known about the universe based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. It discusses how ancient models placed Earth at the center, whereas it is now known that Earth revolves around the sun, which is one of billions of stars. Distances to stars are enormous, measured in light years. Stars appear to move due to Earth's rotation. Stars are giant balls of plasma undergoing nuclear fusion, and their life cycles depend on their mass. Galaxies contain billions of stars and come in different shapes. The universe began in a massive explosion known as the Big Bang around 13.8 billion years ago.
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The document provides information about the solar system and beyond. It summarizes that the solar system consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 8 planets. It is located within the Milky Way galaxy, which contains many stars, dust and gas. The document then provides details about the properties of objects in the solar system like planets, moons, asteroids and comets.
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This powerpoint slidesare from form 3 sallabus and it is about stars and galaxies. Students are allowed to view and upload their ideas of stars and galaxies.
The Stars And The Galaxies
The document discusses the stars and galaxies in the universe. It describes the structure and characteristics of stars like the Sun, as well as different types of stars such as white dwarfs, neutron stars, giants and supergiants. It also discusses the formation, lifespan and death of stars. Additionally, it covers the different types of galaxies like spiral, elliptical and irregular galaxies, and provides information about the Milky Way galaxy. It concludes with a brief overview of the universe containing billions of galaxies.
Star Formations and Life Cycles
This document provides information about star formation and the life cycles of stars. It explains that stars form from collapsing clouds of gas and dust, and describes the protostar and T Tauri stages before stars reach the main sequence. It outlines the stages stars pass through as they age, such as becoming red giants or white dwarfs, and how some massive stars end as supernovae or neutron stars. Color and temperature correlations for different types of stars are also presented.
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
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Galaxy and star
- 2. GALAXY
- 3. What is Galaxy ? A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.
- 4. Types of Galaxy There are three main types of galaxies: Elliptical Spiral and Irregular
- 5. Elliptical Galaxy Elliptical galaxies are shaped like a spheriod, or elongated sphere. In the sky, where we can only see two of their three dimensions, these galaxies look like elliptical, or oval, shaped disks Elliptical galaxies have no particular axis of rotation
- 6. Spiral Galaxy Spiral galaxies have three main components: a bulge, disk, and halo. The bulge is a spherical structure found in the center of the galaxy. This feature mostly contains older stars. The disk is made up of dust, gas, and younger stars. The halo contains old clusters of stars, known as globular clusters.
- 7. Irregular Galaxy Irregular galaxies have no regular or symmetrical structure. Having a lot of gas and dust means that these galaxies have a lot of star formation going on within them. This can make them very bright. The Large Magellanic Clouds are examples of irregular galaxies.
- 8. Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy. Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System The Milky Way is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars. There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way . The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a disk of gas, dust and stars.
- 9. Whirlpool Galaxy The Whirlpool Galaxy, also known as Messier 51a, M51a, and NGC 5194. It was the first galaxy to be classified as a spiral galaxy. Its mass is estimated to be 160 billion solar masses. Overall the galaxy is about 35% the size of the Milky Way.
- 10. STAR
- 11. What is Star ? A star is a luminous ball of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium, held together by its own gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun.
- 12. Different Types 0f Stars ? Protostar T Tauri Star Main Sequence Star Red Giant Star White Dwarf Star Red Dwarf Star Neutron Star Supergiant Star
- 13. Protostar A protostar is a very young star. Protostar is a collection of gas that has collapsed down from a giant molecular cloud.
- 14. T Tauri Star A very young, lightweight star, less than 10 million years old. T Tauri stars don’t have enough pressure and temperature at their cores to generate nuclear fusion.
- 15. Main Sequence Star The majority of all stars in our galaxy, and even the Universe, are main sequence stars. Our Sun is a main sequence star. Main sequence stars can vary in size, mass and brightness.
- 16. Red Giant Star A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass in a late phase of stellar evolution. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than that of the Sun.
- 17. White Dwarf Star When a star has completely run out of hydrogen fuel it becomes a white dwarf star. A white dwarf shines because it was a hot star once, but there’s no fusion reactions happening any more.
- 18. Red Dwarf Star A red dwarf is a small and relatively cool star. Red dwarfs are very-low-mass stars. As a result, they have relatively low pressures, a low fusion rate, and hence, a low temperature. Red dwarf stars are able to keep the hydrogen fuel mixing into their core.
- 19. Neutron Star Neutron stars are the smallest and densest stars known to exist. Neutron stars are created when giant stars die in supernovas and their cores collapse. At present, there are about 2000 known neutron stars in the Milky Way and the Magellanic clouds.
- 20. Supergiant Star The largest stars in the Universe are supergiant stars. They can be thousands of times bigger than our Sun and have a mass up to 100 times greater. Direct image of the star “ UY Scuti ” , a red supergiant which is one of the largest known stars.
- 21. THE END